During World War II, codebreakers at Bletchley Park decrypted and interpreted messages from a large number of Axis code and cipher systems, including the German Enigma machine. For this purpose, the Bletchley Park mansion, pictured here, was soon joined by a host of other buildings. The mansion's façade is an idiosyncratic mix of architectural styles.

Bletchley Park, also known as Station X, is an estate located in the town of Bletchley, now part of Milton Keynes, England. During World War II, Bletchley Park was the location of the United Kingdom's main codebreaking establishment. Codes and ciphers of several Axis countries were deciphered there, most famously the German Enigma. The high-level intelligence produced by Bletchley Park, codenamed Ultra, is frequently credited with aiding the Allied war effort and shortening the war, although Ultra's effect on the actual outcome of WWII is debated. Download high resolution version (2041x1101, 322 KB)The Bletchley Park mansion. ... Download high resolution version (2041x1101, 322 KB)The Bletchley Park mansion. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The plugboard, keyboard, lamps and finger-wheels of the rotors emerging from the inner lid of a three-rotor German military Enigma machine (version with labels) The Enigma machine was a cipher machine used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages. ... West façade of the Notre-Dame de Strasbourg Cathedral A facade (or façade) is the exterior of a building – especially the front, but also sometimes the sides and rear. ... Bletchley is a town in what is now Milton Keynes new city. ... Milton Keynes is a large town in northern Buckinghamshire, in South East England, about 45 miles/75 km north-west of London, and roughly halfway between London and Birmingham. ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem No official anthem - the  United Kingdom anthem God Save the Queen is commonly used England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Unified  -  by Athelstan 927 AD  Area  -  Total 130... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptós, hidden, and analýein, to loosen or to untie) is the study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information without access to the secret information which is normally required to do so. ... In the history of cryptography, the Enigma was a portable cipher machine used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages. ... Ultra (sometimes capitalized ULTRA) was the name used by the British for intelligence resulting from decryption of German communications in World War II. The term eventually became the standard designation in both Britain and the United States for all intelligence from high-level cryptanalytic sources. ...

Bletchley Park is now a museum and is open to the public.

Early history

The lands of the Bletchley Park estate were formerly part of the Manor of Eaton, included in the Domesday Book in 1086. Browne Willis built a mansion in 1711, but this was pulled down by Thomas Harrison, who had acquired the property in 1793. The estate was first known as Bletchley Park during the ownership of Samuel Lipscombe Seckham, who purchased it in 1877. The estate was sold on 4 June 1883 to Sir Herbert Samuel Leon (1850–1926), a financier and Liberal MP. Leon expanded the existing farmhouse into the present mansion.^{[1] [2]} A line drawing entitled Domesday Book from Andrew Williamss Historic Byways and Highways of Old England. ... Browne Willis (1682 - 1760), antiquary, educated at Westminster and Oxford, entered the Inner Temple 1700, sat in the House of Commons 1705-8. ... June 4 is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the historic Liberal Party. ... A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a parliament. ...

The architectural style is a mixture of Victorian Gothic, Tudor and Dutch Baroque and was the subject of much bemused comment from those who worked there, or visited, during World War II. Leon's estate covered 581 acres (235 hectares), of which Bletchley Park occupied about 55 acres (22 ha). Leon's wife, Fanny, died in 1937,^[3] and in 1938 the site was sold to a builder, who was about to demolish the mansion and build a housing estate. Just in time, Admiral Sir Hugh Sinclair, (Director of Naval Intelligence, head of MI6 and founder of the Government Code and Cypher School) bought the site with his own money(£7,500), having failed to persuade any government department to pay for it.^[4] The fact that Sinclair, and not the Government, owned the site was not widely known until 1991 when the site was nearly sold for redevelopment. The first government visitors to Bletchley Park described themselves as Captain Ridley's shooting party. Royal Palace (Amsterdam): Jacob van Campen, 1646. ... An acre is the name of a unit of area in a number of different systems, including Imperial units and United States customary units. ... A hectare (symbol ha) is a unit of area, equal to 10 000 square metres, commonly used for measuring land area. ... Admiral Sir Hugh Sinclair (1873-November 4, 1939), nicknamed Quex, was the Director of British Naval Intelligence during the First World War and helped to set up the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) before the Second World War. ... The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), more commonly known as MI6 (originally Military Intelligence Section 6), or the Secret Service, is the United Kingdom external security agency. ... The Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) (previously named the Government Code and Cipher School (GC&CS)) is the main British intelligence service providing signals intelligence (SIGINT). ...

The estate was conveniently located on the "Varsity Line" (now largely closed) between the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, which supplied many of the codebreakers, at its junction with the main West Coast railway line from London. It was also chosen for its proximity to a major road (the A5) to London and to a route for telephone trunk lines. Varsity Line (or Oxford and Cambridge Line) is an informal name for the railway service which formerly linked the university cities of Oxford and Cambridge, operated by the London and North Western Railway and then British Railways. ... The University of Oxford (usually abbreviated as Oxon. ... The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University), located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and has a reputation as one of the worlds most prestigious universities. ... Bletchley railway station is a railway station that serves the Bletchley area of southern Milton Keynes. ... The A5 is a major road in the United Kingdom. ... This article or section includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...

Wartime history

The cottages in the stableyard were converted from a tack and feed house. Early work on Enigma was performed here by Dilly Knox, John Jeffreys and Alan Turing. The windows at the top of the tower open into a room used by Turing.

The "first wave" of the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) moved to Bletchley Park on 15 August 1939. The main body of GC&CS, including its Naval, Military and Air Sections was on the ground floor of the house, together with a telephone exchange, a teleprinter room, a kitchen and a dining room for all the staff. The top floor was allocated to MI6. The prefabricated wooden huts were still being erected, and initially the entire shooting party was crowded into the existing house, its stables and cottages. These were too small, so Elmers School, a neighbouring boys' boarding school was acquired for the Commercial and Diplomatic Sections (Smith, 1998 page 2-3). Download high resolution version (1789x1261, 431 KB)Two cottages at Bletchley Park, converted from its former use as a tack and feed house. ... Download high resolution version (1789x1261, 431 KB)Two cottages at Bletchley Park, converted from its former use as a tack and feed house. ... Alfred Dillwyn Dilly Knox (1884–27 February 1943) was a British codebreaker and Greek scholar at Kings College, Cambridge. ... A demonstration of Zygalski sheets, a tool for breaking the Enigma machine. ... Alan Mathison Turing, OBE (23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English mathematician, logician, and cryptographer. ... The Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) (previously named the Government Code and Cipher School (GC&CS)) is the main British intelligence service providing signals intelligence (SIGINT). ...

A wireless room was set up in the mansion's water tower and given the code name "Station X",^[5] a term now sometimes applied to the codebreaking efforts at Bletchley as a whole. Due to the long radio aerials stretching from the wireless room, the radio station was soon moved away from Bletchley Park, in order to not draw attention to the site.^[6]

Listening stations - the "Y" Stations (such as the ones at Chicksands and Beaumanor Hall, the War Office "Y" Group HQ) - gathered raw signals for processing at Bletchley. Coded messages were taken down by hand and sent to Bletchley on paper by motorcycle couriers or, later, by teleprinter. Bletchley Park is mainly remembered for breaking messages enciphered on the German Enigma cypher machine, but its greatest cryptographic achievement may have been the breaking of the German "Fish" High Command teleprinter cyphers. Statistics Population: 2,120(est. ... Beaumanor Hall is a stately home with a park in the small village of Woodhouse on the edge of the Charnwood Forest, near the town of Loughborough in Leicestershire. ... In the history of cryptography, the Enigma was a portable cipher machine used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages. ... Fish (sometimes FISH) was the Allied codename for any of several German teleprinter stream ciphers used during World War II. While a large number of links were monitored, at least three different encryption systems were distinguished: Tunny — the Lorenz SZ 40/42 from Lorenz Electric. ...

The intelligence produced from decrypts at Bletchley was code-named "ULTRA". It contributed greatly to the Allied success in defeating the U-boats in the Battle of the Atlantic, and to the British naval victories of Battle of Cape Matapanand the Battle of North Cape. Ultra (sometimes capitalized ULTRA) was the name used by the British for intelligence resulting from decryption of German communications in World War II. The term eventually became the standard designation in both Britain and the United States for all intelligence from high-level cryptanalytic sources. ... Combatants Royal Navy Royal Canadian Navy United States Navy (1941–5) Kriegsmarine Regia Marina (1940–3) Commanders Sir Percy Noble Sir Max K. Horton Percy W. Nelles Leonard W. Murray Ernest J. King Erich Raeder Karl Dönitz Casualties 30,248 merchant sailors 3,500 merchant vessels 175 warships 28... Combatants United Kingdom, Australia Italy Commanders Andrew Cunningham Angelo Iachino Strength 1 carrier 3 battleships 7 light cruisers 17 destroyers 1 battleship 6 heavy cruisers 2 light cruisers 17 destroyers Casualties 1 torpedo plane destroyed 1 battleship damaged 3 cruisers sunk 2 destroyers sunk The Battle of Cape Matapan was... Combatants Nazi Germany United Kingdom Commanders Erich Bey† Bruce Fraser Strength 1 battlecruiser 5 destroyers 1 battleship 1 heavy cruiser 3 light cruisers 9 destroyers Casualties 1 battlecruiser sunk 1 battleship lightly damaged 1 heavy cruiser lightly damaged 1 light cruiser lightly damaged 1 destroyer lightly damaged In the World...

When the United States joined the war Churchill agreed with Roosevelt to pool resources and a number of American cryptographers were posted to Bletchley Park. Whilst the British continued to work on German cyphers, the Americans concentrated on the Japanese ones. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC (Can) (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British politician, soldier in the British Army, orator, and strategist, and is studied as part of the modern British and world history. ... FDR redirects here. ...

The only direct action that the site experienced was when three bombs, thought to have been intended for Bletchley railway station, were dropped on 20-21 Nov 1940. One bomb exploded next to the dispatch riders' entrance, shifting the whole of Hut 4 (the Naval Intelligence hut) two feet on its base. As the huts stood on brick pillars, engineers just winched it back into position whilst work continued inside. Bletchley railway station is a railway station that serves the Bletchley area of southern Milton Keynes. ...

An outpost of Bletchley Park was set up at Kilindini, Kenya to break and decipher Japanese codes.^[1] With a mixture of skill and good fortune, this was successfully done: the Japanese merchant marine suffered 90 per cent losses by August 1945, a result of decrypts. Kilindini Harbour is a large, natural deep-water inlet extending inland from Mombasa, Kenya. ...

Cryptanalysis

Among the famous mathematicians and cryptanalysts working there, perhaps the most influential and certainly the best-known in later years was Alan Turing. Leonhard Euler, one of the greatest mathematicians of all time A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of mathematics. ... Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptós, hidden, and analýein, to loosen or to untie) is the study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information, without access to the secret information which is normally required to do so. ... Alan Mathison Turing, OBE (23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English mathematician, logician, and cryptographer. ...

From 1943, a series of digital electronic computers was constructed in order to break a German teleprinter cipher known as TUNNY. Colossus was designed by Tommy Flowers, and built by the British Post Office's Dollis Hill facility. The machines, named Colossus, were operated at Bletchley Park. For the fish, see Tuna. ... Thomas (Tommy) Harold Flowers, MBE (22 December 1905 – 28 October 1998) was a British engineer. ... The British General Post Office (GPO) was officially established in 1660 by Charles II and it eventually grew to combine the functions of both the state postal system and telecommunications carrier. ... The Post Office Research Station at Dollis Hill, London, was first established in 1921 and opened by the Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald in 1933. ... A Colossus Mark II computer. ...

Some 9,000 people were working at Bletchley Park at the height of the codebreaking efforts in January 1945,^[7] and over 10,000 worked there at some point during the war.^[8] A number were recruited for various intellectual achievements, whether they were chess champions, crossword experts, polyglots or great mathematicians. In one, now well known instance, the ability to solve The Daily Telegraph crossword in under 12 minutes was used as a recruitment test. The newspaper was asked to organise a crossword competition, after which each of the successful participants was contacted and asked if they would be prepared to undertake "a particular type of work as a contribution to the war effort". The competition itself was won by F H W Hawes of Dagenham who finished the crossword in less than eight minutes.^[9] This article concerns the British newspaper. ... Dagenham is a suburban town in east London, in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham, situated 12 miles (19. ...

After the war

At the end of the war, much of the equipment used and its blueprints were destroyed. Although thousands of people were involved in the decoding efforts, the participants remained silent for decades about what they had done during the war, and it was only in the 1970s that the work at Bletchley Park was revealed to the general public. After the war, the site belonged to several owners, including British Telecom, the Civil Aviation Authority^[10] and PACE (Property Advisors to the Civil Estate). GCHQ (Government Communications Headquarters), the post-war successor organisation to GC&CS, ended training courses at Bletchley Park in 1987. BT Group plc (which trades as just BT, and is commonly known by its former name, British Telecom) is the privatised former British state telecommunications operator. ... The Office of Government Commerce (OGC) is an organisation in the government of the United Kingdom. ... The Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) is a British intelligence agency responsible for providing signals intelligence (SIGINT) and information assurance. ...

By 1991, the site was nearly empty and the buildings were at risk of demolition for redevelopment. On 10 February 1992, Milton Keynes Borough Council declared most of the Park a conservation area. Three days later, on 13 February 1992, the Bletchley Park Trust was formed to maintain the site as a museum devoted to the codebreakers. The site opened to visitors in 1993, with the museum officially inaugurated by HRH the Duke of Kent, as Chief Patron, in July 1994. On 10 June 1999 the Trust concluded an agreement with the landowner, giving control over much of the site to the Trust.^[11] February 10 is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... June 10 is the 161st day of the year (162nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar). ...

The Trust is volunteer-based and relies on public support to continue its efforts. Christine Large was appointed Director of the Trust in March 1998. On 1 March 2006, the Park Trust announced that Simon Greenish had been appointed Director Designate, and would work alongside Large in 2006,^[12] taking over on 1 May 2006. is the 60th day of the year (61st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...

In October 2005, American billionaire Sidney Frank donated £500,000 to Bletchley Park Trust to fund a new Science Centre dedicated to Alan Turing.^[13] Sidney E. Frank (October 2, 1919 – January 10, 2006) was an American businessman who became a billionaire through his savvy promotion of Grey Goose vodka and Jägermeister. ... Alan Mathison Turing, OBE (23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English mathematician, logician, and cryptographer. ...

A team headed by Tony Sale has undertaken a reconstruction of a Colossus computer in H block.^[14] Another team has undertaken a rebuild of the bombe, led by John Harper.^[15] On 6 September 2006, the Trust demonstrated^[16] that the Bombe was back in action. A Colossus Mark II computer. ... The Bombe replicated the action of several Enigma machines wired together. ...

A 1:4 scale model of a German World War II U-boat, used in the film Enigma and later donated to the Bletchley Park museum.

The Colossus rebuild project is undertaking a reconstruction of a Colossus Mk II computer.

A project to construct a working replica of a bombe is nearing completion.

ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2304x1536, 1228 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Bletchley Park Enigma (2001 film) ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2304x1536, 1228 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Bletchley Park Enigma (2001 film) ... U-boat is also a nickname for some diesel locomotives built by GE; see List of GE locomotives October 1939. ... Enigma is a 2001 film set in World War II. It stars Dougray Scott and Kate Winslet and is based on a novel of the same title by Robert Harris (Enigma). ... Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 445 KB)A rebuild of a Colossus Mk II by Tony Sale and team, located at Bletchley Park museum. ... Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 445 KB)A rebuild of a Colossus Mk II by Tony Sale and team, located at Bletchley Park museum. ... A Colossus Mark II computer. ... Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 449 KB)A rebuild of a British Bombe located at Bletchley Park museum. ... Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 449 KB)A rebuild of a British Bombe located at Bletchley Park museum. ... The Bombe replicated the action of several Enigma machines wired together. ...

Buildings

Hut 1 was the first hut to be constructed.

Hut 4, sited adjacent to the mansion, was used during wartime for naval intelligence. Today, it has been refurbished as a bar and restaurant for the museum.

Hut 6 in 2004.

The huts were designated by numbers; in some cases, the hut numbers became associated as much with the work which went on inside the buildings as with the buildings themselves. Because of this, when a section moved from a hut into a larger building, they were still referred to by their "Hut" code name. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (800x601, 114 KB) Summary Hut 1 at Bletchley Park, photographed by Toby Oxborrow. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (800x601, 114 KB) Summary Hut 1 at Bletchley Park, photographed by Toby Oxborrow. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2304x1536, 784 KB) Bletchley Park, Hut 4 (Naval Intelligence) Photo Cnyborg, July 2005 File links The following pages link to this file: Bletchley Park Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2304x1536, 784 KB) Bletchley Park, Hut 4 (Naval Intelligence) Photo Cnyborg, July 2005 File links The following pages link to this file: Bletchley Park Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create... Download high resolution version (2304x1728, 1518 KB)Hut 6 at Bletchley Park in December 2004. ... Download high resolution version (2304x1728, 1518 KB)Hut 6 at Bletchley Park in December 2004. ...

Some of the hut numbers, and the associated work, are:

• Hut 1 — the first hut, built in 1939^[17]
• Hut 3 — intelligence: translation and analysis of Army and Air Force Enigma decrypts
• Hut 4 — Naval intelligence: analysis of Naval Enigma decrypts
• Hut 6 — Cryptanalysis of Army and Air Force Enigma
• Hut 8 — Cryptanalysis Naval Enigma
• Hut 10 — Meteorological section^[18]
• Hut 11 — The first Bombe building^[19]
• Hut 14 — main teleprinter building^[20]

Hut 6 at Bletchley Park in 2004 Hut 6 was a wartime section of Bletchley Park tasked with the solution of German Army and Air Force Enigma machine ciphers. ... Hut 8 was one of the units at Bletchley Park, the secret British military intelligence operation that opened just before World War II. Led by Alan Turing, Hut 8 was assigned to break the German naval Enigma code. ... The Bombe replicated the action of several Enigma machines wired together. ... Teletype machines in World War II A teleprinter (teletypewriter, teletype or TTY for TeleTYpe/TeleTYpewriter) is a now largely obsolete electro-mechanical typewriter which can be used to communicate typed messages from point to point through a simple electrical communications channel, often just a pair of wires. ...

In popular culture

• Bletchley came to wider public attention from the 1999 documentary series "Station X".[2]
• Bletchley featured heavily in Enigma and its 2001 film adaptation
• The BBC Radio 4 sitcom Hut 33 is also set at Bletchley.[3]

Enigma is a novel by Robert Harris, about a young mathematician trying to break the Germans Enigma ciphers during World War II. It was adapted to film in 2001. ... Enigma is a 2001 film set in World War II. It stars Dougray Scott and Kate Winslet and is based on a novel of the same title by Robert Harris (Enigma). ... BBC Radio 4 is a British domestic radio station which broadcasts a wide variety of chiefly spoken-word programmes including news, drama, comedy, science and history. ... Hut 33 is a 2007 BBC Radio 4 sitcom set at Bletchley Park in 1941. ...

See also

• List of people associated with Bletchley Park
• Newmanry
• Testery
• Y Service
• Arlington Hall
• National Cryptologic Museum
• Danesfield House

This is a list of people associated with Bletchley Park, notable either for their achievements there or elsewhere. ... The Newmanry was a section at Bletchley Park, the British codebreaking station during World War II. Its job was to develop and employ machine methods to help break a German teleprinter cipher machine known as Tunny on the British side, or as the Lorenz SZ 40/42 on the German... The Testery was a section at Bletchley Park, the British codebreaking station during World War II, headed by Major Ralph Tester. ... Arlington Hall Arlington Hall was the headquarters of the US Armys Signal Intelligence Service (SIS) cryptography effort during World War II. It was named for its location in Arlington Hall Station, Arlington, Virginia—a private girls school which was commandeered during the War. ... The United States National Cryptologic Museum is museum of cryptography history, affiliated with the National Security Agency (NSA). ... Manor House in the Chiltern Hills now used as a Hotel and Spa situated in Medmenham, Near Marlow, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom. ...

External links

• Maps and aerial photos for 51°59′49″N 0°44′31″W / 51.997, -0.742Coordinates: 51°59′49″N 0°44′31″W / 51.997, -0.742
  • Satellite image from WikiMapia or Google Maps
  • Street map from Multimap or GlobalGuide
  • Aerial image from TerraServer

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Bletchley Park

• Bletchley Park Trust
• Bletchley Park — Virtual Tour — by Tony Sale
• Telecoms at Bletchley Park
• Photographs, history, maps and other information about Bletchley Park
• Codes and Ciphers Heritage Trust
• "New hope of saving Bletchley Park for nation" (Daily Telegraph 3 March 1997)
• 2366 (Bletchley Park)ATC Squadron
• BBC Radio 4 programme "Hut 33" - June 2007 Sitcom by James Cary, set in Bletchley Park in 1941.

Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... The Wikimedia Commons (also called Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... This article deals with The Daily Telegraph in Britain, see The Daily Telegraph (Australia) for the Australian publication The Daily Telegraph is a British broadsheet newspaper founded in 1855. ... March 3 is the 62nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (63rd in leap years). ... Year 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar). ...

References

is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article concerns the British newspaper. ... is the 60th day of the year (61st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...

Further reading

• Peter Hilton, "Reminiscences of Bletchley Park, 1942-1945", AMS History of Mathematics, Volume 1: A Century of Mathematics in America, AMS, Providence, RI, 1988,