Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are present in the blood and help carry oxygen to the rest of the cells in the body

Blood is a circulating tissue composed of fluid plasma and cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets). Medical terms related to blood often begin in hemo- or hemato- (BE: haemo- and haemato-) from the Greek word "haima" for "blood". A micrograph of red blood cells, taken from the site http://www. ... Jump to: navigation, search Human red blood cells Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell and are the vertebrate bodys principal means of delivering oxygen from the lungs or gills to body tissues via the blood. ... The circulatory system or cardiovascular system is the organ system which circulates blood around the body of most animals. ... Biological tissue is a substance made up of cells that perform a similar function. ... Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. ... Jump to: navigation, search Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green) The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms, and are sometimes called the building blocks of life. ... Jump to: navigation, search Human red blood cells Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell and are the vertebrate bodys principal means of delivering oxygen from the lungs or gills to body tissues via the blood. ... Jump to: navigation, search White blood cells (also called leukocytes or immune cells) are a component of blood. ... Jump to: navigation, search A 250 ml bag of newly collected platelets. ... British English (BrE) is a term used to differentiate the form of the written English language in the United Kingdom from other forms of the English language. ...

The main function of blood is to supply nutrients (oxygen, glucose) and constitutional elements to tissues and to remove waste products (such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid). Blood also enables cells (leukocytes, abnormal tumor cells) and different substances (amino acids, lipids, hormones) to be transported between tissues and organs. Problems with blood composition or circulation can lead to downstream tissue dysfunction. Jump to: navigation, search General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 15. ... Jump to: navigation, search Glucose (Glc), a simple monosaccharide sugar, is one of the most important carbohydrates and is used as a source of energy in animals and plants. ... Biological tissue is a substance made up of cells that perform a similar function. ... Jump to: navigation, search Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ... Lactic acid (α-hydroxypropionic acid) is a chemical compound that plays a role in several biochemical processes. ... White Blood Cells is also the name of a White Stripes album. ... See the article about cancer for the main article about malignant tumors. ... Jump to: navigation, search In chemistry, an amino acid is any molecule that contains both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. ... Jump to: navigation, search Figure 1: Structure of a Lipid. ... A hormone (from Greek horman - to set in motion) is a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. ...

Anatomy of blood

Blood is composed of several kinds of corpuscles; these formed elements of the blood constitute about 45% of whole blood. The other 55% is blood plasma, a yellowish fluid that is the blood's liquid medium. The normal pH of human arterial blood is approximately 7.40. Blood is about 7% of the human body weight [1], so the average adult has a blood volume of about 5 liters, of which 2.75-3.00 liters is plasma. Gender also plays a role in blood volume, however, provided that men have 1.500 gallons of blood, compared to 0.875 gallons for women. Furthermore, the combined surface area of all the erythrocytes in the human anatomy would be roughly 2,000 times as great as the body's exterior surface. Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. ... Jump to: navigation, search The title of this article is shown beginning with a capital letter due to technical restrictions. ...

The corpuscles are:

• Red blood cells or erythrocytes (96%). In mammals, these corpuscles lack a nucleus and organelles, so are not cells strictly speaking. They contain the blood's hemoglobin and distribute oxygen. The red blood cells (together with endothelial vessel cells and some other cells) are also marked by proteins that define different blood types.
• White blood cells or leukocytes (3.0%), are part of the immune system; they destroy infectious agents.
• Platelets or thrombocytes (1.0%) are responsible for blood clotting or coagulation and are involved in inflammation.

Blood plasma is essentially an aqueous solution containing 96% water, 4% blood plasma proteins, and trace amounts of other materials. Some components are: Jump to: navigation, search Human red blood cells Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell and are the vertebrate bodys principal means of delivering oxygen from the lungs or gills to body tissues via the blood. ... Jump to: navigation, search In cell biology, the nucleus (from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, kernel) is found in all eukaryotic cells that contains most of the cells genetic material. ... Jump to: navigation, search Schematic of typical animal cell, showing subcellular components. ... Jump to: navigation, search Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green) The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms, and are sometimes called the building blocks of life. ... A blood type is a description of an individuals characteristics of red blood cells due to substances (carbohydrates and proteins) on the cell membrane. ... Jump to: navigation, search White blood cells (also called leukocytes or immune cells) are a component of blood. ... Jump to: navigation, search The immune system is the system of specialised cells and organs that protect an organism from outside biological influences. ... Jump to: navigation, search A 250 ml bag of newly collected platelets. ... The coagulation of blood is a complex process during which blood forms solid clots. ... Jump to: navigation, search Inflammation is the first response of the immune system to infection or irritation and may be referred to as the innate cascade. ... Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. ... Jump to: navigation, search Water (from the Old English word wæter; c. ... Jump to: navigation, search A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ...

• albumin
• blood clotting factors
• immunoglobulins (antibodies)
• hormones
• various other proteins
• various electrolytes (mainly sodium)

Together, plasma and corpuscles form a non-Newtonian fluid whose flow properties are uniquely adapted to the architecture of the blood vessels. Jump to: navigation, search You may be looking Albumin is a blood plasma protein that is produced in the liver and forms a large proportion of all plasma protein. ... The coagulation of blood is a complex process during which blood forms solid clots. ... Jump to: navigation, search Schematic of antibody binding to an antigen An antibody is a protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. ... A hormone (from Greek horman - to set in motion) is a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. ... Jump to: navigation, search A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... An electrolyte is a substance which dissociates free ions when dissolved (or molten), to produce an electrically conductive medium. ... Jump to: navigation, search General Name, Symbol, Number sodium, Na, 11 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 3, s Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 22. ... Jump to: navigation, search A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid in which the viscosity changes with the applied shear force. ...

Physiology of blood

Production and degradation

Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow; the process is termed hematopoiesis. The proteinaceous component is produced overwhelmingly in the liver, while hormones are produced by the endocrine glands and the watery fraction maintained by the gut and the kidney. Jump to: navigation, search Bone marrow (or medulla ossea) is the tissue comprising the center of large bones. ... Haematopoiesis is the formation of blood cellular components. ... Jump to: navigation, search The liver is an organ in vertebrates, including humans. ... An endocrine gland is one of a set of internal organs involved in the secretion of hormones into the blood. ... For the Physics term GUT, please refer to Grand unification theory The gastrointestinal or digestive tract, also referred to as the GI tract or the alimentary canal or the gut, is the system of organs within multicellular animals which takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and... Jump to: navigation, search Human kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates. ...

Blood cells are degraded by the spleen and the Kupffer cells in the liver. The liver also clears proteins and amino acids (the kidney secretes many small proteins into the urine). Erythrocytes usually live up to 120 days before they are systematically replaced by new erythrocytes created by the process of hematopoiesis. The spleen is a ductless, vertebrate gland that is not necessary for life but is closely associated with the circulatory system, where it functions in the destruction of old red blood cells and removal of other debris from the bloodstream, and also in holding a reservoir of blood. ... Kupffer cells are reticulendothelial cells located in the liver. ... Jump to: navigation, search In chemistry, an amino acid is any molecule that contains both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. ... Urine is liquid waste excreted by the kidneys and eventually expelled from the body in a process known as urination. ...

Transport of oxygen

The amount of oxygen dissolved in blood is directly proportional to the pO₂ of the blood. 98.5% of the oxygen is chemically combined with the Hb. Only 1.5% is physically dissolved. HB is an abbreviation of: Hampton and Branchville Railroad (AAR reporting mark HB) hard black – a medium grade of pencil lead Helvetischer Bund, used as ICAO aircraft registration prefix (since 1935, before: CH) for Switzerland Hemoglobin is often abbreviated as Hb HB ice cream in Ireland, originally an abbreviation for...

The hemoglobin molecule is the primary transporter of oxygen in mammals and many other species. Jump to: navigation, search 3-dimensional structure of hemoglobin. ...

Insects

In insects, the blood (more properly called hemolymph) is not involved in the transport of oxygen. (Openings called tracheae allow oxygen from the air to diffuse directly to the tissues). Insect blood moves nutrients to the tissues and removes waste products. Jump to: navigation, search Classes & Orders Subclass: Apterygota Orders Archaeognatha (Bristletails) Thysanura (Silverfish) Monura - extinct Subclass: Pterygota Orders Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Diaphanopteroidea - extinct Palaeodictyoptera - extinct Megasecoptera - extinct Archodonata - extinct Infraclass: Neoptera Orders Blattodea (cockroaches) Isoptera (termites) Mantodea (mantids) Dermaptera (earwigs) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc) Phasmatodea (walking... Hemolymph (or haemolymph) is the blood analogue used by all arthropods and most mollusks that have an open circulatory system. ... The trachea (IPA /treikiÉ™/), or windpipe, is a tube extending from the larynx to the bronchi in mammals, and from the pharynx to the syrinx in birds, carrying air to the lungs. ...

Small invertebrates

In some small invertebrates like insects, oxygen is simply dissolved in the plasma. Larger animals use respiratory proteins to increase the oxygen carrying capacity. Hemoglobin is the most common respiratory protein found in nature. Hemocyanin (blue) contains copper and is found in crustaceans and mollusks. It is thought that tunicates (sea squirts) might use vanabins (proteins containing vanadium) for respiratory pigment (bright green, blue, or orange). Invertebrate is a term coined by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck to describe any animal without a spinal column. ... Orders Subclass Apterygota Symphypleona - globular springtails Subclass Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) Subclass Dicondylia Monura - extinct Thysanura (common bristletails) Subclass Pterygota Diaphanopteroidea - extinct Palaeodictyoptera - extinct Megasecoptera - extinct Archodonata - extinct Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Blattodea (cockroaches) Mantodea (mantids) Isoptera (termites) Zoraptera Grylloblattodea Dermaptera (earwigs) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets... Single Oxygenated Hemocyanin protein from Octopus Hemocyanins (also spelled haemocyanins) are respiratory proteins containing two copper atoms that reversibly bind a single oxygen molecule (O2). ... For other uses, see Blue (disambiguation) Blue is one of the three primary additive colors; blue light has the shortest wavelength range (about 420-490 nanometres) of the three primary colors. ... Jump to: navigation, search General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic brown Atomic mass 63. ... Jump to: navigation, search Classes Class Branchiopoda Subclass Phyllopoda Subclass Sarsostraca Class Remipedia Order Enantiopoda Order Nectiopoda Class Cephalocarida Order Brachypoda Class Maxillopoda Subclass Mystacocarida Subclass Copepoda Subclass Branchiura Subclass Pentastomida Subclass Tantulocarida Subclass Thecostraca Infraclass Cirripedia Class Ostracoda Order Metacopina Subclass Myodocopa Subclass Podocopa Class Malacostraca Subclass Eumalacostraca Subclass... Classes Caudofoveata Aplacophora Polyplacophora - Chitons Monoplacophora Bivalvia - Bivalves Scaphopoda - Tusk shells Gastropoda - Snails and Slugs Cephalopoda - Squids, Octopuses, etc. ... Classes Ascideiacea Thaliacea Appendicularia Sorberacea Urochordata (sometimes known as tunicata and commonly called urochordates, tunicates or sea squirts) is the subphylum of saclike filter feeders with input and output siphons. ... Vanabins (also known as vanadium-associated proteins or vanadium chromagen) are a class of metalloproteins containing vanadium. ... Jump to: navigation, search A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... General Name, Symbol, Number vanadium, V, 23 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 5, 4, d Appearance silvery gray metallic Atomic mass 50. ... Jump to: navigation, search Look up Green on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Green is a color seen commonly in nature. ... Jump to: navigation, search The colour orange occurs between red and yellow in the visible spectrum at a wavelength of about 620–585 nanometres. ...

In many invertebrates, these oxygen-carrying proteins are freely soluble in the blood; in vertebrates they are contained in specialized red blood cells, allowing for a higher concentration of respiratory pigments without increasing viscosity or damaging blood filtering organs like the kidneys. Jump to: navigation, search Human red blood cells Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell and are the vertebrate bodys principal means of delivering oxygen from the lungs or gills to body tissues via the blood. ... Jump to: navigation, search The pitch drop experiment at the University of Queensland. ... Kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates. ...

Transport of carbon dioxide

When systemic arterial blood flows through capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues into the blood. Some carbon dioxide is dissolved in the blood. Some carbon dioxide reacts with hemoglobin to form carbamino hemoglobin. The remaining carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Most carbon dioxide is transported through the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions. A Bicarbonate or, more properly, a hydrogen carbonate is a polyatomic ion whose formula is HCO3-. It is the intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid: removing the first proton from carbonic acid forms bicarbonate; removing the second proton leads to the carbonate ion. ... Hydronium is the common name for the cation H3O+. Nomenclature According to IUPAC ion nomenclature, it should be referred to as oxonium. ...

Transport of hydrogen ions

Some oxyhemoglobin loses oxygen and becomes deoxyhemoglobin. Deoxyhemoglobin has a much greater affinity for H+ than does oxyhemoglobin so it binds most of the hydrogen ions.

Health and disease

Ancient medicine

Hippocratic medicine considered blood one of the four humors (together with phlegm, yellow bile and black bile). As many diseases were thought to be due to an excess of blood, bloodletting and leeching were a common intervention until the 19th century (it is still used for some rare blood disorders). Jump to: navigation, search This topic is considered to be an essential subject on Wikipedia. ... The four humours were four fluids that were thought to permeate the body and influence its health. ... Jump to: navigation, search Phlegm is a type of mucus, the sticky fluid secreted by the mucous membranes of animals. ... Choleric is a temperament in the ancient medical theory of the four humours. ... Melancholia (Greek μελαγχολια) was described as a distinct disease as early as the fifth and fourth centuries BC in the Hippocratic writings. ... Bloodletting (or blood-letting, in modern medicine referred to as phlebotomy) was a popular medical practice from antiquity up to the late 19th century, involving the withdrawal of often considerable quantities of blood from a patient in the belief that this would cure or prevent illness and disease. ... In pre-scientific medicine, leeching was an alternative form of blood letting in which bad blood would be removed via leeches instead of by bleeding. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In classical Greek medicine, blood was associated with air, springtime, and with a merry and gluttonous (sanguine) personality. It was also believed to be produced exclusively by the liver. Jump to: navigation, search The liver is an organ in vertebrates, including humans. ...

Diagnosis

Blood pressure and blood tests are amongst the most commonly performed diagnostic investigations that directly concern the blood. Jump to: navigation, search Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels. ... Blood tests are laboratory tests done on blood to gain an appreciation of disease states and the function of organs. ...

Pathology

See also blood diseases Blood diseases affect the production of blood and its components, such as blood cells, hemoglobin, blood proteins, the mechanism of coagulation, etc. ...

Problems with blood circulation and composition play a role in many diseases.

• Wounds can cause major blood loss (see bleeding). The thrombocytes cause the blood to coagulate, blocking relatively minor wounds, but larger ones must be repaired at speed to prevent exsanguination. Damage to the internal organs can cause severe internal bleeding, or hemorrhage.
• Circulation blockage can also create many medical conditions from ischemia in the short term to tissue necrosis and gangrene in the long term.
• Hemophilia is a genetic illness that causes dysfunction in one of the blood's clotting mechanisms. This can allow otherwise inconsequential wounds to be life-threatening, but more commonly results in hemarthrosis, or bleeding into joint spaces, which can be crippling.
• Leukemia is a group of cancers of the blood-forming tissues.
• Major blood loss, whether traumatic or not (e.g. during surgery), as well as certain blood diseases like anemia and thalassemia, can require blood transfusion. Several countries have blood banks to fill the demand for transfusable blood. A person receiving a blood transfusion must have a blood type compatible with that of the donor.
• Blood is an important vector of infection. HIV, the virus which causes AIDS, is transmitted through contact between blood, semen, or the bodily secretions of an infected person. Hepatitis B and C are transmitted primarily through blood contact. Owing to blood-borne infections, bloodstained objects are treated as a biohazard.
• Infection of the blood is bacteremia or sepsis. Malaria and trypanosomiasis are blood-borne parasitic infections.

Injury is damage or harm caused to the structure or function of the body caused by an outside agent or force, which may be physical or chemical. ... Bleeding is the loss of blood from the body. ... A 250 ml bag of newly collected platelets. ... The coagulation of blood is a complex process during which blood forms solid clots. ... Exsanguination is the fatal process of total blood loss. ... Internal bleeding is when bleeding occurs inside the body. ... Hemorrhage (alternate spelling is Haemorrhage) is the medical term referring to the presence of blood in the interstitial tissues. ... In medicine, ischemia (Greek ισχαιμία, isch- is restriction, hema or haema is blood) is a restriction in blood supply, generally due to factors in the blood vessels, with resultant damage or dysfunction of tissue. ... Necrosis (in Greek Νεκρός = Dead) is the name given to unprogrammed death of cells/living tissue (compare with apoptosis - programmed cell death). ... Gangrene is necrosis and subsequent decay of body tissues caused by infection or thrombosis or lack of blood flow. ... Haemophilia or hemophilia is the name of any of several hereditary genetic illnesses that impair the bodys ability to control bleeding. ... The coagulation of blood is a complex process during which blood forms solid clots. ... Jump to: navigation, search Leukemia (leukaemia in Commonwealth English) are malignancies (cancers) of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal proliferation of white blood cells (leukocytes). ... For other uses, see Cancer (disambiguation). ... This article discusses the medical condition. ... Thalassemia (American English) (or Thalassaemia in British English) is an inherited disease of the red blood cells, classified as a hemoglobinopathy. ... Blood transfusion is the taking of blood or blood-based products from one individual and inserting them into the circulatory system of another. ... A blood bank is a cache or bank of blood or blood components, gathered as a result of blood donation, stored and preserved for later use in blood transfusions. ... A blood type is a description of an individuals characteristics of red blood cells due to substances (carbohydrates and proteins) on the cell membrane. ... Jump to: navigation, search The human immunodeficiency virus, commonly called HIV, is a retrovirus that primarily infects vital components of the human immune system such as CD4+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. ... Jump to: navigation, search A virus is a microscopic nonliving parasite that infects cells in biological organisms. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Red Ribbon is the global symbol for solidarity with HIV positive people and those living with AIDS. The Red Ribbon made its public debut when host Jeremy Irons wore it during the 1991 Tony Awards. ... Jump to: navigation, search Semen or sperm is a fluid that contains spermatozoa. ... Originally known as serum hepatitis, Hepatitis B has only been recognized as such since World War II, and has caused current epidemics in parts of Asia and Africa. ... Jump to: navigation, search Hepatitis C is a form of hepatitis liver inflammation caused by a virus, the Hepatitis C virus (HCV). ... The biological hazard symbol Immediate disposal of used needles into a sharps container is standard procedure. ... Bacteremia (Bacteræmia in British English) is the presence of bacteria in the blood. ... Jump to: navigation, search Sepsis (in Greek Σήψις, putrefaction) is a serious medical condition caused by a severe infection leading to a systemic inflammatory response. ... Jump to: navigation, search Red blood cell infected with Malaria (Italian: bad air; formerly called ague or marsh fever in English) is an infectious disease which in humans causes about 350-500 million infections and approximately 1. ... Trypanosomiasis is the name of the diseases caused by parasitic protozoan trypanosomes of the genus trypanosoma in vertebrates. ...

Treatment

Blood transfusion is the most direct therapeutic use of blood. It is obtained from volunteers by blood donation. As there are different blood types, and transfusion of the incorrect blood may cause severe complications, crossmatching is done to ascertain the correct type is transfused. Blood transfusion is the taking of blood or blood-based products from one individual and inserting them into the circulatory system of another. ... Jump to: navigation, search Blood donation is a process by which a blood donor voluntarily has blood drawn for storage in a blood bank for subsequent use in a blood transfusion. ... A blood type is a description of an individuals characteristics of red blood cells due to substances (carbohydrates and proteins) on the cell membrane. ... Jump to: navigation, search In medicine, Cross-matching refers to the process of performing blood tests to determine the similarity between two different blood types. ...

Other blood products administered intravenously are platelets, blood plasma, cryoprecipitate and specific coagulation factor concentrates. An intravenous drip in a hospital Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the administration of liquid substances directly into a vein. ...

Many forms of medication (from antibiotics to chemotherapy) are administered intravenously, as they are not readily or adequately absorbed by the digestive tract. An antibiotic is a drug that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. ... Jump to: navigation, search Chemotherapy is the use of chemical substances to treat disease. ...

As stated above, some diseases are still treated by removing blood from the circulation.

Mythology and religion

Due to its importance to life, blood is associated with a large number of beliefs. One of the most basic is the use of blood as a symbol for family relationships; to be "related by blood" is to be related by ancestry or descendance, rather than marriage. This bears closely to bloodlines, and sayings such as "blood is thicker than water" and "bad blood", as well as "Blood brother". For the scientific journal Heredity see Heredity (journal) Heredity (the adjective is hereditary) is the transfer of characters from parent to offspring, either through their genes or through the social institution called inheritance (for example, a title of nobility is passed from individual to individual according to relevant customs and... Categories: Wikipedia cleanup | Stub ...

Indo-European paganism

Among the Germanic tribes (such as the Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings), blood was used during the sacrifices, the Blóts. The blood was considered to have the power of its originator and after the butchering the blood was sprinkled on the walls, on the statues of the gods and on the participants themselves. This act of sprinkling blood was called bleodsian in Old English and the terminology was borrowed by the Catholic Church becoming to bless and blessing. The Hittite word for blood, ishar was a cognate to words for "oath" and "bond", see Ishara. The term Germanic tribes applies to the ancient Germanic peoples of Europe. ... Jump to: navigation, search A map showing the general locations of the major Anglo-Saxon kingdoms The Anglo-Saxons were originally a collection of differing Germanic tribes from Angeln—a peninsula in the southern part of Schleswig, protruding into the Baltic Sea, and what is now Lower Saxony, in the... Jump to: navigation, search The name Viking is a borrowed word from the native Scandinavian term for the Norse warriors who raided the coasts of Scandinavia, the British Isles, and other parts of Europe from the late 8th century to the 11th century. ... The Blót was the pagan Germanic sacrifice to Norse gods and Elves. ... Jump to: navigation, search Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon) is an early form of the English language that was spoken in parts of what is now England and southern Scotland between the mid-fifth century and the mid-twelfth century. ... The Roman Catholic Church believes its founding was based on Jesus appointment of Saint Peter as the primary church leader, later Bishop of Rome. ... The Hittite language is the dead language once spoken by the Hittites, a people who once created an empire centered on ancient Hattusa (modern BoÄŸazköy) in north-central Anatolia (modern Turkey). ... Ishara is the Hittite word for treaty, binding promise, also personified as a goddess of the oath. ...

Judaism

In Judaism, blood cannot be consumed even in the smallest quantity (Leviticus 3:17 and elsewhere); this is reflected in the dietary laws. Blood is purged from meat by salting and pickling. Jump to: navigation, search Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people. ... Jump to: navigation, search Leviticus is the third book of the Hebrew Bible, also the third book in the Torah (five books of Moses). ... Jump to: navigation, search The circled U indicates that this product is certified as kosher by the Orthodox Union (OU). ... Jump to: navigation, search Meat is animal tissue (mainly muscle) used as food. ... Salting is the preparation of food with salt. ... Jump to: navigation, search Pickling is the process of preparing a food by soaking and storing it in a brine (salt) or vinegar solution, a process which can preserve otherwise perishable foods for months. ...

Other rituals involving blood are the covering of the blood of fowl and game after slaughtering (Leviticus 17:13); the reason given by the Torah is: "Because the soul of every animal is [in] his blood" (ibid 17:14), although from its context in Leviticus 3:17 it would appear that blood cannot be consumed because it is to be used in the sacrificial service (known as the korbanot), in the Temple in Jerusalem. A fowl is a bird of any kind, although some types of birds use the word specifically in their names (for example, Guineafowl and Peafowl). ... A game is a recreational activity involving one or more players. ... Jump to: navigation, search Leviticus is the third book of the Hebrew Bible, also the third book in the Torah (five books of Moses). ... Jump to: navigation, search Torah (תורה) is a Hebrew word meaning teaching, instruction, or law. ... Jump to: navigation, search Leviticus is the third book of the Hebrew Bible, also the third book in the Torah (five books of Moses). ... Jump to: navigation, search Sacrifice (from a Middle English verb meaning to make sacred, from Old French, from Latin sacrificium : sacer, sacred; sacred + facere, to make) is commonly known as the practice of offering food, or the lives of animals or people to the gods, as an act of propitiation... Korban (קרבן) (plural: Korbanot קרבנות) in Judaism, is commonly called a religious sacrifice or an offering in English, but is known as a Korban in Hebrew because its Hebrew root K [a] R [o] V (קרב) (or K [o] R [a] V) means to [come] Close (or Draw Near) [to... Jump to: navigation, search The Temple in Jerusalem or the Holy Temple (Beit HaMikdash בית המקדש in Hebrew) was built in ancient Jerusalem and was the center of Israelite and Jewish worship, primarily for the offering of sacrifices known as the korbanot. ...

Ironically, Judaism has historically been the religion to be most affected by blood libels. Jump to: navigation, search Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people. ... Jump to: navigation, search Blood libels are allegations that a particular group kills people as a form of human sacrifice, and uses their blood in various rituals. ...

Christianity

Christians believe that the Eucharist wine is, or represents, the blood of Jesus. This belief is rooted in the Last Supper as written in the four gospels of the Bible, in which Jesus stated to his disciples that the bread which they ate was his body, and the wine his blood. "This cup is the new testament in my blood, which is shed for you." (Luke 22:20, KJV) Jump to: navigation, search Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament writings of his early followers. ... Jump to: navigation, search This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Jump to: navigation, search A glass of red wine Wine is an alcoholic beverage that is made by fermenting grapes or grape juice. ... Transubstantiation is the belief held by many Christian denominations that the Eucharistic elements of bread and wine are changed into the body and blood of Jesus during Consecration. ... Memorialism is the belief held by many Christian denominations that the elements of bread and wine (or juice) in the Eucharist (more often referred to as The Lords Supper by memorialists) are symbolic of the body and blood of Jesus, the feast being primarily a memorial meal. ... Jump to: navigation, search Jesus (Greek Ιησούς (Iēsoûs), Latin Iesus), also known as Jesus of Nazareth or Jesus Christ, is the central figure of Christianity, most of whose adherents worship him as the messiah, or Christ (Greek Χριστός (Khristós); the Anointed One, Latin Christus), as the son of God... Jump to: navigation, search The Last Supper, represented by polychrome sculptures in the Pilgrimage Church of Madonna dell Sasso (Locarno) In the Christian faith, the Last Supper was the last meal Jesus shared with his apostles before his death. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Bible (sometimes The Book, Good Book, Word of God, or Scripture), from Greek (τα) βιβλια, (ta) biblia, (the) books, plural of βιβλιον, biblion, book, originally a diminutive of βιβλος, biblos, which in turn is derived from βυβλος—byblos, meaning papyrus, from the ancient Phoenician city of Byblos which exported this... A Disciple (from the Latin discipulus, a pupil) is one who receives instruction from another; a scholar; a learner; especially, a follower who has learned to believe in the truth of the doctrine of his teacher; an adherent in doctrine. ... Jump to: navigation, search The King James Version (KJV) is an English translation of the Holy Bible, commissioned for the benefit of the Church of England at the behest of King James I of England. ...

Christians believe that Jesus' blood, unlike that of animal sacrifices of Jewish ritual, was holy and pure, and therefore would justify the sins of all mankind.

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses take very literally the injunction in their version of the Bible against deriving benefit from blood ("Because the soul of every animal is [in] his blood", Leviticus 17:14). The religious movement maintains that apart from consuming blood, it is also forbidden to receive blood transfusions. Some Witnesses, though, allow autologous transfusion (own blood removed before surgery). Blood transfusion is the taking of blood or blood-based products from one individual and inserting them into the circulatory system of another. ...

Vampire legends

Vampires are fictional beings thought to cheat death by drinking the blood of the living. Porphyrias, a group of inherited or acquired disorders, may have been the source of vampire legends. Jump to: navigation, search This article contains information that has not been verified. ... The porphyrias are inherited or acquired disorders of certain enzymes in the heme biosynthetic pathway (also called porphyrin pathway). ... To inherit something is to get it from ones ancestors. ... Disorder may refer to : A disease, in medicine Randomness (lack of order), in information theory This is a disambiguation page — a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ...

Chinese and Japanese culture

In Chinese culture, it is often said that if a man's nose produces a small flow of blood, this signifies that he is experiencing sexual desire. This often appears in Chinese-language and Hong Kong films. This is also evident in Japanese culture and is parodied in anime and manga. Male characters will often be shown with a nosebleed if they have just seen a female nude or in little clothing, or if they have had an erotic thought or fantasy. Jump to: navigation, search The Nanjing skyline. ... Jump to: navigation, search Film refers to the celluloid media on which movies are printed Film is a term that encompasses motion pictures as individual projects, as well as the field in general. ... Jump to: navigation, search A scene from Cowboy Bebop (1998) Anime (アニメ) is Japanese animation, sometimes referred to by the portmanteau Japanimation. ... Jump to: navigation, search A page from the Marmalade Boy manga, volume 1 (Japanese version) Manga (漫画) is the Japanese word for comics and/or cartoons (not necessarily animated, this includes print cartoons); outside of Japan, it usually refers specifically to Japanese comics. ... Nosebleed as a result of fracture through a rugby impact. ...

See also

• Artificial blood
• List of human blood components
• Blood as food: see black pudding
• Blood and video game censorship
• Taboo food and drink
• Blood donation
• Blood types

Blood substitutes are used to fill fluid volume and/or carry oxygen and other gases in the cardiovascular system. ... List of human blood components and their concentrations Categories: Blood | Lists ... British and Irish name for blood sausage. ... Critics say that games such as Grand Theft Auto 3 advocate real-life crimes, like carjacking. ... Jump to: navigation, search Taboo food and drinks are those that people avoid for religious, cultural or health reasons. ... Jump to: navigation, search Blood donation is a process by which a blood donor voluntarily has blood drawn for storage in a blood bank for subsequent use in a blood transfusion. ... A blood type is a description an individuals characteristics of red blood cells due to substances (carbohydrates and proteins) on the cell membrane. ...