A coup d'état (pronounced /ku de'ta/), or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government against the volonté générale formed by the majority of the citizen, usually done by a smaller supposedly weaker body that just replaces the top power figures. It may or may not be violent in nature. It is different from a revolution, which is staged by a larger group and radically changes the political system. The term is French for "a (sudden) blow (or stroke) to a state". The term coup can also be used in a casual sense to mean a gain in advantage of one nation or entity over another; e.g. an intelligence coup. By analogy, the term is also applied to corporations, etc; e.g. a boardroom coup. The word citizen may refer to: A person with a citizenship Citizen Watch Co. ... It has been suggested that Revolutionary be merged into this article or section. ...

Since the unsuccessful coup attempts of Wolfgang Kapp in 1920, and of Adolf Hitler in 1923, the Swiss German word "Putsch" (originally coined with the Züriputsch of 1839) is often used also, even in France (such as the putsch of November 8, 1942 and the putsch of April 21, 1961, both in Algiers), while the direct German translation is Staatsstreich. Wolfgang Kapp (July 24, 1858 - June 12, 1922) was an East Prussian civil servant and journalist. ... 1920 (MCMXX) is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... â–¶ (help· info) (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945) was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 and Führer (Leader) of Germany from 1934 to his death by suicide. ... 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Swiss German (Schweizerdeutsch, Schwyzerdütsch, Schwiizerdütsch, Schwyzertütsch, Schwizertitsch) is any of the Alemannic dialects spoken in Switzerland. ... The Züriputsch of 6 September 1839 was a putsch of the rural population against the rule of the city of Zürich on the eve of the formation of the Swiss federal state. ... 1839 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... November 8 is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 53 days remaining. ... This article is about the year. ... April 21 is the 111th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (112th in leap years). ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Map of Algeria showing Algiers province Algiers (French Alger, (Arabic: ولاية الجزائر) El-Jazair, The Islands) is the capital and largest city of Algeria in North Africa. ...

Tactically, a coup usually involves control of some active portion of the military while neutralizing the remainder of a country's armed services. This active group captures or expels leaders, seizes physical control of important government offices, means of communication, and the physical infrastructure, such as streets and power plants. The coup succeeds if its opponents fail to dislodge the plotters, allowing them to consolidate their position, obtain the surrender or acquiescence of the populace and surviving armed forces, and claim legitimacy. Tactics is the collective name for methods of winning a small-scale conflict, performing an optimization, etc. ... The word legitimacy comes from the Latin word legitimare and it has two uses: Legitimacy (political science) is whether or not people accept the validity of a law or ruling or the validity of a governing regime. ...

Coups typically use the power of the existing government for its own takeover. As Edward Luttwak remarks in his Coup d'état: A practical handbook: "A coup consists of the infiltration of a small but critical segment of the state apparatus, which is then used to displace the government from its control of the remainder." In this sense, use of military or other organized force is not the defining feature of a coup d'état. Any seizure of the state apparatus by extra-legal tactics may be considered a coup, according to Luttwak. Edward Nicolae Luttwak (born 1942) is an economist and historian known for his many publications on military strategy and international relations. ...

History

Coups have long been part of political tradition. Indeed, Julius Caesar orchestrated a coup and was subsequently the victim of another coup. Many Roman emperors, such as Claudius, came to power in coups, as did King Jehu of Israel. A bust of Julius Caesar. ... A statue of Emperor Claudius Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 1, 10 BC–October 13, 54), previously Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus, was the fourth Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from January 24, 41 to his death in 54. ... Jehu (יְהוּא The LORD is he, Standard Hebrew Yəhu, Tiberian Hebrew Yəhû) was king of Israel, and the son of Jehoshaphat (2 Kings 9:2), and grandson of Nimshi. ...

In the late 20th century coups occurred most commonly in developing countries, particularly in Latin America (e.g. Brazil, Chile, Bolivia, and Argentina), Africa and Asia (Pakistan), but also in the Asia Pacific (Fiji and the Philippines) and in Europe (e.g. Greece, Portugal, Spain, and the Soviet Union). Since the 1980s, the coup has been seen somewhat less frequently. A significant reason is the general inability to resolve the economic and political problems of developing nations, which has made armed forces, particularly in Latin America, much more reluctant to intervene in politics. Hence, in contrast to past crises, the armed forces have sat on the sidelines through economic crises such as the Asian financial crisis in Thailand in 1998 or the Argentine crisis of 2002 and have tended to act only when the military perceives itself as institutionally threatened by the civilian government, as occurred in Pakistan in 1999. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... A developing country is a country with a low income average, a relatively undeveloped infrastructure and a lower Human Development Index rating when compared to the global norm. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. ... World map showing Asia. ... The 1980s decade refers to the years from 1980 to 1989, inclusive. ... The Asian financial crisis was a financial crisis that started in July 1997 in Thailand and affected currencies, stock markets, and other asset prices in several Asian countries, many considered East Asian Tigers. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ... The South American Economic Crisis is the economic disturbances which have developed in 2002 in the South American countries of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. ... 2002 (MMII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ...

Coups d'état have often been seen as a means for powerful nations to assure favorable outcomes in smaller foreign states. In particular, the American CIA and Soviet KGB developed a reputation for supporting coups in states such as Chile and Afghanistan, respectively. Such actions are substitutes for direct military intervention which would have been more politically unpopular. The governments of France and Britain have engineered coups as well. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The KGB emblem and motto: The sword and the shield KGB (transliteration of КГБ) is the Russian-language acronym for the Committee for State Security, (Russian: â–¶ (help· info); transliteration: Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti). ...

Recent forms of coup

In recent years, the traditional military coup has declined massively in use. A new, more contemporary form of military intervention which some regard as a coup d'état is simple threat of military force to remove a particularly unpopular leader. This has occurred twice in the Philippines. In contrast to previous coups d'état, the military does not directly assume power, but rather serves as an arbiter for civilian leaders.

In recent years mass street protests have also often been able to force unpopular and corrupt leaders from office in a coup-like fashion. In situations of this sort, such as in Serbia (2000), Argentina (2001), Bolivia (2003), Ukraine (2004–2005), Lebanon, Ecuador and Bolivia (2005), popular uprisings simply forced the sitting president to resign his office, causing someone new to assume the presidency. This often results in a period of stability and calm, in which an unknown and uncontroversial vice president can rule the nation until new elections can be held. Demonstrators march in the street while protesting the World Bank and International Monetary Fund on April 16, 2005. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In 2002 the United States allegedly supported a coup in Venezuela against President Hugo Chávez, despite Chávez having been elected by popular vote in two consecutive elections. The coup failed, mainly due to sizable public protests in support of Chávez which dwarfed rallies launched by his opponents. Chávez was returned to office two days after the coup, the provisional military junta was dissolved, and the democratic government survived a referendum on new elections by a large margin. In cases such as these, popular protests have been able to prevent coups and place popular leaders back in office. Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (born July 28, 1954) is the 53rd and current President of Venezuela. ... In modern usage, junta (pronounced as in Spanish HUN-ta or HOON-ta) typically refers to a military dictatorship, especially in Latin America, which is officially run by a committee of high-ranking military officers. ... A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ...

Types of coups

Samuel P. Huntington has divided coups into three types (ignoring Luttwak's non-military coups) Samuel Phillips Huntington (born April 18, 1927) is a political scientist known for his analysis of the relationship between the military and the civil government, his investigation of coup detats, and his thesis that the central political actors of the 21st century will be civilizations rather than nation-states. ...

• Breakthrough coups - In which a revolutionary army overthrows a traditional government and creates a new bureaucratic elite. Breakthrough coups are generally led by non-commissioned officers (NCOs) or junior officers and only happen once. Examples include China in 1911, Egypt in 1952, Greece in 1967 and Liberia in 1980.

• Guardian coups - These coups have been described as musical chairs. The stated aim of this form of coup is to improve public order, efficiency, or to end corruption. There is usually no fundamental shift in the structure of power, and the leaders of these types of coups generally portray their actions as a temporary and unfortunate necessity. Many nations with guardian coups undergo many shifts between civilian and military governments. Examples include Pakistan, Turkey, and Thailand.

• Veto coups - These coups occur when the army vetoes mass participation and social mobilization. In these cases the army must confront and suppress large-scale and broad-based opposition and as a result they tend to be repressive and bloody. Examples include Chile in 1973 and Argentina in 1976, as well as the overthrow of President Fujimori of Peru in 2000. An abortive and botched veto coup occurred in Venezuela in 2002.

Coups can also be classified by the level of the military that leads the coup. Veto coups and guardian coups tend to be led by senior officers. Breakthrough coups tend to be led by junior officers or NCOs. In cases where the coup is led by junior officers or enlisted men, the coup is also a mutiny which can have grave implications for the organizational structure of the military. A non-commissioned officer (sometimes noncommissioned officer), also known as an NCO or noncom, is a non-commissioned member of an armed force who has been given authority by a commissioned officer. ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a [[leap year starting on Tueday] (link will take you to calendar). ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... Musical Chairs is a game played by a group of people (usually children), often in an informal setting purely for entertainment such as a birthday party. ... 1976 (MCMLXXVI) is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... Alberto Kenya Fujimori (born July 28, 1938) was President of Peru from July 28, 1990, to November 17, 2000. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... 2002 (MMII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mutiny is the crime of conspiring to disobey orders that the mutineer is legally obliged to obey, for example by crew members of a ship. ...

There is also a category known as bloodless coups in which the mere threat of violence is enough to force the current government to step aside. Bloodless coups are so called because they involve no violence and thus no bloodshed. Napoleon's 18 Brumaire coup is often pointed out as an example of bloodless coup, showing that bloodless coups are not always considered to be "bloodless": on 18 Brumaire, several members of parliament were thrown out the windows of the building where they assembled. More recently, Pervez Musharraf of Pakistan came to power in a bloodless coup in 1999. Napoleon I of France, by Jacques-Louis David Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution, and the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from 11 November 1799 to 18 May 1804, then as Emperor of the... Napoléon Bonaparte in the coup détat of 18 brumaire. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ...

The term self-coup is used when the current government assumes extraordinary powers not allowed by the legislation. An example is Alberto Fujimori in Peru, who was democratically elected, but later took control of the legislative and judicial powers, or the coup of French President Louis Napoléon Bonaparte in 1851 against the powerful National Assembly. A self-coup occurs when a countrys leader dissolves the national legislature and assumes extraordinary powers not granted under normal circumstances. ... Alberto Kenya Fujimori (アルベルト・ケンヤ・フジモリ Aruberuto Kenya Fujimori, born in Peru July 28, 1938), also known as Kenya Fujimori (藤森 謙也 Fujimori Kenya), was President of Peru from July 28, 1990 to November 17, 2000. ... Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (April 20, 1808 - January 9, 1873) was the son of King Louis Bonaparte and Queen Hortense de Beauharnais; both monarchs of the French puppet state, the Kingdom of Holland. ... 1851 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The National Assembly is the name of either a legislature, or the lower house of a bicameral legislature in some countries. ...

Post-military-coup governments

After the coup, the military is faced with the issue of the type of government to establish. In Latin America, it was common for the post-coup government to be led by a junta, a committee of the chiefs of staff of the various armed forces. A common form of African post-coup government is the revolutionary assembly, a quasi-legislative body made of members elected by the army. In Pakistan, the military leader typically assumes the title of chief martial law administrator. In modern usage, junta (pronounced as in Spanish HUN-ta or HOON-ta) typically refers to a military dictatorship, especially in Latin America, which is officially run by a committee of high-ranking military officers. ... A committee is a (relatively) small group that can serve one of several functions: Governance: in organizations too large for all the members to participate in decisions affecting the organization as a whole, a committee (such as a Board of Directors) is given the power to make decisions. ... Martial law is the system of rules that takes effect (usually after a formal declaration) when a military authority takes control of the normal administration of justice. ...

According to Huntington, most coup leaders act under the concept of right orders: they believe that the best way to solve the problems their country is facing is to issue correct orders. This view of government underestimates the difficulty in implementing government policy and the amount of possible political resistance to certain orders.

Important coups in the 19th century

• 1851: French coup of 1851
• 1874: Arsenio Martínez Campos overthrows the First Spanish Republic and install Alfonso XII as king.

1851 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Coup dÉtat of 2 December 1851 was the coup détat staged by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, President of the French Republic, who was successful by this means in dissolving the French National Assembly without having the constitutional right to do so. ... 1874 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Arsenio Martínez Campos in his later years Arsenio Martínez Campos was a Spanish officer, who rose against the First Spanish Republic and was later Captain General of Cuba. ... Flag of the Spanish First Republic The First Spanish Republic lasted only two years, between 1873 and 1874. ... Alfonso XII of Spain (November 28, 1857–November 25, 1885), was king of Spain, reigning from 1875 to 1885, after a coup détat restored the monarchy and ended the ephemeral First Spanish Republic. ...

Important coups in the 20th century

• 1920: The Kapp Putsch, a failed coup attempt by the Freikorps Ehrhardt.
• 1923: Miguel Primo de Rivera installs a dictatorship without overthrowing the king.
• 1923: The Beer Hall Putsch, a failed coup attempt by Adolf Hitler in Germany.
• 1926: Coup of Jozef Pilsudski in Poland.
• 1926: 28th May military coup of Gomes da Costa in Portugal.
• 1932: The Mäntsälä Rebellion, failed coup attempt by the Lapua Movement in Finland.
• 1932: The May 15th Incident, a military coup in Japan.
• 1933: Failed coup against Franklin D. Roosevelt alleged in the United States (see Business Plot).
• 1934: Coup of Kārlis Ulmanis in Latvia.
• 1934: Coup of Konstantin Päts in Estonia.
• 1935: Coup in Greece.
• 1936 Xian Incident, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek was kidnapped by his deputy Zhang Hsu-liang, who demanded Chiang to stop fighting the Chinese communist. Madame Chiang and her brother T.V. Soongs' subsequent negotiation with Zhang ensure the Generalissimo's release. But Chiang's cease-fire with the Chinese communist gave them time to recuperate and strengthen so much that after WWII their troops outnumber Chiang's and they were able to take over all China, with the exception of Taiwan.
• 1936: Part of the army seizes control of parts of Spain commencing the Spanish Civil War. Later General Francisco Franco assumes control of the country.
• 1936: The February 26th Incident, a failed coup attempt in Japan by junior military officers that did succeed in installing a militarist government.
• 1937: Brazilian president Getúlio Vargas, governing democratically until then, launches a self-coup and becomes the Dictator of Brazilian Estado Novo.
• 1942: French resistance coup in Algiers, by which 400 Civil French patriots neutralized Vichyst XIXth Army Corps in Algiers during 15 hours, arrested vichyst generals (Juin, Darlan, etc.), and so allowed the immediate success of Operation Torch.
• 1943: Military coup in Argentina leads to the ascent of extremely popular President Juan Perón.
• 1944: The July 20 Plot, a failed attempt to overthrow Hitler in Nazi Germany, led by Claus von Stauffenberg.
• 1945: Getúlio Vargas's government ends due to a coup, led by General Mourão, one of his former supporters.
• 1947: Coup in Thailand.
• 1948: Communist coup in Czechoslovakia.
• 1952: Military coup in Egypt.
• 1952: Fulgencio Batista leads successful and bloodless coup to topple democratically elected government of Cuba.
• 1953: Anglo-American coup in Iran, codenamed Operation Ajax.
• 1954: Military coup in Paraguay.
• 1955: A contra-coup in Brazil led by Marechal Lott grants the presidency to elected one, Juscelino Kubitschek and overtrhown the two-days-long legal government of Carlos Luz.
• 1958: Military coup in Pakistan. Army Chief and Defence Minister Gen. Ayub Khan overthrows the government of Iskander Mirza and becomes President after a winning a rigged referendum.
• 1958: Civic/Military coup in Venezuela, overthrowing Marcos Perez Jimenez.
• 1958: Military coup in Iraq overthrows the monarchy.
• 1960: Military coup in Turkey.
• 1961: The Coup d'état of May Sixteenth in South Korea. Park Chunghee established presidency.
• 1962: Failed Military backed and Catholic action led Coup in Sri Lanka then Ceylon.
• 1963: Military coup in South Vietnam, overthrowing Ngo Dinh Diem.
• 1963: Alleged coup in the United States, overthrowing John F. Kennedy (See Kennedy assassination theories).
• 1963: Military coup in Ecuador.
• 1963: Military coup in Syria.
• 1963: Coup in Iraq, followed by a counter-coup.
• 1964: Military coup in Brazil.
• 1964: Military coup in South Vietnam, overthrowing Duong Van Minh.
• 1966: Military coup in Ghana.
• 1966: Military coup in Nigeria leading to end of first republic.
• 1966: Shakhbut Bin-Sultan Al Nahyan, the ruler of the United Arab Emirates was deposed in a bloodless coup, being replaced by his brother Sheikh Zayed Bin-Sultan Al Nahyan.
• 1967: Military coup in Greece. See Greek military junta of 1967-1974.
• 1967: Military coup in Nigeria. Yakubu Gowon comes to power.
• 1968: Coup in Panama by Omar Torrijos.
• 1968: Coup in Iraq establishes rule of the Ba'ath Party.
• 1969: Colonel Qadhafi overthrows monarchy in Libya.
• 1969: Military coup in Somalia.
• 1970: Military coup in Pakistan, Army Chief Gen. Yahya Khan forces President Field Marshal Ayub Khan (who himself came to power in a coup) to hand over power to him.
• 1970: Coup in Bolivia, soon followed by a leftist countercoup.
• 1971: Military coup in Turkey (Coup by Memorandum).
• 1971: Military coup in Uganda led by Idi Amin.
• 1973: Military coup in Chile. The democratically elected Marxist president Salvador Allende is replaced by the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet. See Chilean coup of 1973.
• 1973: The President of Uruguay dissolves Parliament and heads a coup.
• 1974: Military coup in Portugal (Carnation Revolution).
• 1974: Military coup in Cyprus sponsored by Greek colonels overthrows Makarios and triggers invasion by Turkey.
• 1975: Military coup in Ethiopia by the communist junta led by General Aman Andom and Megistu Hailemariam.
• 1975: Military coup in Bangladesh overthrows & kills Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
• 1975: Military coup in Nigeria overthrows Yakubu Gowon. Murtala Ramat Mohammed comes to power.
• 1976: Military coup in Ecuador.
• 1976: Failed coup attempt in Nigeria. Murtala Ramat Mohammed killed but Obasanjo survives and becomes head of state.
• 1976: Military coup in Argentina leads to the Proceso de Reorganización Nacional.
• 1978: Communist coup in Afghanistan.
• 1979: Military coup in Pakistan. Army Chief Gen. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq overthrows the civilian government and hangs Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto after a sham trial.
• 1979: The Coup d'état of December Twelfth in South Korea. Chun Doo-hwan established presidentship.
• 1980: 'Cocaine Coup' in Bolivia of Luis García Meza Tejada.
• 1980: Military coup in Turkey.
• 1980: Military coup in Liberia.
• 1980: Successful coup in Suriname by military officers led by Dési Bouterse that resulted in military rule until 1988.
• 1981: Failed coup in Spain led by Antonio Tejero.
• 1982: Failed coup in Kenya by some members of the Kenya Air Force.
• 1983: Military palace coup in Nigeria. Second republic overthrown.
• 1985: Military coup in Uganda led by Basilio Okello and Tito Okello.
• 1985: Military coup in Nigeria. Ibrahim Babangida replaces Muhammadu Buhari.
• 1984: Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya raise to power in Mauritania after a coup that overthrow the president Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla.
• 1989: Failed coup attempt in the Philippines led by Col. Gregorio Honasan.
• 1990: Failed coup attempt in Nigeria led by Col. Orkar.
• 1991: Failed coup attempt (the so-called August Putsch) in the Soviet Union.
• 1992: Alberto Fujimori launches a self-coup in Peru.

1920 (MCMXX) is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... The word Putsch literally means a thrust or blow. ... 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Spanish dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, Marqués de Estella (Jerez, January 8, 1870 - Paris, March 16, 1930) was a Spanish military official who ruled Spain as a dictator from 1923 to 1930, ending the turno system of alternating parties. ... The Restoration was the name given to the period that began in 29 December 1874 after the First Spanish Republic ended with the restoration of the throne to Alfonso XII after a coup detat by Arsenio Martínez Campos, and ended on the 14 April 1931 with the proclamation... Alfonso XIII of Spain (May 17, 1886 – February 28, 1941), King of Spain, posthumous son of Alfonso XII of Spain, was proclaimed King at his birth. ... The Beer Hall Putsch occurred in the evening of Thursday, November 8 to early afternoon of Friday, November 9, 1923 when the nascent Nazi partys Führer Adolf Hitler, the popular World War I General Erich Ludendorff, and other leaders of the Kampfbund, unsuccessfully tried to gain power in... â–¶ (help· info) (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945) was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 and Führer (Leader) of Germany from 1934 to his death by suicide. ... 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Term of Office from November 14, 1918 until December 9, 1922 Profession Statesman and military commander Political Party none, see Sanacja for details First Lady Maria Piłsudska Date of Birth December 5, 1867 Place of Birth Zułów, in todays Lithuania Date of Death May 12, 1935 Place of Death... The 28th May 1926 coup détat, sometimes called 28th May Revolution or, during the period of Estado Novo, National Revolution (Portuguese: Revolução Nacional), was military movement that put and end to the instable Portuguese First Republic and initiated the Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship), years after renamed... Gomes da Costa Manuel de Oliveira Gomes da Costa commonly known as Gomes da Costa (Lisbon, January 14, 1863-Lisbon, December 17, 1929), was a Portuguese army officer and politician, tenth President of the Portuguese Republic and the second of the Military dictatorship. ... 1932 (MCMXXXII) is a leap year starting on Friday. ... Mäntsälä rebellion (Finnish: Mäntsälän kapina) was the failed coup attempt by the Lapua Movement to ovethrow the Finnish government. ... Lapua Movement (Lapuan liike) was a political movement in Finland, started in 1929, initially dominated by ardent anti-communist nationalists, emphasizing the legacy of the nationalist activism, the White Guards and the Civil War in Finland, however soon turning into more of a Fascist movement. ... The May 15 incident (五・一五事件 Go-ichigo jiken) of 15 May 1932, was the assassination of then-Prime Minister of Japan Inukai Tsuyoshi. ... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), 32nd President of the United States (1933-1945), is best known for his leading the U.S. through the Great Depression via his New Deal, his building a powerful political coalition, the New Deal Coalition, that dominated American politics for decades... The Business Plot, The Plot Against FDR, or The White House Putsch was a conspiracy of moneyed interests which tried to overthrow President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the early years of the Great Depression. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Kārlis Ulmanis (b. ... Konstantin Päts Konstantin Päts (February 23, 1874 - January 18, 1956) was a politician and the first President of Estonia. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Spanish Civil War (July 1936–April 1939) was a conflict in which the incumbent Second Spanish Republic and left-wing groups fought against a right-wing nationalist rebellion led by Generalisimo Francisco Franco, who succeeded in overthrowing the Republican government and establishing a dictatorship. ... Francisco Franco Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (December 4, 1892 – November 20(or November 19, explained below) 1975), abbreviated Francisco Franco Bahamonde and sometimes known as Generalisimo Francisco Franco, was the dictator and Head of State of Spain (in parts of the country from 1936, totally from... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The February 26 Incident (二・二六事件 Ni-niroku jiken) was an uprising against the Japanese government that took place in 1936. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (April 19, 1882 - August 24, 1954) was the president of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1950 to his suicide in 1954. ... The “New State” is a new type of government where all legislative bodies vanished, political parties were banned, and all kinds of media were censored. ... This article is about the year. ... Map of Algeria showing Algiers province Algiers (French Alger, (Arabic: ولاية الجزائر) El-Jazair, The Islands) is the capital and largest city of Algeria in North Africa. ... Combatants Allies (United States, United Kingdom, French resistance forces in Algiers) Vichy France, Germany Commanders Dwight Eisenhower François Darlan Strength 73,500 Casualties 479 dead + 720 wounded 1346 dead + 1997 wounded Template:Campaignbox North African Campaign Operation Torch was the Anglo-American invasion of French North Africa in World... 1943 (MCMXLIII) is a common year starting on Friday. ... Juan Domingo Perón (October 8, 1895 – July 1, 1974) was an Argentine military officer and the President of Argentina from 1946 to 1955 and from 1973 to 1974. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... The July 20 Plot was a failed coup détat which involved an attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler. ... â–¶ (help· info) (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945) was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 and Führer (Leader) of Germany from 1934 to his death by suicide. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Claus von Stauffenberg Claus Philipp Maria Graf Schenk von Stauffenberg (born November 15, 1907 in Jettingen, Bavarian Swabia; died July 21, 1944 in Berlin) was a German aristocrat and army colonel during World War II. He was one of the leading figures of the July 20 Plot to assassinate Adolf... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (April 19, 1882 - August 24, 1954) was the president of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1950 to his suicide in 1954. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... Communism - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a [[leap year starting on Tueday] (link will take you to calendar). ... Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar General Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (January 16, 1901 – August 6, 1973) was the de facto leader of Cuba from 1933 to 1940 and the countrys de jure President from 1940 to 1944 and the countrys unchallenged leader, after a coup, from 1952... 1953 (MCMLIII) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Soldiers surround the Parliament building in Tehran on August 19, 1953. ... 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Juscelino Kubitschek and his wife Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira (JK) (September 12, 1902-August 22, 1976) was a prominent Brazilian politician who was President of Brazil from 1956 to 1961. ... Carlos Coimbra da Luz (August 4, 1894 _ February 9, 1961). ... 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Muhammad Ayub Khan (May 14, 1907 – April 19, 1974) was a Field Marshal during the mid-1960s, and the political leader of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969. ... Iskander Mirza (November 13, 1899 - November 13, 1969) was the first President of Pakistan and held that position from 1956 until 1958. ... 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Park Chung-hee (September 30, 1917 - October 26, 1979) was President of South Korea from 1961 to 1979. ... 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... Ngô Đình Diệm â–¶ (help· info) «ngoh dihn zih-ehm» (January 3, 1901 – November 2, 1963) was the first President of the Republic of Vietnam (1955–63). ... John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to as John F. Kennedy, JFK, or Jack Kennedy, was the 35th President of the United States. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... DÆ°Æ¡ng Văn Minh (February 16, 1916 – August 5, 2001), known popularly as Big Minh, led the South Vietnamese army under Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm. ... 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link goes to calendar) // Events January January 1 - In a coup, Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa ousts president David Dacko and takes over the Central African Republic. ... Shakhbut Bin-Sultan Al Nahyan (1905–February 11, 1989) was the son of Sultan bin Zayed Al-Nahayan, the traditional ruler of Abu Dhabi from 1922 to 1926. ... Sheikh Zayed Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan (Arabic:الشيخ زايد بن سلطان أل نهيان)‎, (1918 — 2 November 2004), the principal architect of the seven United Arab Emirates, was the ruler of Abu Dhabi and president of the UAE for over 30 years (1971-2004). ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Yakubu Gowon General Yakubu Jack Dan-Yumma Gowon (born October 19, 1934) was the head of state (Head of the Federal Military Government) of Nigeria from 1966 to 1975. ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... Omar Efraín Torrijos Herrera (February 13, 1929 - August 1, 1981) was a Panamanian army officer and military ruler of Panama from 1968 to 1981. ... Bath Party flag The Arab Socialist Bath Party (also spelled Baath or Baath; Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي) was founded in 1945 as a radical, left-wing, secular Arab nationalist political party. ... 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday For other uses, see Number 1969. ... Colonel Muammar al-Qaddafi Muammar Abu Minyar al-Qaddafi 1 (Arabic: معمر القذافي Mu`ammar al-Qadhdhāfī) (born 1942), leader of Libya since 1970 and a controversial Arab statesman. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan (February 4, 1917 – August 10, 1980) was the President of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971, following the resignation of Ayub Khan. ... Muhammad Ayub Khan (May 14, 1907 – April 19, 1974) was a Field Marshal during the mid-1960s, and the political leader of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969. ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) is a common year starting on Friday (click for link to calendar). ... The Coup by memorandum is the second military coup of Turkey carried out on March 12, 1971. ... Idi Amin on a ten-shilling note Idi Amin Dada Oumee (May 17, 1928 – August 16, 2003) was an army officer and President of Uganda (1971 to 1979) whose regime was notorious for its brutality. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Marxism is the social theory and political practice based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century German philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ... Salvador Isabelino Allende Gossens (June 26, 1908 – September 11, 1973) was a Chilean politician whose service in government spanned nearly 40 years, as a senator, deputy, and cabinet minister. ... Augusto Pinochet (sitting) was an army general who led a military coup in Chile in 1973. ... General Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (born November 25, 1915) was head of the dictatorship that ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990. ... The Chilean coup détat of September 11, 1973 was a watershed event in the history of Chile and the Cold War. ... 1974 (MCMLXXIV) is a common year starting on Tuesday (click on link for calendar). ... The Carnation Revolution (Portuguese, Revolução dos Cravos) was an almost bloodless left-leaning revolution started on April 25, 1974, in Lisbon, Portugal, that effectively changed the Portuguese regime from an authoritarian dictatorship to a liberal democracy at the end of a two-year process of a Left-wing military... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Makarios was the adopted name of Mikhalis Khristodoulou Mouskos (August 13, 1913 - August 3, 1977). ... The Cyprus Dispute is the conflict between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots and also Republic of Cyprus and Turkey over Cyprus, an island in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ... Sheikh Mujibur Rahman; known as Bangabandhu (Friend of Bangladesh) to his people in Bangladesh. ... Yakubu Gowon General Yakubu Jack Dan-Yumma Gowon (born October 19, 1934) was the head of state (Head of the Federal Military Government) of Nigeria from 1966 to 1975. ... Categories: People stubs | Africa-related stubs | Nigerian heads of state ... 1976 (MCMLXXVI) is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... Categories: People stubs | Africa-related stubs | Nigerian heads of state ... Obasanjo met with U.S. President Bush in France on June 1, 2003. ... Proceso de Reorganización Nacional (Spanish, National Reorganization Process, often simply Proceso) was the name used by its leaders for the right-wing military dictatorship that ruled Argentina from 1976 to 1983 (which in Argentina it simply known as the military junta, even though several of them existed throughout its... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1978 calendar). ... This page refers to the year 1979. ... General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (August 12, 1924–August 17, 1988) ruled Pakistan from 1977 to 1988. ... Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (January 5, 1928 - April 4, 1979) was a Pakistani politician who served as President, from 1971 to 1973, and as Prime Minister, from 1973 to 1977, of Pakistan. ... The Coup détat of December Twelfth or the 12/12 Incident was a military coup détat taken place on December 12, 1979 in South Korea. ... Chun Doo-hwan (Korean hangul: 전두환; hanja: 全斗煥; revised: Jeon Duhwan; McCune-Reischauer: Chŏn Tuhwan; born 18 January 1931) was a Korean military officer and the President of South Korea from 1980 to 1988. ... 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... Luis García Meza Tejada (b. ... Désiré Delano Bouterse of Suriname (born 1945) has been a military sports instructor, coup leader, army leader and a politician in the Nationaal Democratische Partij (NDP). ... US General Douglas MacArthur (left), military ruler of Japan 1945-1952, next to Japans defeated Emperor, Hirohito Military rule may mean: Militarism as an ideology of government Military occupation (or Belligerent occupation), when a country or area is conquered after invasion List of military occupations Martial law, where military... 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on a Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... (Redirected from 23-F) Antonio Tejero with a gun in his hand, breaking into the Congress of Deputies February 23, 1981, attempting a coup. ... Antonio Tejero with a gun in his hand, breaking into the Congress of Deputies February 23, 1981, attempting a coup. ... 1982 (MCMLXXXII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The 1982 Kenyan coup was a failed attempt to overthrow President Daniel arap Mois government. ... The Kenya Air Force has F-5 Freedom Fighters as well as BAe Hawks. ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... General Bazilio Olara Okello (1929 - 1990) was a Ugandan soldier, and one of the leaders of the military movement that overthrew Idi Amin in 1979. ... Tito Okello (1914 - June 3, 1996) was the leader of Uganda from July 1985 until January 1986. ... Ibrahim Babangida General Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida (born August 17, 1941), popularly known as IBB, was the military ruler of Nigeria from August 1985 until his departure from office under heavy popular pressure in 1993, after his annulment of elections held that year which were widely held to have been the... Muhammadu Buhari Muhammadu Buhari (born December 17, 1942) was a military ruler of Nigeria (December 31st, 1983 - August 27th, 1985) and an unsuccessful candidate for president in the May 29th, 2003 Presidential Elections. ... 1984 (MCMLXXXIV) is a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Maaouya Ould SidAhmed Taya (Arabic: ) (b. ... Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla (Arabic: ; born 1940) was the President of Mauritania and Chairman of the Military Committee for National Salvation from 4 January 1980 to 12 December 1984. ... -1... This article is about the year. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... During the Soviet Coup of 1991, also known as the August Putsch or August Coup, a group of hardliners within the Soviet Communist party briefly deposed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and attempted to take control of the country. ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... Alberto Kenya Fujimori (アルベルト・ケンヤ・フジモリ Aruberuto Kenya Fujimori, born in Peru July 28, 1938), also known as Kenya Fujimori (藤森 謙也 Fujimori Kenya), was President of Peru from July 28, 1990 to November 17, 2000. ...

Recent coups and coup attempts

• 1997: Military coup in Turkey, called Post-modern coup (February 28) overthrows the coalition government
• 1999: Military coup in Pakistan. Army refuses to obey Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's government. General Pervez Musharraf becomes dictator (with the title "Chief Executive") and exiles Nawaz Sharif to Saudi Arabia.
• 1999: Military coup in Côte d'Ivoire
• 2000: Unsuccessful coup in Fiji, under George Speight
• 2000: Coup in Ecuador
• 2000: Overthrow of President Fujimori in Peru
• 2002: Unsuccessful coup to overthrow Hugo Chávez in Venezuela
• 2002: Military coup in Central African Republic
• 2003: Attempted coup in Mauritania
• 2003: Military coup in São Tomé and Príncipe
• 2003: Military coup in Guinea-Bissau
• 2004: Military coup in Haiti
• 2004: Attempted coup in the Democratic Republic of Congo
• 2004: Second attempted coup in the Democratic Republic of Congo (June)
• 2004: Attempted coup in Equatorial Guinea (August)
• 2005: Coup in Togo legalized by parliamentary vote but unrecognized by international community.
• 2005: Coup by Nepalese monarch, overthrows constitutional monarchy. Restoration of absolute monarchy.
• 2005: Military coup in Mauritania overthrows president Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who came to power after a coup, in 1984.

1997 (MCMXCVII) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... George Speight George Speight, occasionally known as Ilikimi Naitini (born 1957), was the principal instigator of the Fiji coup of 2000, in which he kidnapped thirty-six government officials and held them from May 19, 2000 to July 13, 2000. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... Alberto Kenya Fujimori (born July 28, 1938) was President of Peru from July 28, 1990, to November 17, 2000. ... 2002 (MMII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Hugo Chávez, surrounded by resolute supporters, makes a dramatic return to power on April 13, 2002 after the collapse of the first Latin American coup of the 21st century. ... Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (born July 28, 1954) is the 53rd and current President of Venezuela. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The 2004 Haiti rebellion was a conflict fought for several weeks in Haiti during February 2004 that resulted in the premature end of President Jean-Bertrand Aristides second term, and the installment of an interim government led by Gerard Latortue. ... June is the sixth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with a length of 30 days The month is named after the Roman goddess Juno, wife of Jupiter and equivalent to the Greek goddess Hera. ... Note: as an adjective (stressed on the second syllable instead of the first), august means honorable. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A monarchy, (from the Greek monos, one, and archein, to rule) is a form of government that has a monarch as Head of State. ... Maaouya Ould SidAhmed Taya (Arabic: ) (b. ...

Currently-serving leaders who came to power via coups

• Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir, President of Sudan (1989–)
• Muammar al-Qaddafi, leader of Libya (1969–)
• Azali Assoumani, President of the Comoros (1999–)
• Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, President of Tunisia (1987–)
• François Bozizé, President of the Central African Republic (2003–)
• Blaise Compaoré, President of Burkina Faso (1987–)
• Lansana Conté, President of Guinea (1984–)
• Idriss Déby, President of Chad (1990–)
• Yahya Jammeh, President of The Gambia (1994–)
• Gérard Latortue, Interim prime minister of Haiti—not recognized by CARICOM
• Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, President of Equatorial Guinea (1979–)
• Pervez Musharraf, Chief of Army Staff and President of Pakistan (1999–)
• Ely Ould Mohamed Vall, Chairman of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy in Mauritania (2005–)

Omar al-Bashir Field Marshal Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir (Arabic: عمر حسن احمد البشير ; born 1 January 1944) is the president of the Sudan. ... Colonel Gaddafi Muammar Abu Minyar al-Qaddafi 1 — pronounced Gaddafi — (Arabic: معمر القذافي Mu`ammar al-Qadhdhāfī) (born circa 1942 near Sirte, Libya), has been the leader of Libya since 1969. ... Azali Assoumani (born January 1, 1959) is the current president of the Comoros. ... Zine El Abidine Ben Ali Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (زين العابدين بن علي; born in Hammam-Sousse on September 3, 1936) is the President of the Republic of Tunisia since November 7, 1987 and only the second one since its Independence from France on March 20, 1956. ... François Bozizé Yangouvonda (born October 14, 1946) is the current President of the Central African Republic. ... Blaise Compaoré (born February 3, 1951) has been the president of Burkina Faso since 1987. ... Lansana Conté Lansana Conté (born 1934) has been the President of Guinea since 1984. ... Time in Office 2 December 1990 – Present Predecessor Hissène Habré Date of Birth 1952 Place of Birth Fada, Chad Idriss Déby (born 1952) is the president of Chad and the head of the Patriotic Salvation Movement. ... Categories: People stubs | 1965 births ... Gérard Latortue Gérard Latortue (born June 19, 1934 at Gonaives) is currently the Prime Minister of Haiti. ... The Caribbean Community and Common Market or CARICOM was established by the Treaty of Chaguaramas which came into effect on August 1, 1973. ... Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (born June 5, 1942) has been the President of Equatorial Guinea since 1979. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Col. ... The Military Council for Justice and Democracy (Arabic: المجلس العسكري للعدالة والديمقراطية; French: Le Conseil militaire pour la Justice et la Démocratie) is currently the supreme political body of Mauritania. ...

See also

• Contrast with civilian control of the military
• List of protective service agencies
• List of fictional revolutions and coups

U.S. President Abraham Lincolns active involvement in the conduct of the American Civil War, which frequently involved pressing his generals to undertake more aggressive actions, set a precedent for the power of the civilian Commander-in-Chief. ... This is a list of government Security police and Bodyguard organizations. ... This is a list of fictional coups détat, coup attempts, revolutions, and revolution attempts in various media: instances that are mentioned or described in fictional works but have not occurred in reality. ...

Reference

• Edward Luttwak, Coup d'etat: A practical handbook, Harvard University Press, 1969, 1980. ISBN 06-741-75476.
• Curzio Malaparte, Technique du Coup d'Etat (Published in French), Paris, 1931.
• D. J. Goodspeed, Six Coups d'Etat, Viking Press inc., New-York, 1962.