Bloody Sunday of 1920 was a day of violence in Dublin on November 21, 1920, during the Irish War of Independence (1919–1921), which led to the deaths of more than 30 people. WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ... November 21 is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Year 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... Combatants Irish Republic United Kingdom Commanders Michael Collins Richard Mulcahy Cathal Brugha Important local IRA leaders Henry Hugh Tudor Strength Irish Republican Army c. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for full calendar). ...

The day began with the assassination of 14 British agents (known as the Cairo gang) or their informants by the Irish Republican Army. Later that afternoon, British forces opened fire on the crowd at a Gaelic football match in Croke Park in north Dublin, causing the deaths of 14 civilians. That same evening there were scattered shootings in the city streets, and three Irish prisoners in Dublin Castle were killed by their British captors under suspicious circumstances. This article is about the historical army of the self-proclaimed Irish Republic (1919–1922) which fought in the Irish War of Independence 1919-21, and the Irish Civil War 1922-23. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Croke Park (Irish: Páirc an Chrócaigh) in Dublin, Ireland, is the largest sports stadium in Ireland and the principal stadium and headquarters of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), Irelands biggest sporting organisation. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ... Dublin Castle. ...

It has been reported that the British government is considering making an apology for the events at Croke Park at the Ireland versus England rugby match at the stadium on 25 February 2007. This will involve laying a wreath at the Hogan Stand, named in honour of the footballer who died on the pitch during Bloody Sunday.^[1] The proposal has received a lukewarm reception in rugby circles ^[2], while the GAA has denied that any such wreath-laying is to take place.^[3]

Background

Bloody Sunday had its origins in the Irish War of Independence, which followed the formation of a unilaterally declared Irish Republic and its parliament, Dáil Éireann. The army of the republic, the Irish Republican Army waged a guerrilla war against the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), its auxiliary organisations and the British army, who were tasked with suppressing Irish separatism. A declaration of independence is a proclamation of the independence of a newly formed or reformed independent state from a part or the whole of the territory of another, or a document containing such a declaration. ... The Dáil Chamber Dáil Éireann[1] is the lower house of the Oireachtas (parliament) of Ireland. ... This article is about the historical army of the self-proclaimed Irish Republic (1919–1922) which fought in the Irish War of Independence 1919-21, and the Irish Civil War 1922-23. ... The Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) was one of Irelands two police forces in the early twentieth century, alongside the Dublin Metropolitan Police. ... The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. ...

In response to IRA actions, the British Government formed paramilitary forces to augment the RIC, the Black and Tans (a nickname arising from their mixture of uniforms), and the Auxiliary Division (generally known as the Auxiliaries or Auxies). The behaviour of both groups immediately became controversial (one major critic was King George V) for their brutality and violence towards not just IRA suspects and prisoners but Irish people in general. In Dublin, the war largely took the form of assassinations and reprisals on either side. This article deals with the RIC Reserve Force of the Anglo-Irish War. ... The Auxiliary Division of the Royal Irish Constabulary, generally known as the Auxiliaries or Auxies, was a paramilitary organization within the RIC during the Anglo-Irish War. ... George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 - 20 January 1936) was the first British monarch belonging to the House of Windsor, as a result of his creating it from the British branch of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. ...

The events on the morning of 21 November were an effort by the IRA in Dublin, under Michael Collins and Richard Mulcahy to wipe out the British intelligence organisation in the city. It was the Auxiliaries that were responsible for the British reprisals on the afternoon of Bloody Sunday. November 21 is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Michael John (Mick) Collins (Irish: Mícheál Seán Ó Coileáin; 16 October 1890 – 22 August 1922) was an Irish revolutionary leader, Minister for Finance in the Irish Republic, Director of Intelligence for the IRA, member of the Irish delegation during the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations, as Chairman of... Richard Mulcahy General Richard James Mulcahy (10 May 1886 – 16 December 1971) was an Irish politician, leader of Fine Gael and Cabinet Minister. ...

Collins' plan

Since 1919, Irish Finance Minister, head of the secretive Irish Republican Brotherhood and IRA Chief of Intelligence Michael Collins had operated a clandestine "Squad" of IRA members in Dublin, which was used to assassinate RIC and British Intelligence officers. By late 1920, British Intelligence in Dublin, including what was known as the 'Cairo Gang' (the nickname came from their patronage of the Cairo Cafe on Grafton Street and from their service in British military intelligence in Egypt and Palestine during the First World War^[4][5][6]), eighteen high-ranking British Intelligence officers, had established an extensive network of spies and informers around the city. Mulcahy, the IRA Chief of Staff, described it as, "a very dangerous and cleverly placed spy organisation".^[7] The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) played an important role in the history of Ireland. ... Michael John (Mick) Collins (Irish: Mícheál Seán Ó Coileáin; 16 October 1890 – 22 August 1922) was an Irish revolutionary leader, Minister for Finance in the Irish Republic, Director of Intelligence for the IRA, member of the Irish delegation during the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations, as Chairman of... The Twelve Apostles, alternatively known as the Inner Circle, or just The Squad, was the name of an Irish Republican Army unit founded by Michael Collins to counter the intelligence efforts of the British during the Irish War of Independence, principally by means of assassination. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... There are several famous Grafton Streets in the world, including: Grafton Street, Dublin Grafton Street, London Grafton Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia Grafton Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts The name was originally given in honour of the Duke of Grafton. ... The Holy Land or Palestine Showing not only the Old Kingdoms of Judea and Israel but also the 12 Tribes Distinctly, and Confirming Even the Diversity of the Locations of their Ancient Positions and Doing So as the Holy Scriptures Indicate, a geographic map from the studio of Tobiae Conradi... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), more commonly known as MI6 (originally Military Intelligence [section] 6), or Her Majestys Secret Service or just the Secret Service, is the British external security agency. ...

In November 1920, Collins ordered the assassination of British agents around the city, judging that if they did not do this, the IRA's organisation in the capital would be in grave danger. Dick McKee was put in charge of planning the operation. The addresses of the British agents were discovered from a variety of sources, including sympathetic housemaids, careless talk from some of the British, and an RIC Sergeant based in Donnybrook barracks. On November 20, the assassination teams, which included the Squad and members of the IRA's Dublin Brigade, were briefed on their targets, who included 20 agents at eight different locations in Dublin.^[8] Collins' plan had been to kill over 50 British intelligence officers and informers, but the list was reduced to 35 on the insistence of Cathal Brugha, the Irish Minister for Defence, on the grounds that there was insufficient evidence against some of those named to kill them.^[9] Look up November in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Year 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... Richard “Dick” McKee (Irish name Risteárd Mhic Aodha; 4 April 1893 - 21 November 1920) was a prominent member of the Irish Republican Army. ... Donnybrook (Irish Domhnach Broc, meaning Church of [Saint] Broc) is a district of Dublin, Ireland. ... Cathal Brugha Cathal Brugha (born Charles William St. ...

Bloody Sunday

Morning

Early on the morning of November 21, the IRA teams mounted the operation. Most of the killings occurred within a small middle-class area of south inner-city Dublin, with the exception of one shooting at the Gresham Hotel on O'Connell Street. At 28 Upper Pembroke Street, four agents were killed. At 22 Lower Mount Street, one British officer was killed and another narrowly escaped. The building was surrounded by Auxiliaries, alerted by the firing, and in the ensuing gun fight two Auxiliaries were killed and one IRA man, Frank Teeling, was wounded and captured. Future Irish Taoiseach, Sean Lemass was involved in the killing of a Captain Bagely, also on Mount Street, while in two further incidents on the same street three more British agents and one of their wives were killed. One wife was to give birth to a still born less than week later.^[10] Only a few streets away, further shootings took place on Baggot Street, Fitzwilliam Square, Morehampton Road and Earlsfort Terrace.^[11] The assassinations were all the more shocking to contemporaries because of their suddenness, their simultaneous nature and the presence of the wives and families of the dead agents during the killings. Most of the victims were dressed in bedroom attire, further adding to to unpalatable nature of the operation. Daniel OConnell, 19th century nationalist leader, whose statue by John Henry Foley, stands on the street named after him. ... The Taoiseach ( or [1]) — plural: Taoisigh ( or [1]) — or, more formally, An Taoiseach[2], is the head of government of the Republic of Ireland and the leader of the Irish cabinet, the rough equivalent of a prime minister under the Westminster System. ... ...

In all, 14 of the British forces were killed and 6 wounded, including 12 agents (along with a few innocents or victims of circumstance) and two Auxiliaries. Four of the British casualties were military intelligence officers and another four were Secret Service or MI5 agents. Only one Squad member was captured, Frank Teeling, and he managed to quickly escape from gaol.^[12] One more IRA man was slightly wounded in the hand. However, out of the 35 people on Collins' hit list, only about a third had been killed. IRA man and future Irish politician, Todd Andrews recalled later, "the fact is that the majority of the IRA raids were abortive. The men sought were not in their digs or in several cases, the men looking for them bungled their jobs".^[13] Nevertheless the action terrified and crippled British intelligence in Ireland, causing many other agents and informers to flee for Dublin Castle, and caused consternation in the British administration. The term auxiliaries comes from the latin auxilia (help). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Dr. C.S. Todd Andrews (October 6, 1901 - October 11, 1985) was an Irish revolutionary and public servant. ... Dublin Castle. ...

Collins justified the killings in this way; "My one intention was the destruction of the undesirables who continued to make miserable the lives of ordinary decent citizens. I have proof enough to assure myself of the atrocities which this gang of spies and informers have committed. If I had a second motive it was no more than a feeling such as I would have for a dangerous reptile. By their destruction the very air is made sweeter... For myself, my conscience is clear. There is no crime in detecting in wartime the spy and the informer. They have destroyed without trial. I have paid them back in their own coin."^[14]

Afternoon

The Dublin Gaelic football team was scheduled to play the Tipperary team later the same day in Croke Park, the Gaelic Athletic Association's major football ground. Despite the general unease in Dublin as news broke of the killings, a war-weary populace continued with life. Approximately 5,000 spectators went to Croke Park for the Gaelic football match between Dublin and Tipperary, which began thirty minutes late, at 3:15 p.m. The Dublin County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (Irish: Cummann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Contae Ath Cliath) or Dublin GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland, and is responsible for Gaelic Games in County Dublin. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... // History Gaelic football Hurling External links Tipperary on Hoganstand. ... Croke Park (Irish: Páirc an Chrócaigh) in Dublin, Ireland, is the largest sports stadium in Ireland and the principal stadium and headquarters of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), Irelands biggest sporting organisation. ... A stylised Celtic cross serves as the traditional logo of the GAA. The Gaelic Athletic Association (The GAA) (Irish: Cumann Lúthchleas Gael) is an organisation which is mostly focussed on promoting Gaelic games - traditional Irish sports, such as hurling, camogie, Gaelic football, handball, and rounders. ... Croke Park (Irish: Páirc an Chrócaigh) in Dublin, Ireland, is the largest sports stadium in Ireland and the principal stadium and headquarters of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), Irelands biggest sporting organisation. ...

Meanwhile, outside the Park, unseen by the crowd, British security forces were approaching and preparing to raid the match. A convoy of troops drove in from the northwest, along Clonliffe Road, while a convoy of police and Auxiliaries approached the Park from the south or Canal end. Their orders were to surround the grounds, guard the exits, and search every man in the Park. The authorities later stated that their intention was to announce by megaphone that all males leaving the stadium would be searched and that anyone leaving by other means would be shot. But for some reason, shots were fired as soon as the police convoy reached the stadium, at 3:25 p.m.

Some of the police later claimed that they were fired on first by IRA sentries, but this has never been proven.^[15] Correspondents for the Manchester Guardian and Britain's Daily News interviewed eyewitnesses, and concluded that the "IRA sentries" were actually ticket-sellers: "It is the custom at this football ground for tickets to be sold outside the gates by recognised ticket-sellers, who would probably present the appearance of pickets, and would naturally run inside at the approach of a dozen military lorries. No man exposes himself needlessly in Ireland when a military lorry passes by."^[16] The police in the convoy's leading cars appear to have jumped out, pursued these men down the passage to the Canal End gate, forced their way through the turnstiles, and started firing rapidly with rifles and revolvers. Ireland's Freeman's Journal reported that, "the spectators were startled by a volley of shots fired from inside the turnstile entrances. Armed and uniformed men were seen entering the field, and immediately after the firing broke out scenes of the wildest confusion took place. The spectators made a rush for the far side of Croke Park and shots were fired over their heads and into the crowd."^[17] The Guardian was also the name of a U.S. television series. ... Daily News is the name of two major newspapers in the United States: Los Angeles Daily News New York Daily News This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Freemans Journal (1750s?-1924) was the oldest nationalist newspaper in Ireland. ...

The police kept shooting for about ninety seconds: their commander, Major Mills, later admitted that his men were "excited and out of hand."^[18] Some police fired into the fleeing crowd from the pitch, while others, outside the Park, opened fire from the Canal Bridge at spectators who climbed over the Canal End Wall trying to escape. At the other end of the Park, the soldiers on Clonliffe Road were startled first by the sound of the fusillade, then by the sight of panicked people fleeing the grounds. As the spectators streamed out, an armoured car on St James Avenue fired its machine guns over the heads of the crowd, trying to halt them. Military armored cars A French VBL reconnaissance vehicle. ...

By the time Major Mills got his men back under control, the police had fired 114 rounds of rifle ammunition, and an unknown amount of revolver ammunition as well, not counting 50 rounds fired from the machine guns in the armoured car outside the Park.^[19] Seven people had been shot to death, and five more had been fatally wounded; another two people had been trampled to death by the crowd. The dead included Jeannie Boyle, who had gone to the match with her fiancée and was due to be married five days later, and two boys aged just 10 and 11. Two football players, Michael Hogan and Jim Egan, had been shot; Hogan was killed, but Egan survived, along with dozens of other wounded and injured. The police raiding party suffered no casualties at all. Michael Hogan was a Gaelic football player, and captain of the Tipperary team. ...

Once the firing had been stopped, the security forces searched the remaining men in the crowd before letting them go. The military raiding party recovered one revolver: a local homeowner testified that a fleeing spectator had thrown it away in his garden. Once the grounds were cleared, the Park was searched for arms: according to Major Mills, none were found.^[20]

The actions of the police were officially unauthorised and were greeted with public horror by the Dublin Castle-based British authorities. In an effort to cover up the nature of the behaviour by Crown forces, a press release was issued which claimed: Dublin Castle. ...

The Times, a pro-Unionist publication, ridiculed Dublin Castle's version of events, as did a British Labour Party delegation visiting Ireland at the time. The British Brigadier Frank Crozier, technically in command that day, later resigned over what he believed was the official condoning of the unjustified actions of the Auxiliaries in Croke Park. One of his officers told him that, "Black and Tans fired into the crowd without any provocation whatsoever".^[21] The Times is a national newspaper published daily in the United Kingdom since 1785, and under its current name since 1788. ... In the context of Irish politics, Unionists are people in Northern Ireland, who wish to see the continuation of the Act of Union 1800, as amended by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, under which Northern Ireland, created in that latter Act, remains part of the United Kingdom of Great... Dublin Castle. ... The Labour Party is a centre-left or social democratic political party in Britain (see British politics), and one of the United Kingdoms three main political parties. ... This article deals with the RIC Reserve Force of the Anglo-Irish War. ...

Two military courts of inquiry into the massacre were held, and one found that "the fire of the RIC was carried out without orders and exceeded the demands of the situation." Major-General Boyd, the officer commanding Dublin District, added that in his opinion, "the firing on the crowd was carried out without orders, was indiscriminate, and unjustifiable, with the exception of any shooting which took place inside the enclosure."^[22] The findings of these courts of inquiry were suppressed by the British Government, and have only recently come to light.

Evening

Later that day, two high-ranking IRA officers, Dick McKee and Peadar Clancy, who had helped plan the killings of the British agents, and their civilian friend Conor Clune, a nephew of Archbishop Clune of Perth, Australia, were arrested. They were brought to Dublin Castle, tortured and "shot while trying to escape". The official story was that because there was no room in the cells they were placed in a guardroom containing arms, and were killed while making a getaway. Richard “Dick” McKee (Irish name Risteárd Mhic Aodha; 4 April 1893 - 21 November 1920) was a prominent member of the Irish Republican Army. ... The Perth skyline veiwed from the Swan River This article is about the urban area of Perth, Western Australia. ...

Aftermath

The behaviour of the Auxiliaries and the Black and Tans during the Irish War of Independence, helped turn the Irish public against the Crown. Some British politicians and the King made no secret of their horror at the behaviour of Crown forces. The killings of men, women and children, both spectators and football players, made international headlines, damaging British credibility. However, in the short term, the IRA killings of British officers on the morning of the 21st received more attention in Britain. The bodies of the British officers assassinated in Dublin were brought in procession through the streets of London and given a state funeral at Westminster Abbey.^[23] When Joe Devlin the moderate nationalist member of parliament, tried to bring up the Croke Park killings at Westminster, he was shouted down and a scuffle broke out in the parliament.^[24] This article deals with the RIC Reserve Force of the Anglo-Irish War. ... An Irish War of Independence memorial in Dublin The Anglo-Irish War (also known as the Irish War of Independence) was a guerrilla campaign mounted against the British government in Ireland by the Irish Republican Army under the proclaimed legitimacy of the First Dáil, the extra-legal Irish parliament... The Abbeys western façade The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and indeed often mistaken for one), in Westminster, London, just to the west... Joseph (Joe) Devlin (1872-1934) was an influential Nationalist politician and (MP. Born in Hamill Street, Belfast, Wee Joe was a journalist with the Irish News before becoming an MP for West Belfast through the first two decades of the 20th century, on the Home Rule and Irish Parliamentary Party...

A combination of the loss of the Cairo Gang, which devastated British Intelligence in Ireland, and the public relations disaster that was Bloody Sunday severely damaged the cause of British rule in Ireland and increased support for the republican government under Eamon de Valera. The events of Bloody Sunday have survived in public memory. The Gaelic Athletic Association named one of the stands in Croke Park the 'Hogan Stand' in memory of Michael Hogan, the football player killed in the incident. The Irish Republic (Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann or Saorstát Éireann) was a revolutionary state established by Irish nationalists seeking independence from the United Kingdom in the 1910s. ... Eamon de Valera (born Edward George de Valera, sometimes Gaelicised Éamon de Bhailéara; October 14, 1882 – August 29, 1975), was an Irish politician, best known as a leader of Irelands struggle for independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the early 20th century, and... Croke Park (Irish: Páirc an Chrócaigh) in Dublin, Ireland, is the largest sports stadium in Ireland and the principal stadium and headquarters of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), Irelands biggest sporting organisation. ...

James "Skankers" Ryan, who had informed on Clancy and McKee, was shot dead by the IRA in February 1921.

IRA assassinations continued in Dublin for the remainder of the war, in addition to more large scale urban guerrilla actions by the Dublin Brigade. By the Spring of 1921, the British had rebuilt their Intelligence organisation in Dublin, and the IRA were planning another "Bloody Sunday", or mass assassination attempt on British agents in the summer of that year. However, these plans were called off because of the Truce that ended the war on July 11, 1921. Urban guerrilla refers to someone who fights a government or dictatorship using unconventional warfare in an urban environment (see: guerrilla tactics). ... July 11 is the 192nd day (193rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 173 days remaining. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for full calendar). ...

Misconceptions

• The Croke Park Massacre on the afternoon of Bloody Sunday is usually blamed on the Auxiliaries. While the police raiding party was composed in part of Temporary Cadets from Depot Company and commanded by an Auxiliary officer, Major Mills, eyewitness reports make it clear that ordinary police did most of the shooting at Croke Park.^[25]
• The film Michael Collins shows an armoured car driving onto the pitch. This did not happen: the armoured car in question was outside the ground and seems to have fired into the air, rather than at the crowd.
• It is often thought that two players were killed when accounts say two were shot. Hogan and Egan were both hit by bullets, but Egan survived.
• It is sometimes claimed that British officers tossed a coin over whether they would go on a killing spree in Croke Park or loot Sackville Street (Dublin's main street, now called O'Connell Street) instead: see, for example, Ernie O'Malley, "Bloody Sunday," Dublin's Fighting Story 1916–1921 (Tralee: The Kerryman, 1949); but there does not seem to be any evidence to support this claim.

The term auxiliaries comes from the latin auxilia (help). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Military armored cars A French VBL reconnaissance vehicle. ... Daniel OConnell, 19th century nationalist leader, whose statue by John Henry Foley, stands on the street named after him. ...

References

1. ^ http://www.hoganstand.com/dublin/ArticleForm.aspx?ID=72669
2. ^ http://politics.guardian.co.uk/northernirelandassembly/story/0,,2010645,00.html
3. ^ http://www.hoganstand.com/dublin/ArticleForm.aspx?ID=72935
4. ^ Michael Smith, The Spying Game (Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1996)
5. ^ Yigal Sheffy, British Military Intelligence in the Palestine Campaign, 1914-1918 (Cass Series--Studies in Intelligence, 1998)
6. ^ British Government Records (Official Histories)
7. ^ Hopkinson Irish War of Independence page 89
8. ^ Hopkinson page 89
9. ^ Dwyer, The Squad page 190
10. ^ Hopkinson, pp. 89–90
11. ^ Bennet, The Black and Tans page 121–122
12. ^ Hopkinson, page 90
13. ^ Dwyer, page 190
14. ^ Dwyer, page 191
15. ^ Dwyer page 187; Leeson, "Death in the Afternoon", pp. 58–59
16. ^ Leeson, p. 52
17. ^ Leeson, p. 53
18. ^ Leeson, p. 57
19. ^ Leeson, p. 58
20. ^ Leeson, p. 63
21. ^ Dwyer page 190
22. ^ Leeson, p. 55
23. ^ Hopkinson, Irish War of Independence, p88
24. ^ Dwyer page 191
25. ^ Leeson, pp. 49–50 and passim

Sources

• Richard Bennet, The Black and Tans, Barnes & Noble, 1959.
• Tom Bowden, "Bloody Sunday—A Reappraisal," European Studies Review, vol 2, no. 1 (1972).
• Tim Carey and Marcus de Búrca, "Bloody Sunday 1920: New Evidence," History Ireland, vol. 11, no. 2 (Summer 2003).
• Tim Pat Coogan, Michael Collins (1990, Hutchinson) (ISBN 0-09-174106-8)
• T. Ryle Dwyer, The Squad and the intelligence operations of Michael Collins, Dublin, 2005.
• David Leeson, "Death in the Afternoon: The Croke Park Massacre, 21 November 1920," Canadian Journal of History, vol. 38, no. 1 (April 2003).
• Michael Hopkinson, The Irish War of Indpendence, Gill & Macmillan, Dublin, 2004.
• Charles Townshend, "Bloody Sunday—Michael Collins Speaks", European Studies Review, vol. 9 (1979).
• Yigal Sheffy, British Military Intelligence in the Palestine Campaign, 1914-1918 (Cass Series--Studies in Intelligence, 1998).
• Michael Smith, The Spying Game (Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1996).
• British Government Records (Official Histories) ^{[citation needed]}