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Encyclopedia > Bode plot

The Bode plot for a first-order Butterworth filter

A Bode plot, named after Hendrik Wade Bode, is usually a combination of a Bode magnitude plot and Bode phase plot: Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1250x875, 110 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Bode plot Butterworth filter ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1250x875, 110 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Bode plot Butterworth filter ... The Butterworth filter is one type of electronic filter designs. ... Hendrik Wade Bode Hendrik Wade Bode, (born 24 December 1905 in Madison, Wisconsin, died 21 June 1982 at his home in Cambridge, Mass. ...

A Bode magnitude plot is a graph of log magnitude against log frequency often used in signal processing to show the transfer function or frequency response of a linear, time-invariant system. Logarithms to various bases: is to base e, is to base 10, and is to base 1. ... Sine waves of various frequencies; the lower waves have higher frequencies than those above. ... Signal processing is the processing, amplification and interpretation of signals and deals with the analysis and manipulation of signals. ... A transfer function is a mathematical representation of the relation between the input and output of a linear time-invariant system. ... Frequency response is the measure of any systems response to frequency, but is usually used in connection with electronic amplifiers and similar systems, particularly in relation to audio signals. ... In electrical engineering, specifically in signal processing and control theory, LTI system theory investigates the response of a linear, time-invariant system to an arbitrary input signal. ...

It makes multiplication of magnitudes a simple matter of adding distances on the graph, since

$log(a cdot b) = log(a) + log(b),$

The Bode plot describes the output response of a frequency-dependent system for a normalised input. The magnitude axis of the Bode plot is often converted directly to decibels. The decibel (dB) is a measure of the ratio between two quantities, and is used in a wide variety of measurements in acoustics, physics and electronics. ...

A Bode phase plot is a graph of phase against log frequency, usually used in conjunction with the magnitude plot, to evaluate how much a frequency will be phase-shifted. For example a signal described by: Asin(ωt) may be attenuated but also phase-shifted. If the system attenuates it by a factor x and phase shifts it by −Φ the signal out of the system will be (A/x) sin(ωt − Φ). The phase shift Φ is generally a function of frequency. Waves with the same phase Waves with different phases The phase of a wave relates the position of a feature, typically a peak or a trough of the waveform, to that same feature in another part of the waveform (or, which amounts to the same, on a second waveform). ...

The magnitude and phase Bode plots can seldom be changed independently of each other — changing the amplitude response of the system will most likely change the phase characteristics and vice versa. For minimum-phase systems the phase and amplitude characteristics can be obtained from each other with the use of the Hilbert transform. The Hilbert transform, in red, of a square wave, in blue In mathematics and in signal processing, the Hilbert transform, here denoted , of a real-valued function, , is obtained by convolving signal with to obtain . ...

If the transfer function is a rational function, then the Bode plot can be approximated with straight lines. These asymptotic approximations are called straight line Bode plots or uncorrected Bode plots and are useful because they can be drawn by hand following a few simple rules. Simple plots can even be predicted without drawing them.

The approximation can be taken further by correcting the value at each cutoff frequency. The plot is then called a corrected Bode plot.

1 Rules for hand-made Bode plot
2 Example
3 Bode plotter
4 See also
5 External links

Rules for hand-made Bode plot

The main idea about Bode plots is that one can think of the log of a function in the form:

$f(x) = A prod (x + c_n)^{a_n}$

as a sum of the logs of its poles and zeros:

$log(f(x)) = log(A) + sum a_n log(x + c_n)$

This idea is used explicitly in the method for drawing phase diagrams. The method for drawing amplitude plots implicitly uses this idea, but since the log of the amplitude of each pole or zero always starts at zero and only has one asymptote change (the straight lines), the method can be simplified.

Straight-line amplitude plot

Amplitude decibels is usually done using the $20 L o g 10 (X)$ version. Given a transfer function in the form

$H(s) = A prod frac{(s + x_n)^{a_n}}{(s + y_n)^{b_n}}$

where s = jω,

x n

and

y n

are constants, and H is the transfer function:

at every value of s where $ω = x n$ (a zero), increase the slope of the line by $20 cdot a_n dB$ per decade.
at every value of s where $ω = y n$ (a pole), decrease the slope of the line by $20 cdot b_n dB$ per decade.
The initial value of the graph depends on the boundaries. The initial point is found by putting the initial angular frequency ω into the function and finding |H(jω)|.
The initial slope of the function at the initial value depends on the number and order of zeros and poles that are at values below the initial value, and are found using the first two rules.

To handle irreducible 2nd order polynomials, $ax^2 + bx + c$ can, in many cases, be approximated as $(sqrt{a}x + sqrt{c})^2$ .

Note that zeros and poles happen when ω is equal to a certain $x n$ or $y n$ . This is because the function in question is the magnitude of H(jω), and since it is a complex function, $|H(jomega)| = sqrt{H cdot H^* }$ . Thus at any place where there is a zero or pole involving the term $(s + x n)$ , the magnitude of that term is $sqrt{(x_n + jomega) cdot (x_n - jomega)}= sqrt{x_n^2+omega^2}$ .

Corrected amplitude plot

To correct a straight-line amplitude plot:

at every zero, put a point $3 cdot a_n mathrm{dB}$ above the line,
at every pole, put a point $3 cdot b_n mathrm{dB}$ below the line,
draw a smooth line through those points using the straight lines as asymptotes (lines which the curve approaches).

Note that this correction method does not incorporate how to handle complex values of $x n$ or $y n$ . In the case of an irreducible polynomial, the best way to correct the plot is to actually calculate the magnitude of the transfer funcition at the pole or zero corresponding to the irreducible polynomial, and put that dot over or under the line at that pole or zero.

Straight-line phase plot

Given a transfer function in the same form as above:

$H(s) = A prod frac{(s + x_n)^{a_n}}{(s + y_n)^{b_n}}$

the idea is to draw separate plots for each pole and zero, then add them up. The actual phase curve is given by $- mathbf{arctan}bigg(frac{mathbf{im}[H(s)]}{mathbf{re}[H(s)]}bigg)$

To draw the phase plot, for each pole and zero:

if A is positive, start line (with zero slope) at 0 degrees,
if A is negative, start line (with zero slope) at 180 degrees,
for a zero, slope the line up at $45 cdot a_n$ degrees per decade when $omega = frac{x_n}{10}$ ,
for a pole, slope the line down at $45 cdot b_n$ degrees per decade when $omega = frac{y_n}{10}$ ,
flatten the slope again when the phase has changed by $90 cdot a_n$ degrees (for a zero) or $90 cdot b_n$ degrees (for a pole),
After plotting one line for each pole or zero, add the lines together.

Example

A lowpass RC filter, for instance has the following frequency response: A low-pass filter passes low frequencies fairly well, but attenuates high frequencies. ... A resistor-capacitor circuit (RC circuit), or RC filter or RC network, is one of the simplest analogue electronic filters. ...

$H(f) = frac{1}{1+j2pi f R C}$

The cutoff frequency point f_c (in hertz) is at the frequency The Butterworth filters frequency response, with cutoff frequency labeled. ... The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the SI unit of frequency. ...

$f_mathrm{c} = {1 over {2pi RC}}$ .

The line approximation of the Bode plot consists of two lines:

for frequencies below f_c it is a horizontal line at 0 dB,
for frequencies above f_c it is a line with a slope of −20 dB per decade.

These two lines meet at the cutoff frequency. From the plot it can be seen that for frequencies well below the cutoff frequency the circuit has an attenuation of 0dB, the filter does not change the amplitude. Frequencies above the cutoff frequency are attenuated - the higher the frequency, the higher the attenuation. The Butterworth filters frequency response, with cutoff frequency labeled. ... The Butterworth filters frequency response, with cutoff frequency labeled. ... The Butterworth filters frequency response, with cutoff frequency labeled. ...

Bode plotter

The Bode plotter is an electronic instrument resembling an oscilloscope, which produces a Bode diagram, or a graph, of a circuit's voltage gain or phase shift plotted against frequency in a feedback control system or a filter. It is extremely useful for analyzing and testing filters and the stability of feedback control systems, through the measurement of corner (cutoff) frequencies and gain and phase margins. A Tektronix model 475A portable analogue oscilloscope, a very typical instrument of the late 1970s. ... Waves with the same phase Waves with different phases The phase of a wave relates the position of a feature, typically a peak or a trough of the waveform, to that same feature in another part of the waveform (or, which amounts to the same, on a second waveform). ... Sine waves of various frequencies; the lower waves have higher frequencies than those above. ... Feedback is (generally) information about actions. ...

This is identical to the function performed by a vector network analyzer, but the network analyzer is typically used at much higher frequencies. A network analyzer is an instrument used to analyze the properties of electrical networks, especially those properties associated with reflection and transmission of electrical signals known as s-parameters. ...

External links

Explanation of Bode plots with movies and examples
How to draw piecewise asymptotic Bode plots
Summarized drawing rules (PDF)
Bode plot applet - Accepts transfer function coefficients as input, and calculates magnitude and phase response
Bode Plotting on the HP49
Circuit analysis in electrochemistry

Category: Signal processing PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ...

Results from FactBites:

Basics of Bode Plots (0 words)
	Bode plots for a system consists of 2 plots -- the magnitude of H(s=jw) plotted vs. frequency, and the phase of H(s=jw) plotted vs. frequency.
	In the plots z1 is the first zero shown in H(s), p1 is the first pole, etc. p34 is the pair of complex conjugate poles.
	Although the "bode" function in MATLAB can generate the actual curves very quickly and accurately, the effect of a single pole or zero is shown clearly in an asymptotic plot.

Bode plots (0 words)
	Bode plots use a linear vertical scale for the amplitude plot, but since dB units are used, the effect is that the vertical scale is plotted according to the logarithm of the amplitude.
	In both the impedance and phase plots, the x-axis is the w axis scaled for frequency in Hz.
	The results are shown on the Bode plot of amplitude that follows, where the straight-line segments are shown as thin dash-dot-dot lines.

More results at FactBites »

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