Body Worlds is an exhibit of preserved human bodies like this one.

Body Worlds (German title: Körperwelten) is a traveling exhibition of preserved human bodies and body parts that are prepared using a technique called plastination to reveal inner anatomical structures. The exhibition's developer and promoter is a German anatomist named Gunther von Hagens, who invented the plastination technique in the late 1970s. This article is about modern humans. ... Plastination is a technique used in anatomy to preserve bodies or body parts. ... Human heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

The exhibition, first presented in Tokyo in 1995, has been shown in many cities in Europe and Asia. A second exhibition, along similar lines but with different exhibits, called Body Worlds 2 opened in 2005 at The California Science Center in Los Angeles. A third exhibition, Body Worlds 3, opened on February 25, 2006, at The Houston Museum of Natural Science. Body Worlds 4 opened for its world debut on February 22, 2008 at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester in the UK. For other uses, see Tokyo (disambiguation). ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... The California Science Center (sometimes spelled California Sciencenter) is a museum in Los Angeles. ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Angels Location Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates , Government State County California Los Angeles County Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 1,290. ... Template:Reqcleanup The Houston Museum of Natural Science is a museum located in Houston, Texas. ... Museum of Science and Industry. ...

Nearly 25 million people have seen one of the Body Worlds exhibits, which together have taken in $200 million. ^[1]

The exhibit states that its purpose and mission is the education of laymen about the human body, leading to better health awareness^[2]. All of the human plastinates are willing donors. The original Body Worlds exhibit consisted of about 25 full body plastinates with expanded or selective organs shown in positions that enhanced the role of certain systems. Cased in glass amid the full body plastinates are more than 200 specimens showing an array of real human organs, and organ systems, some having various medical conditions. In biology, an organ is a group of tissues which perform some function. ...

There are bodies with prosthetics such as artificial hip joints or heart valves; a liver with cirrhosis; and the lungs of a smoker and non-smoker placed side by side. A curtained-off prenatal wing features fetuses and embryos, some with congenital disorders. A United States Army soldier plays table football with two prosthetic arms Jon Comer, professional skateboarder with a prosthetic leg. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Joint (disambiguation). ... Grays Fig. ... For the bird, see Liver bird. ... Cirrhosis is a consequence of chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrotic scar tissue as well as regenerative nodules, leading to progressive loss of liver function. ... Human respiratory system The lungs flank the heart and great vessels in the chest cavity. ... The cigarette is the most common method of smoking tobacco. ... For other uses, see Embryo (disambiguation). ... A congenital disorder is any medical condition that is present at birth. ...

All exhibits are accompanied with detailed descriptions, and audio guides are available with the option of beginner or advanced, for laymen or medical professionals respectively.

The exhibits were featured in a supposed Miami exhibition in the 2006 film Casino Royale, although the actual location for the exterior shots was the Ministry of Transport in Prague. This article is about the city in Florida. ... Casino Royale (2006) is the 21st film in the James Bond series and the first to star Daniel Craig as MI6 agent James Bond. ... For other uses, see Prague (disambiguation). ...

Notable exhibits

The Swimmer

(2001 BODY WORLDS 4) The body shell has been laterally separated into two halves. However, the inner organs have been left in their original positions either in the left or right body half.
On the corresponding side and opposite each organ, cavities indicate the position, form and size of the organs that have been removed.
The vertebrae can thus be seen in the left half, with the oesophagus in front, and the liver and the intestines in the abdominal cavity. The inter-vertebral disks can be seen in the right half, as well as the uterus with the ovaries and Fallopian tubes in the pelvic cavity. A diagram of a thoracic vertebra. ... The esophagus, oe/œsophagus*, or gullet is the muscular tube in vertebrates through which ingested food passes from the mouth area to the stomach. ... For the bird, see Liver bird. ... The intestine is the portion of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. ... Female internal reproductive anatomy The Fallopian tubes or oviducts are two very fine tubes leading from the ovaries of female mammals into the uterus. ...

The Skin Man

(1997 BODY WORLDS 3) A man, standing is holding up his body’s skin; the largest and heaviest of all our organs, and the one we take most for granted. The pose of this Plastinate intentionally recalls mages of St. Bartholomew seen in Christian religious art. For other uses, see Skin (disambiguation). ... Michelangelos The Last Judgement shows Saint Bartholomew holding the knife of his martyrdom and his flayed skin. ...

The Archer

(BODY WORLDS 3) Shortly after the arrow leaves her bow, the Archer shows tension in virtually all the muscles of her body.
In order to show as much anatomy as possible, the extremities have been partly expanded
particularly the origins of the thigh muscles.
The head has been opened to demonstrate the housing of the brain and the dura mater. The dura mater (from the Latin hard mother), or pachymeninx, is the tough and inflexible outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain. ...

The Ponderer

(2005 BODY WORLDS 2)This sitting specimen shows the spinal cord and the detailed pathways of nerves branching off it.
The spinal cord and brain comprise the central nervous system. This system controls and integrates body functions.
Because it is so crucial, it is very well protected. It is embedded in three tough sheets of connective tissue. The spinal cord is also enclosed in the backbone. From between the vertebrae 31 pairs of spinal nerves connect the spinal cord to the rest of the body.
The bundle of nerves at the base of the spine is the cauda equina the 'horse's tail'.
The two sciatic nerves run from the lower spine behind the hip joint down the leg.
They are the largest and longest nerves in the body. A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of nerve fibers or axons, which includes the glia that ensheath the axons in myelin. ... The Spinal cord nested in the vertebral column. ... Human brain In animals, the brain (enkephale) (Greek for in the skull), is the control center of the central nervous system, responsible for behavior. ... A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ... Connective tissue is one of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications (the others being epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue. ... Look up Backbone in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A diagram of a thoracic vertebra. ... The cauda equina is a structure within the lower end of the spinal column, that consists of nerve roots and rootlets from above. ... The sciatic nerve (also known as the ischiatic nerve) is a large nerve that runs down the lower limb. ... Bones of the Hip In anatomy, the hip is the bony projection of the femur, known as the greater trochanter, and the overlying muscle and fat. ...

Reclining Pregnant Woman

(1999 BODY WORLDS 1)

Reclining Pregnant Woman

A woman reclining on her side with her arm raised to reveal her cut away torso, and 8-month foetus – with its position and effect on her internal organs. The Body Donor chose to donate her body for Plastination – with the foetus, if it could not be saved – when she discovered that she had a terminal illness. Because of the sensitive nature of the figure, it is displayed in a closed-off area of the exhibition, along with other displays concerning human reproduction and development. Foetus can refer to: a fetus, an embryo in later stages of development Foetus, a band fronted by industrial music pioneer J.G. Thirlwell. ... Plastination is a technique used in anatomy to preserve bodies or body parts. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into sex organ. ...

The Dancer, or Orthopaedic Body

(BODY WORLDS 2) Many visitors to the BODY WORLDS exhibits have undergone surgery at some time in their lives, and so find this exhibit particularly edifying. It shows the amazing variety of interventions and appliances that modern surgeons and technicians have available to them – which make it possible to repair the damage resulting from injuries, illnesses, or inherited conditions.

These include artificial joints at the knee and elbow; a replacement jawbone; bone repairs to the left wrist and shinbone; metal pins stabilising fractures in the thighbone and upper arm; metal plates in the skull; stabilising structures applied to the spine; and a Pacemaker. Jawbone can refer to the following: part of the body Mandibula A blues musician Jawbone (musician) A musical instrument made from the jawbone of a horse. ... For the municipality in Germany, see Wrist, Germany. ... Look up spine on Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The term pacemaker has multiple meanings: In sports, a pacemaker or pacer is a competitor who enters an athletics race with little or no intention of winning, but purely to set a fast pace for other competitors to follow. ...

The Smoker

(BODY WORLDS 1) Two systems are displayed – the skeletal system on the left, and the muscular system on the right.
Combined, these form the locomotive system.
The internal organs are partly visible on the left hand side, protected by the bones and muscles of the body cavity.
One blackened lung is exposed, to show one of the effects that smoking has on the body.
Skeleton is also a winter sport: see skeleton (sport). ... Structure of a skeletal muscle Muscle is one of the four tissue types. ... Human respiratory system The lungs flank the heart and great vessels in the chest cavity. ...

• Visitors have been known to leave packets of cigarettes at this display, possibly indicating that they have chosen to quit smoking^[3]

The Skateboarder

(2005 BODY WORLDS 2)A young* man performs a skateboarding move on a ramp. Because of his upside down position, insight is given into the anatomy of the lower half of the body. The strong gluteal muscles are folded aside to reveal the sciatic nerve passing along the pelvis. The patellar tendons in the knee have been moved aside to show the deeper layers with their corresponding nerves.
Gluteus maximus The gluteal muscles are the three muscles that make up the human buttocks. ... The sciatic nerve (also known as the ischiatic nerve) is a large nerve that runs down the lower limb. ... The pelvis (pl. ... A tendon or sinew is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue, attached on one end to a muscle and on the other to a bone. ...

• It is a common misconception that the most of the bodies in BODY WORLDS are those of young men and women. This is because the structure of older and younger bodies is actually quite similar, under the skin. In fact, Body Donors are typically older people.

The Basketball Player

(2002 BODY WORLDS 1) The Basketball Player is posed as if running down the court, with the skull opened to expose the brain.
This Plastinate gives special emphasis to the well-developed musculature,
especially the large back muscles, which can be seen at the rear of the abdominal cavity. For other uses of Skull, see Skull (disambiguation). ... The abdominal cavity is the cavity of the human body (and other animal bodies) that holds the bulk of the viscera and which is located below (or inferior to) the thoracic cavity, and above the pelvic cavity. ...

The Muscleman and his Skeleton

(1996 BODY WORLDS 1) Displays a man’s musculature and skeleton side by side in the same pose. Both systems came from a single Body Donor. The relationship of the skeleton to the muscular structure - which rely on each other to give us stability and movement - is shown. A top-down view of skeletal muscle Muscle is the contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. ... For other uses, see Skeleton (disambiguation). ...

Rearing Horse and Rider

(1997 BODY WORLDS 1) Probably the most striking and well known of all the Plastinates, the horse and rider group offers an opportunity to contemplate the comparative anatomy of two very different mammals. In particular, the two brains are juxtaposed, for it is the unique human brain that enables man to exert his will on the much larger and more powerful horse.
Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of organisms. ... Human brain In animals, the brain (enkephale) (Greek for in the skull), is the control center of the central nervous system, responsible for behavior. ...

• To create this mega-Plastinate - inspired in part by the extraordinary work of 18th Century anatomist Honore Fragonard – took a team of twenty people more than 8,000 man-hours, and cost in excess of 300,000 euros.

Configuration of the Arteries of the Head and Brain

(BODY WORLDS 1) The brain consumes 15 – 20% of the body’s oxygen supply, although it accounts for just 2% of the body weight.
The brain receives its blood supply via two pairs of arteries (the Carotid and the Vertebral) and all four are connected to one another in such a way that if one artery becomes blocked, the flow of blood can be diverted to protect the endangered area of the brain.
Human brain In animals, the brain (enkephale) (Greek for in the skull), is the control center of the central nervous system, responsible for behavior. ... The carotid artery is a major artery of the head and neck that supplies blood to the head and neck. ... Section of an artery For other uses, see Artery (disambiguation). ...

• These complex and beautiful structures are exposed by injecting a red dye and plastinating agent into the blood vessels, then using chemicals and ultrasound to dissolve away the flesh and bone, leaving only the circulatory system behind.

The blood vessels are part of the circulatory system and function to transport blood throughout the body. ... For other uses, see Ultrasound (disambiguation). ... For transport in plants, see Vascular tissue. ...

The Yoga Lady

(2005 BODY WORLDS 2) The Yoga Lady shows unusually strong musculature all over the body.
A combined dissection of the extremity muscles has been performed by lifting the superficial muscle layers
away from the deeper layers, to show their complexity. A top-down view of skeletal muscle Muscle is the contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. ...

Body Slices

(BODY WORLDS Passim) Body slices – in many dimensions and thicknesses – have proven to be one of the most instructional developments in Plastination. As the technique becomes increasingly sophisticated the level of detail in the plastinated slices has become microscopic – more detailed and informative even than ultrasound scans.
Because of this, more scientific developments and discoveries can be traced back to the study of these body slices than almost any other plastinated form. Plastination is a technique used in anatomy to preserve bodies or body parts. ... For other uses, see Ultrasound (disambiguation). ...

The Badminton Player

(2007 BODY WORLDS 4) Plastination allows for completely new kinds of anatomical dissection that cannot be achieved by any other means – in this case, dissection by expansion.
The anatomical structures are opened and shifted apart creating artificial spaces which allow al the organs of the body to be studied, even those which normally overlap one another. For example, the left upper arm, the extensor muscles that stretch out the arm were left with the front part, while the flexor muscles bending the arm are with the rear part. Plastination is a technique used in anatomy to preserve bodies or body parts. ... Dissected rat showing major organs. ...

• Extended body views like this are only possible with Plastination, since it gives the tissues the necessary stability.

Plastination is a technique used in anatomy to preserve bodies or body parts. ...

The Football Playing Duo

(2006 BODY WORLDS 4) An adult male comprises 40 – 50% skeletal muscle – the muscles attached to the skeleton. We use these muscles when we stand or move. Every muscle can expand and contract, but skeletal muscles are the only ones we can also move voluntarily – as football players do when they try to score a goal. The more the muscles contract, the shorter they are. This Plastinate shows the interplay between surfaces and intermediate muscles when they work together in movement. For other uses, see Skeleton (disambiguation). ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Structure of a skeletal muscle Skeletal muscle is a type of striated muscle, attached to the skeleton. ...

The Poker Playing Trio

(2006 BODY WORLDS 4) Featured in the 2006 film Casino Royale (set in Miami, but actually shot in Prague). The three presentations differ as much as poker playing strategies.
Casino Royale can refer to: In fiction: Casino Royale (novel), the first James Bond novel by Ian Fleming. ...

In the player on the right, both parietal bones were lifted to make the brain visible from behind. The brain has been horizontally sectioned and folded out. Beneath it is the cerebellum, below which the spinal cord is visible inside the vertebral canal. In the player on the left, the abdomen has been opened, giving a view of the intestinal loops.
This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Human brain In animals, the brain (enkephale) (Greek for in the skull), is the control center of the central nervous system, responsible for behavior. ... The cerebellum (Latin: little brain) is a region of the brain that plays an important role in the integration of sensory perception and motor output. ... The Spinal cord nested in the vertebral column. ... The spinal canal (or vertebral canal) is the space in vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes. ... For the human abdomen, see human abdomen. ...

The unusual and striking head of the central figure was created by separating the frontal bone and cheekbones from the posterior skull bones The frontal bone (os frontale, TA: A02. ... The zygomatic bone (malar bone) is a paired bone of the human skull. ...

Regulatory Framework

Human Tissues Act

One of the countries or states to create specific legislation for Plastination exhibits is Great Britain under the Human Tissue Act 2004. This requires a licence to be granted by theHuman Tissue Authority [1]. In March 2008 the Manchester Museum of Science and Industry was granted such a licence to hold BODY WORLDS 4. The Human Tissue Authority is a UK public body created by the Human Tissue Act 2004. ... The Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester, located in Manchester, England, is a large technical museum devoted to the citys not-inconsiderable contributions to the development of science, technology, and industry. ...

Separate legislation in Scotland prohibits the display of ANY human remains:

Human Tissues Act (Scotland) Act 2 [2]
This legislation has affected the whole museum community in Scotland - and various bodies have expressed concern, such as the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, the Wellcome Trust, and the Museums Association [3] The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, a centre of excellence for surgical education and research traces its origins to 1505 when the Barber Surgeons of Edinburgh was formally incorporated as a Craft Guild of Edinburgh, and granted a royal charter in 1506 by King James IV of Scotland. ... The Wellcome Trusts Gibbs Building on Euston Road The Wellcome Trust is a United Kingdom-based charity established in 1936 to administer the fortune of the American-born pharmaceutical magnate Sir Henry Wellcome. ... The Museums Association (MA) is a professional organization for museum professionals and museums in the United Kingdom. ...

Various legislation is proposed in the US - most proposals concentrate on the issues of sale of human remains, and the consent of the donors.

State of Florida, USA:[4] 7/1/2007
The State of Florida prohibits the sale or purchase of human remains and "Authorizes certain science centers located in this state to transport plastinated bodies into, within, or out of this state and exhibit such bodies for the purpose of public education without the consent of this state's anatomical board if the science center notifies the board of any such transportation or exhibition, as well as the location and duration of any exhibition, at least 30 days before such transportation or exhibition."

State of Washington, USA:[5] 2007 (pending)
The State of Washington proposes "Require written authorization to display human remains for a commercial purpose."

City of San Francisco, California
California would "require exhibitors to get a county permit; to do so, they would have to prove to county health officials that the people whose cadavers were on display -- or their next of kin -- had consented."
LA Times [6] (2005)

ABC Local [7] (2005)

Controversies

A association football pose from Body Worlds 2 showing the muscle groups involved in kicking a football

The shows have been surrounded by controversy for a number of reasons. Doctor von Hagens prepared some art-inspired exhibits, such as a man carrying his own skin (based on a 16th century drawing by Gaspar Becerra); a man on horseback holding his brain in one hand, the horse's brain in the other; and a man kneeling in prayer, holding his heart in his hands. Some religious groups object to any public exhibition of human corpses. Others accuse Doctor von Hagens of sensationalism. Various religious groups, including the Catholic Church^[4] and some Jewish Rabbis^[5] have objected to the display, stating that it cheapens human life, is inconsistent with reverence towards the human body, and is more artistic and exploitative than educational. “Soccer” redirects here. ... A football is used to play one of the different sports known as football or Rugby. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Gaspar Becerra (1520-1570), Spanish painter and sculptor, was born at Baza in Andalusia. ... Sensationalism is a manner of being extremely controversial, loud, attention-grabbing, or otherwise sensationalistic. ... The name Catholic Church can mean a visible organization that refers to itself as Catholic, or the invisible Christian Church, viz. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ... A Rabbi (Classical Hebrew רִבִּי ribbī; modern Ashkenazi and Israeli רַבִּי rabbī) is a religious Jewish scholar who is an expert in Jewish law. ...

Doctor von Hagens has been repeatedly accused of using bodies from deceased persons who did not give consent, such as prison inmates and hospital patients from Kyrgyzstan^[6] and executed prisoners from China (this latter led to a lawsuit against Der Spiegel, which Doctor von Hagens won). Civil action redirects here. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Doctor von Hagens maintains that all bodies exhibited in Body Worlds came from donors who gave informed consent via a unique body donation program. ^[7]. A commission set up by the California Science Center in Los Angeles in 2004 confirmed Doctor von Hagens' statements. ^[8]. Doctor von Hagens does not make the same claim for all specimens prepared by his plastination institute, only the ones exhibited in Body Worlds. There is also the issue that the children and unborn fetuses included in the exhibition had no way of giving informed consent to the display of their bodies; in the case of children informed consent would have to have been obtained from their parents. The California Science Center (sometimes spelled California Sciencenter) is a museum in Los Angeles. ...

The exhibit has been accused of perpetuating gender stereotypes.^[9] Male plastinates are presented in active, and heroic roles (such as The Horseman, The Muscleman and his Skeleton, The Fencer, The Runner, and The Chess Player) while some female plastinates are shown in the context of motherhood, beauty and passivity (such as The Ballerina, wearing a ballerina's slipper; Reclining Pregnant Woman, a plastinate whose womb is exposed to show her unborn child, and Angel, whose feet are posed as if wearing high heels, with parts of her feet shaped into stilettos). There are, however, women portrayed as athletes, namely The Swimmer, The Figure Skater and The Archer.

There have been concerns regarding regulations for plastinate exhibits in general. Reporting from Dalian, China for The New York Times, David Barboza described "a ghastly new underground mini-industry" with "little government oversight, an abundance of cheap medical school labor and easy access to cadavers and organs."^[10] There have been legal process problems with these displays. In the US, State Anatomical boards normally oversee the handling of bodies for medical purposes and have objected to the lack of oversight for bodies for public display. Referring to "Bodies - the Exhibition" Dr. Todd Olson, director of the Anatomical Committee of the New York Associated Medical Schools, suggests that without state or federal laws “you have no documentation of who this is”. The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ...

There are claims that the exhibit of bodies for commercial profit has reduced the donations of bodies for medical learning.^[11] The Director of North Carolina State Board of Funeral Services, Paul Harris, stated "Somebody at some level of government ought to be able to look at a death certificate, a statement from an embalmer, donation documents," Harris said. "That's a reasonable standard to apply." However, to ensure the privacy and anonymity required for whole-body plastinates, the Institute for Plastination maintains a firewall between body donors' documentation and finished plastinates.

International Trade experts object to the way bodies-for-commercial-display are imported because the way their categorization codes, as "art collections" don't require CDC stamps and death certificates that are required for medical cadavers.^[12]

In an ethical analysis, Thomas Hibbs, Distinguished Professor of Ethics and Culture at Baylor University, compares cadaver displays to pornography in that they reduce the subject to "the manipulation of body parts stripped of any larger human significance."^[13]

Lucia Tanassi, Professor of Medical Ethics and Anthropology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, explores in a 2006 lecture "Plasti-Nation: How America was Won",^[14] questions for ethicists regarding this new scientific frontier reshaping the social anatomy of the body and the biopolitical ground that it occupies. She calls it provocative how ethics committees have contributed to the popularization of the exhibits without setting forth any process of a line of inquiry, pointing to an ethics report from the California Science Center. As part of that review, bioethicist Hans Martin Sass, was sent to Heidelberg to match donor consents with death certificates. However, there was no actual body count, matching body inventory with paperwork.^[15] She states that the Institute for Plastination does not have even a basic level of documentation that is routine for anatomical labs, such as tagging.

There have also been concerns regarding the educational aspect of these exhibits, especially regarding the inclusion of these displays for school field trips. St. Louis Diocese Archbishop Raymond Burke strongly suggests that Catholic Schools avoid scheduling field trips. It is the Bishop's opinion that parents should retain the freedom of deciding whether or not their children will view the exhibit.^[16] Concerned with how "some kids process" these "graphic" images, Des McKay, School Superintendent in Abbotsford British Columbia, a suburb of Vancouver, barred field trips to exhibits of plasticized human beings.^[17] In an editorial to the Abbotsford News, Rev. Christoph Reiners questions what affect the exhibits will have on the values of children attending for school field trips.^[18]. Others - such as the Catholic Schools Office of Phoenix - acknowledge the educational content of Body Worlds. ^[19]

Doctor von Hagens maintains copyright control over pictures of his exhibits. Visitors are not allowed to take pictures, and press photographers are required to sign agreements permitting only a single publication in a defined context, followed by a return of the copyright to Doctor von Hagens. Because of this, a German press organization suggested that the press refrain from reporting about the exhibition.^[20] Not to be confused with copywriting. ...

In 2003, officials of Munich tried to prohibit the exhibition there, arguing that it violated laws regulating burials and did not respect human dignity. Doctor von Hagens appealed and managed to obtain a temporary injunction allowing the exhibition to take place, but was required to cover the artistic exhibits mentioned above. The exhibition in Hamburg in 2003 took place in the rooms of a former erotic art museum on the Reeperbahn, the city's red light district. Prostitutes and cab drivers were admitted for free. Doctor von Hagens added a new exhibit, "Early Bird", a man with an erection.^[21] Initial objections of a local official to the artistic exhibits were overruled by officials of the Hamburg Senate. Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Munich (disambiguation). ... This article is about the city in Germany. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A sexshop on the Reeperbahn The Reeperbahn is a street in Hamburgs St. ... This article is about human physiological erection. ...

Annoyed with the repeated legal harassment which he encountered in Germany, Doctor von Hagens announced in the summer of 2004 that the exhibition would leave Germany. The exhibit has been travelling in the United States and Canada since then.

Exhibition schedule

Includes past, present, and future exhibitions

Original Exhibit

• Japan, various cities, beginning in Tokyo (September 14, 1995 - October 19, 1997)
• Mannheim (October 30, 1997 - March 1, 1998)
• Vienna (April 30, 1999 - August 31, 1999)
• Basle (September 4, 1999 - January 5, 2000)
• Cologne (February 12 - July 31, 2000)
• Oberhausen (August 5, 2000 - January 28, 2001)
• Berlin (February 10 - September 2, 2001)
• Brussels (September 22, 2001 - March 3, 2002)
• London (March 21, 2002 - February 9, 2003)
• Seoul (April 17, 2002 - March 2, 2003)
• Stuttgart (March 11 - 19, 2003)
• Munich (February 22 - August 17, 2003)
• Busan (March 11 - September 21, 2003)
• Hamburg (August 30, 2003 - January 4, 2004)
• Singapore (November 9, 2003 - March 21, 2004)
• Frankfurt (January 16 - June 13, 2004)
• Taipei (April 21 - October 24, 2004) - National Taiwan Science Education Center [8]
• Los Angeles, California (July 2, 2004 - January 23, 2005) - California Science Center [9]
• Chicago, Illinois (February 4 - September 5, 2005) - Museum of Science and Industry
• Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (October 7, 2005 - April 23, 2006) Franklin Institute Science Museum [10]
• Saint Paul, Minnesota (May 5, 2006 - December 3, 2006) Science Museum of Minnesota [11]
• Dallas, Texas (December 9, 2006 - May 28, 2007) - Museum of Nature and Science, Dallas [12]
• Charlotte, North Carolina (June 13, 2007 - January 6, 2008) - Discovery Place [13]
• Milwaukee, Wisconsin (January 18, 2008 - June 1, 2008) - Milwaukee Public Museum [14]
• Edmonton, Alberta (June 13, 2008 - October 13, 2008) - Telus World of Science [15]

Mannheim is a city in Germany. ... For other uses, see Vienna (disambiguation). ... Basel (English traditionally: Basle [ba:l], German: Basel [ba:z@l], French Bâle [ba:l], Italian Basilea [bazilE:a]) is Switzerlands third most populous city (188,000 inhabitants in the canton of Basel-City as of 2004; the 690,000 inhabitants in the conurbation stretching across the immediate... For other uses, see Cologne (disambiguation). ... Oberhausen is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ... This article is about the capital of Germany. ... For other places with the same name, see Brussels (disambiguation). ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Short name Statistics Location map Map of location of Seoul. ... For other uses, see Stuttgart (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Munich (disambiguation). ... Busan Metropolitan City, also known as Pusan[1] is the largest port city in the Republic of Korea. ... This article is about the city in Germany. ...   (German: , English: American English: ) is the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany, with a mid-2007 population of 663,567. ... This article is about the city. ... Los Angeles and L.A. redirect here. ... The California Science Center (sometimes spelled California Sciencenter) is a museum in Los Angeles. ... For other uses, see Chicago (disambiguation). ... Official language(s) English[1] Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Largest metro area Chicago Metropolitan Area Area  Ranked 25th  - Total 57,918 sq mi (140,998 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 390 miles (629 km)  - % water 4. ... A view from the lagoon behind the Museum of Science and Industry, the only in-place surviving building from the 1893 World Columbian Exposition and a National Historic Landmark. ... For other uses, see Philadelphia (disambiguation) and Philly. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Note:This article is about the science museum in Philadelphia. ... For an overview of the Twin Cities metropolitan area, see Minneapolis-Saint Paul. ... The Science Museum of Minnesota is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization governed by a board of trustees, staffed by over 500 employees and over 1,600 volunteers located in the states capital city of Saint Paul which focuses on topics in technology and natural history. ... Dallas redirects here. ... Charlotte redirects here. ... This article is about Milwaukee in Wisconsin. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Milwaukee Public Museum The Milwaukee Public Museum is a natural and human history museum located in downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. The Wisconsin legislature provided its official charter in 1882. ... For other places with the same name, see Edmonton (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Alberta (disambiguation). ... TELUS World of Science is a brand for a number of science centre, planetarium, and space centre facilities in Canada sponsored by telephone company, TELUS. Each of the science centres operate entirely independently and other than having sold their naming rights to TELUS there is no formal relationship between the...

Body Worlds 2

• Los Angeles, California (US Debut, January 29 - March 27, 2005) - California Science Center, 264,916 visitors[16]
• Cleveland, Ohio (April 9 - September 18, 2005) - Great Lakes Science Center, 266,918 visitors[17]
• Toronto, Ontario (September 30, 2005 - February 26, 2006) - Ontario Science Centre, 472,090 visitors[18]
• Denver, Colorado (March 10 - July 23, 2006) - Denver Museum of Nature and Science, 687,022 visitors [19]
• Boston, Massachusetts (July 30, 2006 - January 7, 2007) - Museum of Science, Boston [20]
• Chicago, Illinois (January 17, 2007 - April 29, 2007) - Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago [21]
• Montreal, Quebec (May 10, 2007 - September 16, 2007) - Montreal Science Centre [22]
• San Jose, California (September 27, 2007 - January 26, 2008) - The Tech, [23]
• Baltimore, Maryland (February 2, 2008 - September 1, 2008) - Maryland Science Center [24]

Los Angeles and L.A. redirect here. ... The California Science Center (sometimes spelled California Sciencenter) is a museum in Los Angeles. ... Cleveland redirects here. ... The Great Lakes Science Center is a museum and educational facility in downtown Cleveland, Ohio. ... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin: Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor David C. Onley Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 107 Senate seats 24 Confederation July 1, 1867 (1st) Area... Completed Teluscape. ... Denver redirects here. ... Denver Museum of Nature and Science The Denver Museum Of Nature and Science (DMNS) is the main natural history museum in Denver, Colorado. ... Boston redirects here. ... Outside the Museum of Science, August 2005 The Museum of Science (MoS) is a Boston, Massachusetts landmark, located in Science Park, a plot of land spanning the Charles River. ... For other uses, see Chicago (disambiguation). ... Official language(s) English[1] Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Largest metro area Chicago Metropolitan Area Area  Ranked 25th  - Total 57,918 sq mi (140,998 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 390 miles (629 km)  - % water 4. ... Nickname: Motto: Concordia Salus (well-being through harmony) Coordinates: , Country Province Region Montréal Founded 1642 Established 1832 Government  - Mayor Gérald Tremblay Area [1][2][3]  - City 365. ... This article is about the Canadian province. ... For other uses, see San José. Nickname: Location of San Jose within Santa Clara County, California. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... The Tech Museum of Innovation, or simply The Tech, is a museum located in the heart of Silicon Valley, in downtown San Jose, California USA. Focusing on technology and its effects, The Tech serves as an important educational and cultural resource for tourists and local residents alike. ... Flag Seal Nickname: Monument City, Charm City, Mob Town, B-more Motto: Get In On It (formerly The City That Reads and The Greatest City in America; BELIEVE is not the official motto but rather a specific campaign) Location Location of Baltimore in Maryland Coordinates , Government Country State County United... Official language(s) None (English, de facto) Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Largest metro area Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area Area  Ranked 42nd  - Total 12,407 sq mi (32,133 km²)  - Width 101 miles (145 km)  - Length 249 miles (400 km)  - % water 21  - Latitude 37° 53′ N to 39° 43′ N... The Maryland Science Center opened to the public in 1976, with 3 levels of exhibits and a planetarium. ...

Body Worlds 3

• Houston, Texas (February 25, 2006 - September 4, 2006) - Houston Museum of Natural Science [25]
• Vancouver, British Columbia (September 15, 2006 - January 14, 2007) - Science World at Telus World of Science
• Phoenix, Arizona (January 26, 2007 - May 28, 2007) - Arizona Science Center
• Portland, Oregon (June 7, 2007 - October 7, 2007) - Oregon Museum of Science and Industry
• St. Louis, Missouri (October 19, 2007 - March 2, 2008) - St. Louis Science Center
• Los Angeles, California (California Debut, March 14 - September 7, 2008) - California Science Center, [26]

Houston redirects here. ... Template:Reqcleanup The Houston Museum of Natural Science is a museum located in Houston, Texas. ... This article refers to the city in British Columbia, Canada. ... Science World At night For other uses, see Science World (disambiguation) TELUS World of Science, Vancouver is a science centre run by a non-profit organization in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. ... Nickname: Location in Maricopa County and the state of Arizona Coordinates: , Country State County Maricopa Incorporated February 25, 1881 Government  - Type Council-Manager  - Mayor Phil Gordon (D) Area  - City  515. ... The arizona science center is the 3rd largest science center in the west. ... Nickname: Location of Portland in Multnomah County and the state of Oregon Coordinates: , Country State Counties Multnomah County Incorporated February 8, 1851 Government  - Mayor Tom Potter[1]  - Commissioners Sam Adams Randy Leonard Dan Saltzman Erik Sten  - Auditor Gary Blackmer Area  - City 376. ... The Oregon Museum of Science and Industry museum complex and its submarine, the U.S.S. Blueback The Oregon Museum of Science and Industry (OMSI, pronounced AWM-zee) is a museum located on the East bank of the Willamette River in the Hosford-Abernethy neighborhood of inner southeast Portland, Oregon. ... Nickname: Location in the state of Missouri Coordinates: , Country State County Independent City Government  - Mayor Francis G. Slay (D) Area  - City  66. ... The James S. McDonnell Planetarium, thin-shell and hyperboloid structure by Gyo Obata, one component of the St. ... Los Angeles and L.A. redirect here. ... The California Science Center (sometimes spelled California Sciencenter) is a museum in Los Angeles. ...

Body Worlds 4

• Manchester, United Kingdom (February 22, 2008 - June 29, 2008) Museum of Science and Industry [27]

This article is about the City of Manchester in England. ... Museum of Science and Industry. ...

Competitors

The financial success of Body Worlds and Body Worlds II gave rise to several similar shows featuring plastinated cadavers, including BODIES... The Exhibition and Our Body: The Universe Within in the United States, Bodies Revealed in England, Body Exploration in Taiwan, Mysteries of the Human Body in South Korea, Jintai Plastomic: Mysteries of the Human Body in Japan, Cuerpos entrañables in Spain. BODIES... The Exhibition is a controversial exhibition showcasing preserved human bodies dissected to display bodily systems. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ...

Some of these contain exhibits very similar to von Hagens' plastinates; von Hagens has asserted copyright protection, and has sued Body Exploration and Bodies Revealed. The suits were based on a presumed copyright of certain positions of the bodies, but the counterparty asserts that the human body in its diversity cannot be copyrighted. A counterparty is a legal and financial term. ...

Such lawsuits ^[28] have not stopped the competition. While the Korean police in Seoul confiscated a few exhibits from Bodies Revealed, the exhibition went on successfully.

Several of the competing exhibitions have been organized by the publicly traded US company Premier Exhibitions Inc.. They started their first Bodies Revealed exhibition in Blackpool, England which ran from August through October 2004. In 2005 and 2006 the company opened their Bodies Revealed and BODIES... The Exhibition exhibitions in Seoul, Tampa, Miami, New York City, and Seattle. Other exhibition sites in 2006 are Mexico City, Atlanta (GA), London, Great Britain and Las Vegas (Nevada). Currently BODIES... The Exhibition is at the Carnegie Science Center of Pittsburgh (through May 4, 2008). Blackpool is a seaside town in England, on the coast of the Irish Sea. ...

One Australian company's exhibition, The Amazing Human Body inadvertently raised awareness of the practice in China of using executed prisoners' remains without informed consent. There is virtually no waiting list for organ transplant in China. The company's exhibits are from China.

References

Further reading

• Body Worlds - The Anatomical Exhibition of Real Human Bodies by Gunther von Hagens Amazon-UK ASIN: B000Q2MCDU
• No Skeletons in the Closet - a response to corpse scandals in Kyrgizstan 13 Nov 2003 ^[22]
• Franz Josef Wetz, Brigitte Tag (eds.): "Schöne Neue Körperwelten, Der Streit um die Ausstellung", Klett-Cotta Verlag, Stuttgart 2001. Sixteen authors discuss the various ethical and aesthetical aspects of Body Worlds, in German.
• Liselotte Hermes da Fonseca: Wachsfigur - Mensch - Plastinat. Über die Mitteilbarkeit von Sehen, Nennen und Wissen, in: Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte (1999), Heft 1.
• Doms, Misia Sophia: Die Ausstellung „Körperwelten“ und der Umgang mit der endlichen Leiblichkeit. In: Volkskunde in Rheinland Pfalz 17/1 (2002). S. 62-108.
• Liselotte Hermes da Fonseca und Thomas Kliche (Hg.): Verführerische Leichen – verbotener Verfall. "Körperwelten" als gesellschaftliches Schlüsselereignis, Lengerich u.a.: Pabst Verlag 2006
• Pushing the Limits [[29]] - Encounters with Gunther von Hagens. Biography. Ed. Angelina Whalley 2005

External links and sources

• Official website (English and German)
• BODY WORLDS 1 in Milwaukee
• BODY WORLDS 2 in Baltimore
• BODY WORLDS 3 in Los Angeles
• BODY WORLDS 4 in Manchester, UK
• The Montreal Science Centre's Body Worlds 2 special website (English and French)
• B-roll Videos from Official Website
• Body Worlds Exhibition - art, science or freak show?, review by the Institute of Biomedical Science
• Body Worlds on Yahoo!
• A Bioethicist Takes a Peek at ‘Body Worlds’ Commentary by Ruth Guyer, a bioethicist, aired on National Public Radio’s All Things Considered on August 12, 2006.
• The Amazing Human Body, Australian exhibit.
• "dignityinboston", devoted to ethical questions about Body Worlds including comments, links, discussion,and study guide.
• 360°-Panorama view from the Frankfurt exhibition
• No Bodies 4 Profit protest site
• ANTI-Bodies Virtual Picket Line
• Science Center News
• Church of England, Manchester UK website. "Giving you the facts that the corpse show industry would rather you did not think about"
• British Red Cross Red Cross presents first aid at Body Worlds 4