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Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a mental disorder in which the affected person is excessively concerned about and preoccupied by an imagined or minor defect in his or her physical features. The sufferer may complain of several specific features or a single feature, or a vague feature or general appearance, causing psychological distress that impairs important functioning (e.g. occupational or self-care) or social aspects of life.[1] The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ...
The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ...
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The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ...
The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ...
The Disease Bold textDatabase is a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. ...
eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996. ...
Mental disorder or mental illness are terms used to refer psychological pattern that occurs in an individual and is usually associated with distress or disability that is not expected as part of normal development or culture. ...
Body image is a term which may refer to our perceptions of our own physical appearance, or our internal sense of having a body which is constructed by the brain. ...
Individuals with very obvious and immediately-noticable defects should not be diagnosed with BDD, however culture and clinician bias may play a significant part in the subjectivity behind determining what physical appearance is considered 'normal' and in whom the disorder is diagnosed.[2] Onset of symptoms generally occurs in adolescence. The disorder is thought to affect both men and women equally and is linked to an unusually high suicide rate among all mental disorders. For other uses, see Suicide (disambiguation). ...
Overview
The disorder generally is diagnosed in those who are extremely critical of their physique or self-image even though there may be no noticeable disfigurement or defect, or a minor defect which is not recognised by most people.
Most people wish that they could change or improve some aspect of their physical appearance; but people suffering from BDD, generally of normal or even highly attractive appearance, believe that they are so unspeakably hideous that they are unable to interact with others or function normally for fear of ridicule and humiliation about their appearance. They tend to be very secretive and reluctant to seek help because they fear that others will think them vain or because they feel too embarrassed. It has also been suggested that fewer men seek help for the disorder than women.[3] For other uses, see Vanity (disambiguation). ...
Ironically, BDD is often misunderstood as a vanity-driven obsession, whereas it is quite the opposite, for people with BDD believe themselves to be irrevocably ugly or defective. Ugly may refer to: Ugly, having ugliness of appearance or having little or no beauty. ...
Defective can mean multiple things: In algebra, a defective matrix. ...
BDD combines obsessive and compulsive aspects, linking it, among psychologists, to the OCD-spectrum disorders. People with BDD may compulsively look at themselves in the mirror or avoid mirrors, typically think about their appearance for at least one hour a day (and usually more), and in severe cases may drop all social contact and responsibilities as they become a recluse. OCD redirects here. ...
For the town, see Recluse, Wyoming. ...
A German study has shown that 1–2% of the population meet all the diagnostic criteria of BDD, with a larger percentage showing milder symptoms of the disorder (Psychological Medicine, vol 36, p 877). Chronically low self-esteem is characteristic of those with BDD, because the one's assessment of one's value is so closely linked with one's perception of one's appearance. BDD is diagnosed equally in men and women, and causes chronic social anxiety for its sufferers.[1] Social phobia (DSM-IV 300. ...
Phillips & Menard (2006) found the completed-suicide rate in patients with BDD was 45 times higher than in the general United States population. This rate is more than double that of those with clinical depression and three times as high as that of those with bipolar disorder.[4] There has also been a suggested link between undiagnosed BDD and a higher than average suicide rate among people who have undergone cosmetic surgery.[5] A similar disorder, gender-identity disorder, in which the patient is upset with his or her entire sexual biology, often precipitates BDD-like feelings being directed specifically at external sexually dimorphic features, which are in constant conflict with the patient's internal psychiatric gender. The high rate of comorbidity of BDD in GID patients results in an estimated suicide-attempt rate of 20%; the suicide-attempt rate for patients with only BDD is 15%.[6][7] On the Threshold of Eternity. ...
For other uses, see Bipolar. ...
Gender identity disorder, as identified by psychologists and physicians, is a condition in which a person has been assigned one gender, usually on the basis of their sex at birth (compare intersex disorders), but identifies as belonging to another gender, and feels significant discomfort or being unable to deal with...
Female (left) and male Common Pheasant, illustrating the dramatic difference in form between the sexes Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species. ...
History In 1886, BDD was first documented by the researcher Morselli, who called the condition simply "Dysmorphophobia". BDD was first truly recognized by the American Psychiatric Association in 1987, and in 1997, BDD was first recorded and formally recognized as a disorder in the DSM. Due to the epidemic of medical errors, readers are cautioned to be aware that the American Psychiatric Association isnt immune to this. ...
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual published by the American Psychiatric Association The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a handbook for mental health professionals that lists different categories of mental disorder and the criteria for diagnosing them, according to the publishing organization the American Psychiatric Association. ...
In his practice, Freud eventually had a patient who would today be diagnosed with the disorder; Russian aristocrat Sergei Pankejeff, nicknamed "The Wolf Man" by Freud himself in order to protect Pankejeff's identity, had a preoccupation with his nose to an extent that greatly limited his functioning. Sigmund Freud (IPA: ), born Sigismund Schlomo Freud (May 6, 1856 – September 23, 1939), was an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. ...
Aristocracy is a form of government in which rulership is in the hands of an upper class known as aristocrats. ...
Sergei Konstantinovitch Pankejeff (Russian: ) (December 24, 1886 – May 7, 1979) was a Russian aristocrat from Odessa, who was best known for being a patient of Sigmund Freud, who gave him the pseudonym of Wolf Man (der Wolfsmann) to protect his identity, after a dream Pankejeff had of a tree full...
Diagnoses According to the DSM IV, to be diagnosed with BDD, a person must possess the following criteria: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association, is the handbook used most often in diagnosing mental disorders in the United States and other countries. ...
- "Preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance. If a slight physical anomaly is present, the person’s concern is markedly excessive."
- "The preoccupation causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning."
- "The preoccupation is not better accounted for by another mental disorder (e.g., dissatisfaction with body shape and size in Anorexia Nervosa)."[8]
For other uses, see Anorexia. ...
Common symptoms and behaviors There are many common symptoms and behaviors associated with BDD. Often these symptoms and behaviours are determined by the nature of the BDD sufferer's perceived defect, for example, use of cosmetics is most common in those with a perceived skin defect, therefore many BDD sufferers will only display a few common symptoms and behaviors. Common symptoms and behaviors include: Make-up redirects here. ...
- Compulsive mirror checking, glancing in reflective doors, windows and other reflective surfaces.
- Alternatively, an inability to look at one's own reflection or photographs of oneself; often the removal of mirrors from the home.
- Attempting to camouflage imagined defect: for example, using cosmetics, wearing baggy clothing or wearing hats.
- Excessive grooming behaviors: skin-picking, combing hair, plucking eyebrows, shaving, etc.
- Compulsive skin-touching, especially to measure or feel the perceived defect.
- Reassurance-seeking from loved ones.
- Excessive dieting and exercise.
- Social withdrawal and co-morbid depression.
- Avoiding leaving the home, or only leaving the home at certain times, for example, at night.
- Inability to work.
- Inability to focus at work due to preoccupation with appearance.
- Feeling self-conscious in social environments; thinking that others notice and mock their perceived defect.
- Comparing appearance/body-parts with that of others, or obsessive viewing of favorite celebrities or models whom the person suffering from BDD wishes to resemble.
- Use of distraction techniques: an attempt to divert attention away from the person's perceived defect, e.g. wearing extravagant clothing or excessive jewelry.
- Compulsive information seeking: reading books, newspaper articles and websites which relates to the person's perceived defect, e.g. hair loss or dieting and exercise.
- Obsession with plastic surgery or multiple plastic surgeries, with little satisfactory results for the patient.
- In extreme cases, patients have attempted to perform plastic surgery on themselves, including liposuction and various implants with disastrous results. Patients have even tried to remove undesired features with a knife or other such tool when the center of the concern is on a point, such as a mole or other such feature in the skin.
source: The Broken Mirror, Katharine A Philips, Oxford University Press, 2005 ed Make-up redirects here. ...
For other uses, see Hat (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the use of a razor. ...
Measuring body weight on a scale Dieting is the practice of ingesting food in a regulated fashion to achieve a particular objective. ...
The term Exercise can refer to: Physical exercise such as running or strength training Exercise (options), the financial term for enacting and terminating a contract Category: ...
Look up depression in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
This article is about work. ...
For consciousness of ones existence, see Self-awareness. ...
Baldness (formally alopecia) is the state of lacking hair where it usually would grow, especially on the head. ...
For the album by The Huntingtons, see Plastic Surgery (album). ...
Liposuction, also known as lipoplasty (fat modeling), liposculpture or suction lipectomy (suction-assisted fat removal) is a cosmetic surgery operation that removes fat from many different sites on the human body. ...
Common locations of perceived defects In research carried out by Dr. Katharine Philips, involving over 500 patients, the percentage of patients concerned with the most common locations were as follows; - Skin (73%)
- Hair (56%)
- Nose (37%)
- Weight (22%)
- Stomach (22%)
- Breasts/chest/nipples (21%)
- Eyes (20%)
- Thighs (20%)
- Teeth (20%)
- Legs (overall) (18%)
- Body build/bone structure (16%)
- Ugly face (general) (14%)
- Face size/shape (12%)
- Lips (12%)
- Buttocks (12%)
- Chin (11%)
- Eyebrows (11%)
- Hips (11%)
- Ears (9%)
- Arms/wrists (9%)
| - Waist (9%)
- Genitals (8%)
- Cheeks/cheekbones (8%)
- Calves (8%)
- Height (7%)
- Head size/shape (6%)
- Forehead (6%)
- Feet (6%)
- Hands (6%)
- Jaw (6%)
- Mouth (6%)
- Back (6%)
- Fingers (5%)
- Neck (5%)
- Shoulders (3%)
- Knees (3%)
- Toes (3%)
- Ankles (2%)
- Facial muscles (1%)
| source: The Broken Mirror, Katharine A Philips, Oxford University Press, 2005 ed, p56
People with BDD often have more than one area of concern.
Development BDD usually develops in adolescence, a time when people are generally most sensitive about their appearance. However, many patients suffer for years before seeking help. When they do seek help through mental health professionals, patients often complain of other symptoms such as depression, social anxiety or obsessive compulsive disorder, but do not reveal their real concern over body image. Most patients cannot be convinced that they have a distorted view of their body image, due to the very limited knowledge of the disorder as compared to OCD or others. Teen redirects here. ...
Look up depression in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Social phobia (DSM-IV 300. ...
For other things named OCD, see OCD (disambiguation). ...
Body image is a term which may refer to our perceptions of our own physical appearance, or our internal sense of having a body which is constructed by the brain. ...
OCD redirects here. ...
An absolute cause of body dysmorphic disorder is unknown. However research shows that a number of factors may be involved and that they can occur in combination, including:
A chemical imbalance in the brain. An insufficient level of serotonin, one of the brain's neurotransmitters involved in mood and pain, may contribute to body dysmorphic disorder. Although such an imbalance in the brain is unexplained, it may be hereditary. For the professional wrestling stable, see Ravens Nest#Serotonin. ...
Chemical structure of D-aspartic acid, a common amino acid neurotransmitter. ...
Obsessive-compulsive disorder. BDD often occurs with OCD, where the patient uncontrollably practices ritual behaviors that may literally take over their life. A history of, or genetic predisposition to, OCD may make people more susceptible to BDD. OCD redirects here. ...
For other uses, see Gene (disambiguation). ...
OCD redirects here. ...
Generalized anxiety disorder. Body dysmorphic disorder may co-exist with generalized anxiety disorder. This condition involves excessive worrying that disrupts the patient's daily life, often causing exaggerated or unrealistic anxiety about life circumstances, such as a perceived flaw or defect in appearance, as in BDD.
The Disabling Effects of BDD BDD can be anywhere from slightly to severely debilitating. It can make normal employment or family life impossible. Those who are in regular employment or who have family responsibilities would almost certainly find life more productive and satisfying if they did not have the symptoms. The partners and family of sufferers of BDD may also become involved and suffer greatly, sometimes losing their loved one to suicide. For other uses, see Suicide (disambiguation). ...
Sufferers of BDD may often find themselves getting almost 'stuck' in moping around. That is to say that sufferers, with such a type of depression, can in some cases appear to take a long time to get everything done. However, this is not actually the case, as it is simply that the BDD sufferers will often just sit or lie down for prolonged periods of time, without being able to actually motivate themselves until it becomes completely necessary to get back up. This can often cause little to get done by sufferers, and they can have little self motivation with anything, including relationships with other people. However, contrary to this, when the action is relevant to the person's image, it is more common for the sufferer to exhibit a fanatic and extreme approach, applying their attention fully to self-grooming/modification.
Prognosis Many individuals with BDD have repeatedly sought treatment from dermatologists or cosmetic surgeons with little satisfaction before finally accepting psychiatric or psychological help. Treatment can improve the outcome of the illness for most people. Other patients may function reasonably well for a time and then relapse, while others may remain chronically ill. Research on outcome without therapy is not known but it is thought the symptoms persist unless treated. Dermatology (Greek δεÏμα, skin and λόγος, word, science) is a branch of medicine dealing with the skin and its appendages (hair, sweat glands, etc). ...
Plastic surgery is a general term for operative manual and instrumental treatment which is performed for functional or aesthetic reasons. ...
Psychiatry is a branch of medicine that studies and treats mental and emotional disorders (see mental illness). ...
Psychology (ancient Greek: psyche = soul and logos = word) is the study of mind, thought, and behaviour. ...
Prevalence Studies show that BDD is common in not only nonclinical settings, but clinical settings, as well. A study was done of 200 people with DSM-IV Body Dysmorphic Disorder. These people were of age 12 or older and were available to be interviewed in person. They were obtained from mental health professionals, advertisements, the subject’s friends and relatives, and non-psychiatrist physicians. Fifty-three subjects were receiving medication, 33 were receiving psychotherapy, and 48 were receiving both medication and psychotherapy. The severity of BDD was assessed using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale modified for BDD, and symptoms were assessed using the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination. Both tests were designed specifically to assess BDD. Results showed that BDD occurs in 0.7% - 1.1% of community samples and 2%-13% of nonclinical samples. 13% of psychiatric inpatients had BDD.[9] Studies also found that some of the patients initially diagnosed with OCD had BDD, as well. 53 patients with OCD and 53 patients with BDD were compared in a study. Clinical features, comorbidity, family history, and demographic features were compared between the two groups. Nine of the 62 subjects (14.5%) of those with OCD also had BDD.[10]
In most cases, BDD is under-diagnosed. In a study of 17 patients with BDD, BDD was noted in only five patient charts, and none of the patients received an official diagnosis of BDD despite the fact that it was present.[11]
Treatments Studies have found that the psychodynamic approach to therapy, traditional talk therapy, has not been proven effective in treating BDD. However, Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) has proven more effective. In a study of 54 patients with BDD who were randomly assigned to Cognitive Behavior Therapy or no treatment, BDD symptoms decreased significantly in those patients undergoing CBT. BDD was eliminated in 82% of cases at post treatment and 77% at follow-up. (8) Due to low levels of serotonin in the brain, another commonly used treatment is SSRI drugs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor). 74 subjects were enrolled in a placebo-controlled study group to evaluate the efficiency of Fluoxetine hydrochloride (Prozac), a SSRI drug. Patients were randomized to receive 12-weeks of double-blind treatment with fluoxetine or the placebo. At the end of 12 weeks, 53% of patients responded to the fluoxetine.[12] Look up Psychotherapy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Cognitive therapy or cognitive behavior therapy is a kind of psychotherapy used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, phobias, and other forms of psychological disorder. ...
SSRI redirects here; for other uses, see SSRI (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Placebo (disambiguation). ...
Background Fluoxetine hydrochloride (brand names include Prozac®, Symbyax® (compounded with olanzapine), Sarafem®, Fontex® (Sweden), Fluctine (Austria, Germany), Prodep (India), Fludac (India)) is an antidepressant drug used medically in the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and many other disorders. ...
Body Dysmorphic Disorder is a chronic disorder that if left untreated can worsen with time. Without treatment, BDD could last a lifetime. In many cases, as illustrated in The Broken Mirror by Katharine Phillips, the social and professional lives of many patients disintegrates because they are so preoccupied with their appearance.[13] Look up chronic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
See also For other uses, see Anorexia. ...
Anxiety disorder is a blanket term covering several different forms of fear, phobia and nervous condition, that come on suddenly and prevent pursuing normal daily routines including: general anxiety disorder social anxiety, sometimes known as social phobia or social anxiety disorder (SAD) specific phobias agoraphobia claustrophobia panic disorder separation anxiety...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Body modification (or body alteration) is the permanent or semi-permanent deliberate altering of the human body for non-medical reasons, such as spiritual, various social (markings), BDSM edgeplay or aesthetic. ...
Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterised by recurrent binge eating, followed by compensatory behaviors, referred to as purging.[1] The most common form—practised more than 75% of people with bulimia nervosa—is self-induced vomiting; fasting, the use of laxatives, enemas, diuretics, and overexercising are also common. ...
On the Threshold of Eternity. ...
A deformity, dysmorphism, or dysmorphic feature is a major difference in the shape of the body a body part, or a body organ (internal or external) compared to the average shape for the part in question. ...
Lookism is discrimination against or prejudice towards others based on their appearance. ...
A scar results from the biologic process of wound repair in the skin and other tissues of the body. ...
Social phobia (DSM-IV 300. ...
Somatization is to feel phyiscal symptoms, most commonly painful, with no known aetiology. ...
References - ^ American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (text revision). Washington, DC: Author
- ^ Kress, V.E.W.; Eriksen, K.P.; Rayle, A.D.; & Ford, S.J.W. (2005). The DSM-IV-TR and culture. Considerations for counselors. Journal of counseling and Development, 83(1), 97-104.
- ^ Phillips, K. A. (1996). The broken mirror Understanding and treating body dysmorphic disorder. p141 New York: Oxford University Press.
- ^ Suicidality in Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Prospective Study - Phillips and Menard 163 (7): 1280 - Am J Psychiatry
- ^ Cosmetic surgery special: When looks can kill - health - 19 October 2006 - New Scientist
- ^ Seattle and King County Health - Transgender Health
- ^ Katharine A. Phillips, MD Suicidality in Body Dysmorphic Disorder Primary Psychiatry. 2007;14(12):58-66
- ^ American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 468 Washington, D.C.: Author.
- ^ Phillips, K. A., Menard, W., Fay, C., & Weisberg, R. (2006). Demographic characteristics, phenomenology, comorbidity, and family history in 200 individuals with body dysmorphic disorder [Electronic version]. Pyschomatics, 46, 317-325.
- ^ Phillips, K. A., Gunderson, C. G., Mallya, G., McElroy, S. L., Carter, W. (1978). Physicians Postgraduate Press: A comparison study of body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. Retrieved December 10, 2007, from http://archpsyc.highwire.org/cgi/content/56/11/1033
- ^ Rosen, J. C. (1995). Cognitive-behavioral body image therapy for body dysmorphic disorder [Electronic version]. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 63, 263-269.
- ^ Phillips, K. A., Albertini, R. S., Rasmussen, S. A. (2002). A randomized placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in body dysmorphic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. Retrieved December 10, 2007, from the webpage: http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org
- ^ Phillips, K. A. (1996). The broken mirror Understanding and treating body dysmorphic disorder. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Wilhelm, S. Feeling Good About the Way You Look. New York: Guilford Press, 2006
- Phillips, K.A. The Broken Mirror: Understanding and Treating Body Dysmorphic Disorder. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996 (Revised and Expanded Edition, 2005)
- Barlow, David H., & Durand, V. Mark. Essentials of Abnormal Psychology. Thomson Learning, Inc., 2006.
- Neziroglu, F.; Roberts, M.; Yayura-Tobias, J.A.A behavioral model for body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatric Annals, 34 (12): 915-920, 2004.
- Phillips, KA. Body dysmorphic disorder: the distress of imagined ugliness. American Psychiatric Association, 148: 1138-1149, 1991.[2]
- James Claiborn; Cherry Pedrick. (2004). The BDD Workbook. New Harbinger Publications, U.S. Jan 2003
- Phillips, Katherine A. Body dysmorphic disorder: recognizing and treating imagined ugliness. World Psychiatry, 3(1): 12–17.
- Phillips, K.A., & Castle, D.J. Body dysmorphic disorder. In: Castle DJ, Phillips KA., editors. Disorders of Body Image. Hampshire: Wrightson Biomedical; 2002.
- Grant, J.E., Won Kim, S., & Crow, S.J. (2001). Prevalence and clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder in adolescent and adult psychiatric inpatients. J Clin Psychiatry, 62:517–522.
- Phillips K.A., Nierenberg A.A., Brendel G., et al. (1996). Prevalence and clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder in atypical major depression. J Nerv Ment Dis. 184:125–129.
- Perugi G, Akiskal HS, Lattanzi L, et al. (1998). The high prevalence of "soft" bipolar (II) features in atypical depression. Compr Psychiatry, 39:63–71.
- Zimmerman M, Mattia JI. (1998). Body dysmorphic disorder in psychiatric outpatients: recognition, prevalence, comorbidity, demographic, and clinical correlates. Compr Psychiatry, 39:265–270.
- Phillips KA, McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, et al. (1993). Body dysmorphic disorder: 30 cases of imagined ugliness. Am J Psychiatry, 150:302–308.
Further reading - Saville, Chris. "The Worried Well." Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Films for the Humanities & Sciences, Princeton, NJ. 1997. Video Archive. 2004.
- Walker, Pamela. "Everything You Need To Know About Body Dysmorphic Disorder." New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 1999.
- Phillips, Dr Katharine A. "The Broken Mirror: Understanding and Treating Body Dysmorphic Disorder", Oxford University Press, 1998
- Thomas F. Cash Ph.D., "The Body Image Workbook", New Harbinger Publications, 1997
- Veale, David and Willson, Rob. "Overcoming Body Shame and Body Dysmorphic Disorder": Robinson, (forthcoming mid 2007)
- The BBC documentary "Too Ugly For Love" is available from UK charity The BDD Foundation
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Comparison of the perceived harm for various psychoactive drugs from a poll among medical psychiatrists specialized in addiction treatment[1] This article is an overview of the nontherapeutic use of alcohol and drugs of abuse. ...
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Disorganized schizophrenia is a subtype of schizophrenia as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. ...
Schizophreniform disorder is characterized by the presence of criterion A symptoms of schizophrenia. ...
Schizotypal personality disorder, or simply schizotypal disorder, is a personality disorder that is characterized by a need for social isolation, odd behaviour and thinking, and often unconventional beliefs such as being convinced of having extra sensory abilities. ...
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On the Threshold of Eternity. ...
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A neurosis, in psychoanalytic theory, is an ineffectual coping strategy that Sigmund Freud suggested was caused by emotions from past experience overwhelming or interfering with present experience. ...
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Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder precipitated by the fear of having a symptom attack or panic attack in a setting from which there is no easy means of escape. ...
Panic Disorder is a psychiatric condition characterized by recurring panic attacks in combination with significant behavioral change or at least a month of ongoing worry about the implications or concern about having other attacks. ...
Panic attacks are sudden, discrete periods of intense anxiety, fear and discomfort that are associated with a variety of somatic and cognitive symptoms[1]. The onset of these episodes is typically abrupt, and may have no obvious trigger. ...
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is an anxiety disorder that is characterized by excessive, uncontrollable and often irrational worry about everyday things, which is disproportionate to the actual source of worry. ...
Social anxiety is an experience of fear, apprehension or worry regarding social situations and being evaluated by others. ...
Social phobia (DSM-IV 300. ...
OCD redirects here. ...
Acute stress reaction is a psychological condition arising in response to a terrifying event. ...
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a term for certain severe psychological consequences of exposure to, or confrontation with, stressful events that the person experiences as highly traumatic. ...
In psychology, adjustment disorder refers to a psychological disturbance that develops in response to a stressor. ...
Conversion Disorder is a DSM-IV diagnosis which describes neurological symptoms such as extreme weakness, paralysis, sensory disturbance, seizure and/or attacks that may resemble a known organic disease such as epilepsy or dystonia, but which cannot be currently attributed to neurological disease. ...
Ganser syndrome is a psychiatric disorder characterised by approximate answers to questions. ...
Somatization disorder (or Briquets disorder) is a type of mental illness in which a patient manifests a psychiatric condition as a physical complaint. ...
Hypochondria (sometimes hypochondriasis) is the unfounded belief that one is suffering from a serious illness. ...
The English suffix -phobia is used to describe fear or hatred (the latter is often ignored) of a particular thing or subject. ...
Da Costas Syndrome is a type of anxiety disorder first observed in soldiers in the American Civil War. ...
This page is a candidate to be moved to Wikiquote. ...
Neurasthenia was a term first coined by George Miller Beard in 1869 to describe a condition with symptoms of fatigue, anxiety and pessimism. ...
For other uses, see Anorexia. ...
Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterised by recurrent binge eating, followed by compensatory behaviors, referred to as purging.[1] The most common form—practised more than 75% of people with bulimia nervosa—is self-induced vomiting; fasting, the use of laxatives, enemas, diuretics, and overexercising are also common. ...
Dyssomnias are a broad classification of sleeping disorder that make it difficult to get to sleep, or to stay sleeping. ...
Hypersomnia, also known as excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), is excessive amount of sleepiness. ...
This article is about the sleeping disorder. ...
A parasomnia is any sleep disorder such as sleepwalking, sleepeating, sleep sex, teeth grinding, night terrors, rhythmic movement disorder, REM behaviour disorder, restless leg syndrome, and somniloquy (or sleep talking), characterized by partial arousals during sleep or during transitions between wakefulness and sleep. ...
// Introduction Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder, or RBD, was first described by Schenck et al. ...
For other uses, see Night Terror. ...
The current usage of the term nightmare refers to a dream which causes the sleeper a strong unpleasant emotional response. ...
Sexual dysfunction: Erectile dysfunction · Premature ejaculation · Vaginismus · Dyspareunia · Hypersexuality · Female sexual arousal disorder Sexual dysfunction or sexual malfunction (see also sexual function) is difficulty during any stage of the sexual act (which includes desire, arousal, orgasm, and resolution) that prevents the individual or couple from enjoying sexual activity. ...
Erectile dysfunction (ED) or impotence is a sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis. ...
Premature ejaculation (PE), also known as rapid ejaculation, premature climax or early ejaculation, is the most common sexual problem in men, affecting 25%-40% of men. ...
Vaginismus is a condition which affects a womans ability to engage in any form of vaginal penetration, including sexual penetration, insertion of tampons, and the penetration involved in gynecological examinations. ...
Dyspareunia is painful sexual intercourse, due to medical or psychological causes. ...
Satyriasis redirects here. ...
Female sexual arousal disorder. ...
Postnatal depression | | Adult personality
and behavior | | | | Mental retardation | | | Psychological development
(developmental disorder) | | | Behavioral and emotional,
childhood and adolescence onset | | | Postnatal Depression (also called Postpartum Depression and referred throughout this article by the acronym PPD) is a form of clinical depression which can affect women, and less frequently men, after childbirth. ...
Wikinews has related news: Dr. Joseph Merlino on sexuality, insanity, Freud, fetishes and apathy Personality disorder, formerly referred to as a Character Disorder is a class of mental disorders characterized by rigid and on-going patterns of thought and action (Cognitive modules). ...
Passive-aggressive behavior refers to passive, sometimes obstructionist resistance to following authoritative instructions in interpersonal or occupational situations. ...
Kleptomania (Greek: κλÎπτειν, kleptein, to steal, μανία, mania) is an inability or great difficulty in resisting impulses of stealing. ...
Trichotillomania (TTM), or trich as it is commonly known, is an impulse control disorder characterized by the repeated urge to pull out scalp hair, eyelashes, facial hair, nose hair, pubic hair, eyebrows or other body hair. ...
“Voyeur†redirects here. ...
A factitious disorder or FD is a mental disorder where the ill individuals symptoms are either self-induced or falsified by the patient. ...
This page refers to the self-inflicted factitious disorder. ...
Egodystonic sexual orientation is an egodystonic condition. ...
Two women in handcuffs and latex miniskirts and tops - Latex and PVC fetishism Wikinews has related news: Dr. Joseph Merlino on sexuality, insanity, Freud, fetishes and apathy Sexual fetishism is the sexual attraction for material and terrestrial objects while in reality the essence of the object is inanimate and sexless. ...
Half-wit redirects here. ...
Developmental disorders are disorders that occur at some stage in a childs development, often retarding the development. ...
Specific developmental disorders categorizes specific learning disabilities and developmental disorders affecting coordination. ...
Speech disorders or speech impediments, as they are also called, are a type of communication disorders where normal speech is disrupted. ...
Expressive language disorder (DSM 315. ...
For other uses, see Aphasia (disambiguation). ...
Expressive aphasia, known as Brocas aphasia in clinical neuropsychology and agrammatic aphasia in cognitive neuropsychology, is an aphasia caused by damage to Brocas area in the brain. ...
Receptive aphasia, also known as Wernickes aphasia, Fluent aphasia or sensory aphasia in clinical neuropsychology and cognitive neuropsychology, is a type of aphasia often (but not always) caused by neurological damage to Wernickes area in the brain. ...
Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS), also called progressive epileptic aphasia, is a rare, childhood neurological syndrome characterized by the sudden or gradual development of aphasia (the inability to understand or express language) and an abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG). ...
For the programming language, see Lisp (programming language). ...
This article is about developmental dyslexia. ...
Dysgraphia (or agraphia) is a deficiency in the ability to write, regardless of the ability to read, not due to intellectual impairment. ...
Gerstmann syndrome is a neurological disorder. ...
Developmental Dyspraxia is one or all of a heterogeneous range of psychological development disorders affecting the initiation, organization and performance of action[1]. It entails the partial loss of the ability to coordinate and perform certain purposeful movements and gestures in the absence of motor or sensory impairments. ...
The diagnostic category pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), as opposed to specific developmental disorders (SDD), refers to a group of disorders characterized by delays in the development of multiple basic functions including socialization and communication. ...
Autism is a brain development disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication, and restricted and repetitive behavior, all exhibited before a child is three years old. ...
Rett syndrome/ disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is classified as a pervasive developmental disorder by the DSM-IV. Many[1] argue that this is a misclassification just as it would be to include such disorders as fragile X syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, or Down syndrome where one can see autistic...
Asperger syndrome (also Aspergers syndrome, Aspergers disorder, Aspergers, or AS) is one of several autism spectrum disorders (ASD) characterized by difficulties in social interaction and by restricted and stereotyped interests and activities. ...
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), is a neurobehavioural developmental disorder[1] [2] [3] affecting about 3-5% of the worlds population under the age of 19[4]. It typically presents itself during childhood, and is characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity, as well as forgetfulness...
Conduct disorder is a psychiatric category to describe a pattern of repetitive behavior where the rights of others or the social norms are violated. ...
Oppositional defiant disorder is a controversial psychiatric category listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders where it is described as an ongoing pattern of disobedient, hostile, and defiant behavior toward authority figures that goes beyond the bounds of normal childhood behavior. ...
Separation Anxiety redirects here. ...
Selective mutism is a social anxiety disorder in which a person who is normally capable of speech is unable to speak in given situations. ...
Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is the diagnostic term for severe and relatively uncommon disorders of attachment that can affect children. ...
A tic is a repeated, impulsive action, almost reflexive in nature, which the actor feels powerless to control or avoid. ...
Tourette redirects here. ...
Speech disorders or speech impediments, as they are also called, are a type of communication disorders where normal speech is disrupted. ...
“Stutter†redirects here. ...
Cluttering (also called tachyphemia) is a communicative disorder characterized by speech that is difficult for listeners to understand due to rapid speaking rate, erratic rhythm, poor syntax or grammar, and words or groups of words unrelated to the sentence. ...
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