Alternate meaning: Bohai Sea

Balhae (Korean) or Bohai (Chinese) was a kingdom in northeast Asia from AD 698 to 926, occupying parts of Manchuria, northern Korea and the Russian Far East. It was founded by Dae Joyeong, a former Goguryeo general. It considered itself a successor of Goguryeo, but like other Korean and Japanese kingdoms, it sent tributes to China. At founding, it was called the state of Jin (振國), but the Tang Dynasty in 713 called it Bohai. Traditional Chinese characters are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Simplified Chinese characters (Simplified Chinese: 简体字; Traditional Chinese: 簡體字; pinyin: jiǎntǐzì; also called 简化字/簡化字, jiǎnhuàzì) are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Pinyin (拼音, Pīnyīn) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration to roman script) for Standard Mandarin used in the... Wade-Giles, sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration) system for the Chinese language based on Mandarin. ... Hangul is the native alphabet used to write the Korean language, as opposed to the hanja system borrowed from China. ... Hanja, or hanmun, sometimes translated as Sino-Korean characters, are what Chinese characters (hanzi) are called in Korean. ... The Revised Romanization of Korean is the official Korean language romanization system in South Korea. ... McCune-Reischauer romanization is one of the two most widely used Korean language romanization systems, along with the Revised Romanization of Korean, which replaced (a modified) McCune-Reischauer as the official romanization system in South Korea in 2000. ... Bo Hai (Chinese: 渤海; pinyin: B hăi; Wade-Giles: Po-hai lit. ... A monarchy, (from the Greek monos, one, and archein, to rule) is a form of government that has a monarch as Head of State. ... East Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... Events Tiberius III deposes Leontius II and becomes Byzantine Emperor. ... Events Bohai is conquered by the Khitan Births Emperor Murakami of Japan Deaths Categories: 926 ... Extent of Manchuria according to Definition 1 (dark red), Definition 3 (dark red + medium red) and Definition 4 (dark red + medium red + light red) Manchuria (Manchu: Manju, Simplified: 满洲; Traditional: 滿洲; Hanyu Pinyin: ) is a name given to a vast territorial region in northeast Asia. ... Korea refers to South Korea and North Korea together, which were a unified country until 1948. ... The term Russian Far East (Russian: Да́льний Восто́к Росси́и; English transliteration: Dalny Vostok Rossii) refers to the extreme south-east parts of Russia, between Siberian Federal District and the Pacific. ... Old Book of the Tang described Dae Jo young, the founder of Balhae, as a Goguryeo eccentric. ... Goguryeo (37 BC-668) was an empire in Manchuria and northern Korea. ... Events Byzantine Emperor Philippicus deposed. ...

In the confusion of the Khitan attack against the Tang in 696, Goguryeo remnants, led by Geolgeol Jung sang and Sumo Mohe tribe, led by Qisi Piyu escaped eastward to their homeland. The two leaders died but Dae Jo young, the son of Geolgeol Jung sang, established the State of Jin. Dae Jo young established his capital at Dongmu Mountain in the south of today's Jilin province. Tang called Dae Jo young "Prefecture King of Bohai" in 713, and "State King of Bohai" in 762. Also the name of a rock band. ... The Mohe (靺鞨, Korean: Malgal, 말갈), were a Tungusic tribe in ancient Manchuria. ... Jilin (Chinese: 吉林; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chi-lin; Postal System Pinyin: Kirin), is a province of the Peoples Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. ...

The second king Mu, who felt encircled by Tang, Silla and Black Water Mohe along the Amur River, attacked Tang and his navy briefly occupied a port on the Shandong Peninsula in 732. Later, a compromise was forged between Tang and Balhae, which resumed tributary mission to Tang. He also sent a mission to Japan in 728 to threaten Silla. Balhae kept diplomatic and commercial contacts with Japan until the end of the kingdom. Because of its proximity to many powerful states, Bohai became a buffer zone for the region. Silla (also denoted as Shilla) was one of the three kingdoms of ancient Korea. ... The Amur (Russian: Амур) (Simplified Chinese: 黑龙江; Traditional Chinese: 黑龍江; Hēilóng Jiāng, literally meaning Black Dragon River) (Mongolian: Хара-Мурэн, Khara-Muren or Black River) (Manchu: Sahaliyan Ula, literal meaning Black River) is one of the worlds ten longest rivers, located between the Russian Far East and Manchuria of... The Shandong Peninsula (sim. ...

The third king Mun expanded its territory into the Amur valley in the north and the Liaodong Peninsula in the west. He also established the permanent capital near Lake Jingpo in the south of today's Heilongjiang province around 755. The Liaodong Peninsula (sim. ... Lake Jingpo is located on the Wandashan Mountains, in Ningan County, Heilongjiang of China. ... It has been suggested that Holungkiang be merged into this article or section. ...

After destroying Balhae in 926, the Khitan established the puppet Dongdan Kingdom, which was soon followed by the annexation by Liao in 936. Balhae aristocrats were moved to Liaoyang but small fragments of the state remained semi-independent. Some Balhae people fled southward to Goryeo, including a son of the last king. Some descendants of the royal family live in Korea, changing their family name to Tae (太). The Jurchen Jin Dynasty favored the Balhae people as well as the Khitans. The fourth, fifth and seventh emperors were mothered by Balhae concubines. The 13th century census of Northern China by the Mongols distinguished Balhae from other ethnic groups such as Goryeo , Khitan and Jurchen. This suggests that the Bohai people still preserved their identity. Dongdan Kingdom(A.D.926~936) is the puppet kingdom established by the Khitan to rule the realm of the Bohai Kingdom in Eastern Manchuria. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The state of Goryeo ruled Korea from the fall of Silla in 935 until the founding of Joseon in 1392. ... The Jurchens (Chinese: 女真, pinyin: nǚzhēn) were a Tungusic people who inhabited parts of Manchuria and northern Korea until the seventeenth century, when they became the Manchus. ... The Jin Dynasty (金 pinyin: JÄ«n 1115-1234; Anchu in Jurchen), also known as the Jurchen dynasty, was founded by the Wanyan (完顏 Wányán) clan of the Jurchen, the ancestors of the Manchus who established the Qing Dynasty some 500 years later. ... The state of Goryeo ruled Korea from the fall of Silla in 935 until the founding of Joseon in 1392. ... The Khitan, in Chinese Qidan (契丹 Pinyin: Qìdān), were an ethnic group which dominated much of Manchuria and was classified in Chinese history as one of the Tungus ethnic groups (東胡族 dōng hú zú). They established the Liao dynasty in 907, which was then conquered in 1125 by the... The Jurchens (Chinese: 女真, pinyin: nǚzhēn) were a Tungusic people who inhabited parts of Manchuria and northern Korea until the seventeenth century, when they became the Manchus. ...

Characterization and political interpretation

In North and South Korea, Balhae is regarded as a Korean state and is positioned in the "North-South Period" (with Silla) today, although such a view has had proponents in the past. They emphasize its connection with Goguryeo and minimize that with the Mohe. While South Korean historians think the ruling class was of Goguryeo and the commoners were Mohe, North Korean historians think Bohai ethnography was mostly Goguryeo. (See Encyclopedia Britannica entries [1] and [2].) Korea has been ruled by a number of kingdoms/empires and republics over the last several millennia. ... Elections in South Korea provides an overview of the history of South Korean elections and their results. ...

Chinese historians consider Balhae a vassal of the Tang Dynasty: the succession of Balhae kings had to be sanctioned by the Tang Dynasty, and a heir who lacks this sanction can only be known as 知國務 ("State Affairs Leader"), not king; also, every king was also simultaneously the Prefect of Huhan Prefecture (忽汗州都督府都督). Chinese historians consider Balhae to be composed of the Balhae ethnic group, which was mostly based on the Mohe.

Russian scholars think of Balhae as an independent Mohe state, with Central Asian and Chinese influence. Japanese scholars also view Balhae as an independent state, likening to Manchukuo for its friendly relationship with Japan. Manchukuo (1932 to 1945) (Simplified: 满洲国; Traditional: 滿洲國; Hanyu Pinyin: ) was a former country in Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia under the leadership of the Emperor Pu Yi, who had also been the last emperor of Qing Dynasty. ...

Koreans and traditional Chinese historians believe the founder Dae Joyŏng was of Goguryeo stock. The Old Book of the Tang says that Dae Joyŏng was of [Goguryeo] kind (高麗別種), and the New Book of the Tang states that he is "from the Sumo Mohe of the former realm of Goguryeo." Some modern Chinese historians argue that Sumo Mohe is not a region, but an ethnic non-Korean tribe. The Mohe were a Tungusic tribe in ancient Manchuria. ...

Sovereigns of Balhae/Bohai 698-926

The names in this table are given in McCune-Reischauer romanisation, Hangŭl/Chosŏn’gŭl, Chinese characters and Pinyin. Events Tiberius III deposes Leontius II and becomes Byzantine Emperor. ... Events Bohai is conquered by the Khitan Births Emperor Murakami of Japan Deaths Categories: 926 ... McCune-Reischauer romanization is one of the two most widely used Korean language romanization systems, along with the Revised Romanization of Korean, which replaced (a modified) McCune-Reischauer as the official romanization system in South Korea in 2000. ... Hangul is the native alphabet used to write the Korean language, as opposed to the hanja system borrowed from China. ... Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... HànyÇ” PÄ«nyÄ«n (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), often shortened to pinyin (Chinese: 拼音, pÄ«nyÄ«n), which literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese, is a system of romanization (phonemic notation and transcription to Roman script) for Standard Mandarin. ...

An important source of cultural information on Bohai was discovered at the end of the 20th century at the Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain, especially the Mausoleum of Princess Zhenxiao. A posthumous name (諡號/謚號 Pinyin: shì hào; Romaji: shigō/tsuigō; Revised Romanization of Korean: siho) is a honorary name given to royalty in some cultures posthumously, that is, after the persons death. ... A Chinese era name (traditional Chinese: 年號, simplified Chinese: 年号, pinyin nían hào) is the era name, reign period, or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperors reign and naming certain Chinese rulers (see the conventions). ... Da Zuorong also known as King Gao (高王) was a Sumo Mohe leader who established the kingdom of Bohai, reigning from 699 to 719. ... Events Tiberius III deposes Leontius II and becomes Byzantine Emperor. ... Events Pelayo established the Kingdom of Asturias in the Iberian peninsula (modern day Portugal and Spain). ... Dae Muye, Da Wuyi (大武藝 Dà Wǔyì) or King Wu (武王) in Chinese (r. ... Events Pelayo established the Kingdom of Asturias in the Iberian peninsula (modern day Portugal and Spain). ... Events Favila becomes king of Asturias after Pelayos death Births Emperor Kammu of Japan (d. ... Events Favila becomes king of Asturias after Pelayos death Births Emperor Kammu of Japan (d. ... Events Vikings sack the monastery of Lindisfarne, Northumbria. ... Events Charlemagne conquers the kingdom of the Lombards, and takes title King of the Lombards. ... Events Vikings sack the monastery of Lindisfarne, Northumbria. ... Events Kyoto becomes the Japanese capital. ... Events Kyoto becomes the Japanese capital. ... Events Kyoto becomes the Japanese capital. ... Events The Abbasid capital is moved north from Baghdad to Samarra. ... Events The Abbasid capital is moved north from Baghdad to Samarra. ... Events Births April 12 - Muhammad at-Taqi, Shia Imam (d. ... Events Births April 12 - Muhammad at-Taqi, Shia Imam (d. ... Events Louis the Pious divides his empire among his sons. ... Events Louis the Pious divides his empire among his sons. ... Events Bishop Theodulf of Orléans is deposed and imprisoned after getting involved in a conspiracy of Bernard, king of Italy, against Louis the Pious Births Deaths May 26 - Ali ar-Rida, Shia Imam Categories: 818 ... Da Renxiu (大仁秀 Dà Rénxìu) or King Xuan (宣王) (r. ... Events Bishop Theodulf of Orléans is deposed and imprisoned after getting involved in a conspiracy of Bernard, king of Italy, against Louis the Pious Births Deaths May 26 - Ali ar-Rida, Shia Imam Categories: 818 ... Events Christian missionary Ansgar visits Birka, trade city of the Swedes. ... Da Yizhen (830-857) was king of Bohai (Chinese) or Balhae (Korean), a kingdom in northeast Asia from AD 698 to 926, occupying parts of Manchuria, northern Korea, and Russian Far East. ... Events Christian missionary Ansgar visits Birka, trade city of the Swedes. ... Events Viking raid of Dorestad. ... Events Viking raid of Dorestad. ... Events Nine battles are fought between the Danes and Wessex. ... Events Nine battles are fought between the Danes and Wessex. ... Events Bohemia breaks away from Great Moravia Arnulf of Carinthia undertakes his second Italian campaign Approximate date of composition of the Musica enchiriadis, the beginnings of western polyphonic music Births Athelstan of England Erik Bloodaxe, king of Norway 933-935 (+954) Deaths Categories: 895 ... Events Bohemia breaks away from Great Moravia Arnulf of Carinthia undertakes his second Italian campaign Approximate date of composition of the Musica enchiriadis, the beginnings of western polyphonic music Births Athelstan of England Erik Bloodaxe, king of Norway 933-935 (+954) Deaths Categories: 895 ... Events Oleg leads Kievan Rus in a campaign against Constantinople Yelü Abaoji establishes Liao (Khitan) dynasty Births Deaths Categories: 907 ... Events Oleg leads Kievan Rus in a campaign against Constantinople Yelü Abaoji establishes Liao (Khitan) dynasty Births Deaths Categories: 907 ... Events Bohai is conquered by the Khitan Births Emperor Murakami of Japan Deaths Categories: 926 ... The Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain (龙头山古墓群) are a collection of 12 burials for royalty of the Bohai Kingdom. ... The Mausoleum of Princess Zhenxiao (贞孝公主墓) of was made in 793 by the early Bohai Kingdom during the Tang Dynasty, and is a part of the Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain in Jilin. ...

Capitals of Balhae Kingdom

• Tongmu Mountain (Hangul : 동모산 now : Dunhua)
• (Hangul : 구국/영승)
• Zhongjing (Hangul : 중경 now :서고성) from 742 - 755
• Shangjing (Hangul : 상경 / 발해진) from 755 - 785
• Dongjing (Hangul : 동경 now : Hunchun) from 785 - 794
• Shangjing (Hangul : 상경 / 발해진) from 794 - 926

See also

• History of Korea
• Ethnic groups in Chinese history
• Provinces of Balhae Kingdom

This article is about the history of Korea. ... Any non clear-cut connection is denoted by a question mark (?) beside the equivalences. ...

External links

• Britannica Concise Encyclopedia article on Balhae/Bohai)