Bolivia

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The Bolivian Socialist Falange (Spanish: Falange Socialista Boliviana) was a Bolivian party established in the year 1937. Of right-of-center persuasion, it was the country's second-largest party between approximately 1954 and 1974. After that, its followers have tended to graviate toward the officialist military candidacy of General Juan Pereda (1978) and, especially, toward the ADN party of former dictator Hugo Banzer. The President of Bolivia is the head of state of Bolivia. ... Juan Evo Morales Ayma (born October 26, 1959 in Orinoca, Oruro), popularly known as Evo (IPA: ), is the President of Bolivia, and has claimed to be the countrys first indigenous head of state since the Spanish Conquest over 470 years ago. ... This is a list of Vice Presidents of Bolivia. ... Álvaro García Linera Foto:Marcello Casal Jr/ABr Álvaro Marcelo García Linera (October 19, 1962) is a Bolivian politician. ... The National Congress (Spanish: Congreso Nacional) is the national legislature of Bolivia, based in the capital of La Paz. ... The National Congress (Spanish: Congreso Nacional) is the national legislature of Bolivia, based in the nations capital, La Paz. ... The National Congress (Spanish: Congreso Nacional) is the national legislature of Bolivia, based in the capital of La Paz. ... This article lists political parties in Bolivia. ... Politics of Bolivia Categories: Election related stubs | Elections in Bolivia ... The 2005 Bolivian presidential election was held on December 18, 2005. ... The 2005 Bolivian legislative election was held simultaneously with the presidential election on 18 December 2005. ... Bolivia is divided into nine departments (Spanish: departamentos). ... Human Rights in Bolivia Bolivia is in accord with general human rights standards. ... The Bolivian Gas War was a social conflict in Bolivia centering around the exploitation of the countrys vast natural gas reserves. ... The Bolivia natural gas protests in early 2005 are in many ways a continuation of the 2003 Bolivia Gas War, and some refer to the 2005 protests as a Second Bolivian Gas War. ... Bolivia traditionally has maintained normal diplomatic relations with all hemispheric states except Chile. ... In 1998 the World Bank and International Monetary Fund awarded Bolivia a debt relief package worth US$760 million [1]. Bolivia has also received relief under the World Bank’s Heavily Indebted Poor Countries program, which, if Bolivia meets all checkpoints, will total US$1. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Juan Pereda Asbún (1931) is a former military general and de facto president of Bolivia (1978). ... Hugo Banzer Suárez (May 10, 1926 – May 5, 2002) was a conservative politician, military general, and dictator from Bolivia. ...

Foundation and early development

Founded in Chile by a group of exiles (chief among which was Oscar Unzaga de la Vega), the FSB initially drew its inspiration from Spanish falangism. Indeed, in those early years it came close to espousing a Fascist agenda, in the style of Spain's Francisco Franco and Italy's Benito Mussolini. It was reformist, however, in that it advocated major transformations to the existing (largely oligarchic) social and political order. This brought it more into the sphere of other "revolutionary" movements such as the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement of Víctor Paz Estenssoro, which would come to power after unleashing the 1952 Revolution . In fact, FSB was at first brought into the MNR coalition at the outbreak of that massive revolt, but backed out at the last moment. A rather minor movement during the 1940s, the "Falange" began to attract major support from former landowners and other members of the Bolivian elite after the triumph of the 1952 Revolution, becoming the ruling MNR's main opposition party. FSB's growing popularity coincided, in particular, with a period of high inflation in the country under the Siles Zuazo presidency (1952-56), and included many well-to-do university students. The movement was based on a cell system and so became stronger in some specific areas, notably in La Paz and Santa Cruz, although attempts to win over the peasantry in Cochabamba proved fruitless and damaged the party's growth. FSB was repressed by the ruling MNR party, with many of its members jailed, exiled, and even murdered for "conspiring to overthrow the revolutionary order. The Falange (or Phalange) is the name assigned to several political movements and parties dating from the 1930s, most particularly the original movement in Spain. ... Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo (4 December 1892 – 20 November or possibly 19 November[1] 1975), abbreviated “Francisco Franco y Bahamonde” and commonly known as “Generalísimo Francisco Franco” (pron. ... Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (July 29, 1883 – April 28, 1945) was the prime minister and dictator of Italy from 1922 until 1943, when he was overthrown from power. ... MNR logo The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (Spanish: Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario) is a political party in Bolivia. ... Ángel Víctor Paz Estenssoro (October 7, 1907 - June 7, 2001) was a politician from Bolivia. ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... La Paz (NASA aerial view) Central La Paz Panoramic sight of the city of La Paz La Paz or Chuquiyapu (chuqui, gold, yapu, farm) is the administrative capital of Bolivia, as well as the departmental capital of La Paz Department. ... Santa Cruz de La Sierra, commonly known as simply Santa Cruz, is, with a population of roughly 1. ... The centre of Cochabamba Cochabamba is a city in central Bolivia, located in a valley bearing the same name in the Andes mountain range. ...

Ideology

Ideologically, the party's stance evolved from an adherence to Spanish falangism to a more moderate form of statism. Perhaps inspired by the efforts of the ruling MNR at perpetuating itself in power in the manner of Mexico's PRI party, FSB, too, sought the creation of a strong single-party state, with the Army and the Church held up as the two great pillars of Bolivian society. In the 1950s, the Falange adopted a strong anti-communist stance, with its leaders being particularly critical of Cuba;s Fidel Castro following his emergence. Alongside this, however, FSB portrayed itself as being nationalist and anti-imperialist. The Falange (or Phalange) is the name assigned to several political movements and parties dating from the 1930s, most particularly the original movement in Spain. ... States in which a single party is constitutionally linked to power are coloured in brown. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require rewriting and/or reformatting. ... The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see Terminology below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins and sees itself as the same Church founded by Jesus of Nazareth and maintained through Apostolic Succession from the Twelve... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born on August 13, 1926) is the current President of Cuba but on indefinite medical hiatus. ...

Electoral performance

The party supported the candidacy of the war hero General Bernardino Bilbao Rioja in the 1951 Presidential elections. Bilbao secured a respectable 11% of the vote, and he would later return as a candidate. Oscar Unzaga, however, remained the party's undisputed leader, and it was he who led FSB's 1956 presidential ticket. He garnished 15% of the vote in an election that many considered suspect due to massive state support for the officialist candidate, Hernán Siles Zuazo. FSB lost momentum after the 1959 assassination of its maximum leader and founder, Oscar Unzaga, at the hands of the state's security apparatus. FSB was at this point strongly suppressed politically, and new parties began to appeal to similar sections of society. The party's vote share fell to 8% in the 1960 elections partly as a result, although no one can be sure that this is indeed the percentage that they obtained. 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ... Hernán Siles Zuazo (1914-1996) was a politician from Bolivia. ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ...

Later development

Following the death of Unzaga, the mainstream of the FSB came under the leadership of Mario Gutiérrez. the party's candidate in the 1960 elections. Following the return of the military to power in the aftermath of the 1964 coup d'etat, it was the MNR's turn to be repressed, and FSB's fortunes seemed to be on the rise again. This was an illusion, however, as the ruling military establishment was not about to be displaced. Presenting once again the venerable Gen. Bilbao Rioja as its candidate in the 1966 elections, FSB was soundly defeated by yet another officialist candidate: the popular General Barrientos, who had led the 1964 anti-MNR revolt. Bolivia did not have another election until the late 1970s. With its leadership back in the hands of Mario Gutiérrez, FSB supported (as did the MNR) the 1971 military coup that brought to power General Hugo Banzer. Indeed, Gutiérrez served banzer as his Minister of Foreign Relations for many years. At this point FSB shifted its position somewhat, becoming more of a pro-military conservative party. Its ranks were further diluted when various factions split off from it in the aftermath of the Banzer dictatorship and the electoral upheavals of the 1978-80 period. Ultimately the main body of the FSB was absorbed into the conservative Nationalist Democratic Action (founded by Banzer himself), with a minor group continuing as the Falange Neounzaguista. Hugo Banzer Suárez (May 10, 1926 – May 5, 2002) was a conservative politician, military general, and dictator from Bolivia. ... Conservatism is a political philosophy that generally favors free markets, traditional values and strong foreign defense. ... ADN logo Nationalist Democratic Action (in Spanish: Acción Democrática Nacionalista) is a right-wing party in Bolivia led by Jorge Quiroga. ... Falange Neounzaguista is a minor Bolivian falangist movement that seeks to continue in the vein of the Bolivian Socialist Falange of Oscar Unzaga. ...

References

• Bernard, Jean-Pierre, "Bolivia", in J-P Bernard, S Cerqueira, H Neira, H Graillot, L F Manigat & P Gilhodès. 1973. Guide to the Political Parties of South America
• Laqueur, Walter. 1976. Fascism: A Reader's Guide