The bombing of Gernika was an aerial attack on April 26, 1937, during the Spanish Civil War by the German Luftwaffe squadron known as the Condor Legion against the Basque city of Gernika (Spanish: Guernica). It was, at the time, the largest aerial bombardment of a town. Combatants Spanish Republic CNT-FAI UGT POUM Soviet Union International Brigades Spanish State Falangists Carlists Fascist Italy Nazi Germany Commanders Manuel Azaña Francisco Largo Caballero Juan Negrín Francisco Franco Casualties Civilians killed/wounded = hundreds of thousands The Spanish Civil War, which lasted from July 17, 1936 to April... Combatants Second Spanish Republic Nationalist Spain Commanders Cándido Cabello José Moscardó Ituarte Strength 8,000 militia 1,028 regulars and militia Casualties Unknown 65 dead 438 wounded 22 missing The Siege of the Alcázar was a highly symbolic battle in the opening stages of the Spanish Civil War. ... Combatants Second Spanish Republic Nationalist Spain Commanders Manuel Otero Antonio Pinilla † Strength Unknown 180 regulars and militia Casualties Unknown 180 dead or wounded The Siege of Gijón took place in the Spanish Civil War between July 19 and August 16, 1936. ... Combatants Second Spanish Republic Nationalist Spain Commanders Unknown Carlos Asensio Heli Rolando de Tella Strength 2,600 militia 1,000 regulars Casualties Unknown Unknown The Battle of Mérida was contested early in the Spanish Civil War when Republican militia twice attempted to halt the Army of Africa near the... Combatants Second Spanish Republic Nationalist Spain Commanders Alberto Bayo Manuel Uribarri García Ruiz Strength 8,000 militia 10 guns 3,500 regulars and militia Casualties Unknown Unknown The Battle of Mallorca, known as the Mallorca Landings in Spanish (optimistically called the Reconquest of Mallorca by the Republicans) was a... Combatants Second Spanish Republic Nationalist Spain Commanders Ildefonso Puigdendolas Juan Yagüe Carlos Asensio Antonio Castejón Strength 5,000 militia 2,250 regulars 750 Moroccan regulares 30 guns Casualties 4,500 dead, wounded, or captured 2,000 dead or wounded The Battle of Badajoz was one of the first... Combatants Second Spanish Republic Nationalist Spain Commanders Manuel Riquelme André Malraux Juan Yagüe Carlos Asensio Antonio Castejón Heli Rolando de Tella Strength 9,000 regulars and militia 4,000 regulars Casualties Unknown Unknown The Battle of the Sierra Guadalupe (English: Guadalupe Mountains), also the Tagus Campaign, was a... Combatants Second Spanish Republic Nationalist Spain Commanders Mario Angeloni † Unknown Strength Unknown 500 regulars Casualties Unknown Unknown The Battle of Monte Pelato (Bald Mountain) was an engagement of the Spanish Civil War fought on 28 August 1936. ... Combatants Second Spanish Republic Nationalist Spain Commanders Manuel Riquelme Juan Yagüe Strength 10,000 regulars and militia 3,500 regulars Casualties 500 dead 1,000 captured 1,000 dead or wounded The Battle of Talavera de la Reina was fought on September 3, 1936 in the Spanish Civil War. ... Combatants Second Spanish Republic Nationalist Spain Commanders Unknown Francisco Moreno Strength 3 destroyers 2 heavy cruisers Casualties 1 ship sunk 1 ship damaged Unknown The Battle of Cape Espartel was a naval battle of the Spanish Civil War that broke the Republican blockade of the Strait of Gibraltar, securing the... Madrid during the Civil War The Siege of Madrid was a three year siege of the Spanish capital Madrid, during the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939. ... The Battle of the Corunna Road was a battle of the Spanish Civil War from 13 December 1936 to 15 January 1937, north west of Madrid. ... Combatants Second Spanish Republic Nationalist Spain Commanders José Villalba Lacorte Queipo de Llano Mario Roatta Strength 40,000 militia 10,000 Moors 5,000 Requetés 5,000 Italians Casualties Unknown Unknown The Battle of Málaga was the culmination of an offensive in early 1937 by the combined Nationalist... The Battle of Jarama was a battle of the Spanish Civil War in Febrary 1937. ... The Guadalajara Offensive (8 March – 23 March 1937) was an engagement in the Spanish Civil War. ... People in destroyed Guernica. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Combatants Second Spanish Republic Nationalist Spain Commanders Mariano Gamir Ulibarri Fidel Dávila Arrondo Strength 80,000 infantry 90,000 infantry 126 guns 220 aircraft Casualties 60,000 dead, wounded, or captured Unknown The Battle of Santander was fought over the summer of 1937 in the Spanish Civil War. ... Combatants Second Spanish Republic Nationalist Spain Commanders Enrique Líster Alfonso Trallero † Strength 80,000 infantry 105 tanks 90 aircraft 7,000 infantry Casualties Unknown Unknown Battle of Belchite was a group of military operations that took place in the Spanish Civil War between august 24 and september 7, 1937... Battle of El Mazuco Conflict Spanish Civil War Date 1937 Place El Mazuco, near Llanes Result Nationalist victory; leading to the fall of Asturias The Battle of El Mazuco was fought in September 1937, between the Republican (government) and Nationalist (rebel) armies of the Spanish Civil War. ... Combatants Second Spanish Republic Nationalist Spain Commanders Unknown Unknown Strength 2 cruisers 4 destroyers 1 heavy cruiser Casualties Unknown 1 ship damaged The Battle of Cape Cherchell was a sea battle between the Nationalist heavy cruiser Baleares and the Republican light cruisers Libertad and Méndez Núñez in the... A Republican soldier seeks cover on the Plaza de Toros in Teruel, north-east of Madrid The battle of Teruel was fought in and around the city of Teruel in the Spanish Civil War in December 1937-February 1938. ... The Battle of Cape Palos, also known as the Second Battle of Cape Palos, was the biggest naval battle of the Spanish Civil War, fought on the night of March 5 - 6 1938, 70 miles east of Cape Palos near Cartagena, Spain. ... The Battle of the Ebro was the last great offensive of the Spanish Republicans in the Spanish civil war. ... This article covers the Spanish Civil War in 1936. ... This article covers the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) during 1937. ... This article covers the Spanish Civil War in the period from the start of 1938 to the end of 1939. ... The remains of German town of Wesel after intensive Allied area bombing in 1945 (destruction rate 98 % of all buildings) // Strategic bombing is a military strategy used in a total war style campaign that attempts to destroy the economic ability of a nation-state to wage war. ... April 26 is the 116th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (117th in leap years). ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Combatants Spanish Republic CNT-FAI UGT POUM Soviet Union International Brigades Spanish State Falangists Carlists Fascist Italy Nazi Germany Commanders Manuel Azaña Francisco Largo Caballero Juan Negrín Francisco Franco Casualties Civilians killed/wounded = hundreds of thousands The Spanish Civil War, which lasted from July 17, 1936 to April... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Hermann Göring delivering an honour (likely to be the Spanienkreuz, Spanish Cross) to a member of the Legion Condor (April 1939) The Condor Legion was a unit of Nazi Germanys air force which was sent as volunteers to support the right wing Nationalists (i. ... Location of Historical Territory of the Basque Country The Ikurriña, Basque Country flag The Lauburu, Basque Country symbol This article is about the overall Basque domain. ... Gernika (pronounced in IPA: ; officially Gernika-Lumo, because of the union with Lumo; in Spanish Guernica and Guernica y Luno) is a small city in the Spanish Basque Country. ...

Gernika

Even before the bombardment, Gernika was a place of great significance to the Basque people. The Biscayne assembly traditionally met there under an oak tree, the Gernikako Arbola. In more recent years, the assembly had met in the Casa de Juntas, a neoclassical building next to the oak tree, which also housed the most important historical archive of the Basque Country. Vizcaya province Vizcaya (Basque Bizkaia) is a province of northern Spain, in the northwestern part of the autonomous community of the Basque Country. ... Species See List of Quercus species The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of several hundred species of trees and shrubs in the genus Quercus, and some related genera, notably Cyclobalanopsis and Lithocarpus. ... The tree with the temple in the back and the hermitage to the left. ... Location of Historical Territory of the Basque Country The Ikurriña, Basque Country flag The Lauburu, Basque Country symbol This article is about the overall Basque domain. ...

At the time of the attack the town had a nominal population of about 5,000. There were, however, a much larger number of people in the town on the day of the attack; there were undoubtedly numerous war refugees present in the town. The day of the attack was a Monday (a market day then as now), which would have meant that there would also have been many people from the surrounding areas. However there is still debate over this situation. One group argues that there was no market because the Basque government had ordered markets to stop since it endangered the civilian population and Gudaris to the block the roads. The other group argues that the government had issued the act forbidding markets at a moment when not everyone received it on time and still went and that the Gudaris only blocked main roads when the majority of people used rural roads paths. Despite the arguments the compromise decision was that 'it would have been a market day'. (Larrazabal 2005) Euzko Gudarostea (modern spelling: Eusko Gudarostea, Basque army) was the name of the army commanded by the government of the Basque Autonomous Community during the Spanish civil war. ...

At the time, the town was about 15 kilometers behind the Republican lines and, before that date, it had not been directly involved in the war and was probably considered a safe place to be. However, at the time of the attack the town had no air defenses because of the recent losses of the Republican air force.

The first five waves of bombardment

The bombing was a sequence of attacks by German and Italian forces, the first joint military operation between Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. They came so rapidly that from the ground the impression was of almost continuous bombardment over a period of hours. Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, refers to the right-wing authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ...

The first attack came about 16:30. A twin-engined Dornier Do 17, coming from the south, dropped approximately twelve 50-kilogram bombs over the town. People did their best to take cover or to flee for farmhouses and woods on the outskirts. The Dornier Do 17, sometimes referred to as the Bleistift (pencil), was a World War II light bomber produced by Dornier that was used at the beginning of the war by the Luftwaffe. ...

Gernika burning.

On its flight back to base, the Do 17 passed an Italian patrol of three Savoia-Marchetti SM.79s that had left Soria at 15:30, headed on a mission, according to their orders, to "bomb the road and bridge to the east of Guernica, in order to block the enemy retreat". Their orders clearly said not to bomb the town itself. According to César Vidal, in his book La Destrucción de Guernica (The Destruction of Gernika): "the Italians had been trying for some time to obtain… a separate peace agreement with the Basque nationalists", and were not inclined to jeopardize that effort. [1] During a single one-minute pass over the town, from north to south, the Italian planes dropped thirty-six 50-kilogram bombs. Download high resolution version (1065x650, 62 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Download high resolution version (1065x650, 62 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... The Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 Sparviero (Italian: sparrowhawk) was important Italian bomber of World War II. The three engine airplane was well made, and performed well both as a torpedo and medium bomber. ... Soria is a city in north-central Spain, the capital of the province of Soria in the autonomous community of Castile-Leon. ...

At this point (again, according to Vidal), the damage to the town was "relatively limited… confined to a few buildings", including the three-story headquarters of the Izquierda Republicana ("Republican Left" political party) and the church of San Juan. Izquierda Republicana is a Spanish political party. ...

Three more aerial attacks occurred between then and 18:00. The third wave consisted of a Heinkel He 111 escorted by five Italian Fiats under the command of Corrado "Rocca" Ricci; the fourth and fifth waves were each by German twin-engined planes. He 111K The Heinkel He 111 was the primary Luftwaffe medium bomber during the early stages of World War II, and is perhaps the most famous symbol of the German side of the Battle of Britain. ... Fiat Punto FIAT Group, or Fiat S.p. ...

At this time, eleven planes had attacked the town and its surroundings. Vidal notes: "If the aerial attacks had stopped at that moment, for a town that until then had maintained its distance from the convulsions of war, it would have been a totally disproportionate and insufferable punishment. However, the biggest operation was yet to come."

The Condor Legion attacks

Destroyed blocks in Gernika

Earlier, around noon that day, the triple-engined Junkers Ju 52s of the Condor Legion had carried out a devastating mission against the smaller town of Gerrikaraiz. They returned to their base to reload armaments and to eat their lunch, then headed to attack Gernika. The 3^rd Squadron set out with a cargo of heavy 250 and 50 kg bombs and 1 kg incendiaries, the latter forming a third of the payload. It is conjectured that the other two squadrons carried similar cargoes. The attack would run from north to south, coming from the Bay of Biscay and up the course of the Urdaibai estuary. Download high resolution version (1065x777, 115 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Download high resolution version (1065x777, 115 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... The Junkers Ju 52 nicknamed Tante Ju (Auntie Ju) and Iron Annie was a civilian airliner and military transport aircraft and bomber manufactured between 1932 and 1945 by Junkers. ... Hermann Göring delivering an honour (likely to be the Spanienkreuz, Spanish Cross) to a member of the Legion Condor (April 1939) The Condor Legion was a unit of Nazi Germanys air force which was sent as volunteers to support the right wing Nationalists (i. ... Map of the Bay of Biscay. ... The estuary of Urdaibai. ...

The 1^st and 2^nd Squadrons of the Condor Legion took off at about 16:30, with the 3^rd Squadron taking off from Burgos a few minutes later. They were escorted from Vitoria by a Fiat squadron and by the Messerschmitt Bf 109Bs of the Lutzow squadron, for a total of twenty-nine planes, in addition to the eleven involved in the earlier attacks. The cathedral Our Lady of Burgos. ... Vitoria (population: 224,965 (2004 est), is the capital city of the province of Álava and of the Comunidad Vasca Spanish autonomous region, though it is the second city of the region by population. ... The Messerschmitt Bf 109 was a World War II fighter aircraft designed by Willy Messerschmitt in the early 1930s. ...

From 18:30 to 18:45, each of the three German squadrons attacked in a formation three Ju 52s abreast, resulting in an attack front of about 150 meters. Meanwhile, and continuing for about a quarter-hour after the bombing, the Bf 109Bs and the Heinkel He 51s strafed civilians on the roads out of town.
The Heinkel He 51 was a single-seat biplane which was produced in a number of different versions. ...

Consequences of the attack

Italian troops entering destroyed Gernika.

The attacks created a firestorm and destroyed nearly the entire town. Three quarters of the city's buildings were completely destroyed, and most others were damaged. Among the few buildings spared were the arms factories of Unceta and Company and Talleres de Guernica and the Assembly House (Casa de Juntas) and the Oak. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (944x619, 83 KB) This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years or less. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (944x619, 83 KB) This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years or less. ... A firestorm in Hamburg (Germany) during WWII A firestorm is the mass movement of air resulting from fire, creating a fire of extreme intensity over a wide area. ... The tree with the temple in the back and the hermitage to the left. ...

There are no generally accepted official figures as to the number of casualties. The Nationalists, who took the town three days later, gave a patently false description of the events (claiming that the destruction had been caused by Republicans burning the town as they fled) and seem to have made no effort to establish an accurate number. At an extreme low, the Franquista newspaper Arriba claimed on January 30, 1970 that there had only been twelve deaths. The consensus stands close to the 1,650 dead and 889 wounded that the Basque government of the time gave as minimum numbers. (Brey 1977) The dead appear to have been mostly the elderly, women, and children.^{[citation needed]} The most recent study, made by several academics, have estimated the deaths between 250 and 300. Figure espoused by academic centres and governments.(Larrazabal.2005)

Motivation of the attack

The Condor Legion was assigned aerial missions throughout Spain, as Nazi Germany's prime contribution to Francisco Franco's forces. It would appear that the motivation of this particular attack was simply to terrorize the civilian population and to demoralize the Republican side. Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Franco redirects here. ...

Secular school books burned after the advance of Francoist troops.

For the Luftwaffe, the bombardment was a test of what it would take to completely destroy a city. In a sense Guernica was an experiment that would come to fruition in the bombing raids of World War II. At the Nuremberg Trials, the then-marshall of the Luftwaffe, Hermann Göring declared: "The Spanish Civil War gave me an opportunity to put my young air force to the test, and a means for my men to gain experience." Download high resolution version (1012x784, 68 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Download high resolution version (1012x784, 68 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead... The Süddeutsche Zeitung announces The Verdict in Nuremberg. ... Hermann Göring. ...

In addition, the bombing occurred shortly after the capture and lynching of a German pilot who had been downed at Bilbao. The attack had raised the anger of his colleagues. Lynch mob redirects here. ... La Muy Noble y Muy Leal e Invicta (The most noble and most loyal and undefeated) Location Location of Bilbao in Spain and Biscay Coordinates : 43,15° n. ...

The Franquista press claimed that Guernica had been burned by the fleeing Republicans themselves. This had previously occurred in Irun, dynamited as part of a scorched earth strategy; however, various foreign correspondents happened to be present during the attack and witnessed the devastation. They also attested that the firemen of Bilbao were late in arriving and did little once they arrived, aggravating the damage, although César Vidal presents evidence to contradict the latter report and provides an apparently detailed account of the fire-fighting efforts. [2] For the Basque name of Pamplona, see Iruñea. ... A scorched earth policy is a military tactic which involves destroying anything that might be useful to the enemy while advancing through or withdrawing from an area. ... La Muy Noble y Muy Leal e Invicta (The most noble and most loyal and undefeated) Location Location of Bilbao in Spain and Biscay Coordinates : 43,15° n. ...

In his book, César Vidal makes the following points [3] about the motives of the Condor Legion and their commander Wolfram von Richthofen (cousin of the World War One ace, 'Red Baron' Manfred von Richthofen.) Wolfram von Richthofen was a distant cousin of the late Manfred von Richthofen and one of only a few select officers in the Luftwaffe to have attained the highest rank of Generalfeldmarschall. ... Red Baron redirects here. ...

• The lack of a reconnaissance pass before the bombing suggests that the Condor Legion intended the general destruction of the town rather than trying to hit specific military targets. This was in direct contradiction of a January 6, 1937 order from Salamanca (then the rebel capital), signed by the Supreme Commander of the Air Force, mandating reconnaissance in order that air-raids over built-up areas could minimize civilian victims.
• The payload carried by the 3rd Squadron (and the presumably similar payloads of the other two squadrons) consisted of heavy bombs and incendiaries, intended to pulverize and to burn. A precision attack in a populated area would typically have used 10-kilogram bombs, and no incendiaries.
• Twenty-two tons of bombs was, for then, a large quantity for an attack on a town the size of Gernika. Vidal quotes multiple sources to the effect that on the first day of the offensive against Bilbao the units of the Condor Legion together dropped 66 tons of bombs on the front as a whole; he also remarks that the official German account of this part of the war, "The War in the North", stated (in contradiction to the above) that only 7.956 tons of bombs were dropped on Guernica.

Because this assault on Gernika contradicted General Emilio Mola's earlier plans for the pursuit of the war in this region, Vidal argues that von Richthofen must have had either approval from Mola or a direct order from Franco himself. January 6 is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Salamanca: Plaza Mayor Towers of the Old and New Cathedrals Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Salamanca Salamanca (population 160,000) is a city in western Spain, the capital of the province of Salamanca, which belongs to the autonomous community(region) of Castile-Leon(Castilla y León). ... Collateral damage is a U.S. Military term for unintended or incidental damage during a military operation. ... La Muy Noble y Muy Leal e Invicta (The most noble and most loyal and undefeated) Location Location of Bilbao in Spain and Biscay Coordinates : 43,15° n. ... Emilio Mola Vidal (June 9, 1887 – June 3, 1937) Spanish army officer, was one of the leaders of the 1936 army revolt which began the Spanish Civil War. ...

Symbolic importance

Picasso's "Guernica"

The bombardment of Gernika rapidly became a world-renowned symbol of the horrors of war. It inspired one of Pablo Picasso’s most famous paintings, known simply as Guernica. The display of this painting at the Spanish Pavilion during the 1937 World's Fair in Paris both reflected and enhanced the symbolic significance of the event. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (900x522, 86 KB)Source: [1] this art is a depiction of a large dog sex rant look at the bull regurgitating its food for the women. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (900x522, 86 KB)Source: [1] this art is a depiction of a large dog sex rant look at the bull regurgitating its food for the women. ... Young Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso (October 25, 1881 – April 8, 1973) was a Spanish painter and sculptor. ... Guernica is one of the most famous paintings by Pablo Picasso, depicting the consequences of the bombing of Guernica. ... The Soviet pavilion was crowned with a gigantic statue of Labourer and Kolkhoz Woman. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Région ÃŽle-de-France Département Paris (75) Subdivisions 20 arrondissements Mayor Bertrand Delanoë  (PS) (since 2001) City Statistics Land...

The painting was a symbol for Basque nationalism during the Spanish transition to democracy. Today a copy hangs in the lobby of the United Nations Security Council. The Gernika oak is a symbol of Basque freedoms. ... The Spanish transition to democracy or new Bourbon restoration was the era when Spain moved from the dictatorship of Francisco Franco to a liberal democratic state. ... The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is the organ of the United Nations charged with maintaining peace and security among nations. ...

Public Reporting

The extent of the damage, death and destruction in Guernica was first revealed the next day—April 27, 1937—by George Steer, a reporter for The Times, covering the Spanish Civil War. He published the full extent of the carnage and the clear German complicity in the action which was evidenced by three small bomb cases stamped with the German Imperial Eagle. At that time, Germany had officially adopted a neutral position in the Civil War and signed a Non-Intervention Pact but Steer's report revealed this to be false. His Times report was syndicated to the New York Times and then distributed worldwide; it shocked the world and outraged Pablo Picasso. Steer's reports on the horrors of Guernica were greatly appreciated by the local Basque people and Basque authorities who honoured his memory in April 2006—on the 69th Anniversary of the bombing—by naming a street in Gernika after him (Calle George Steer) and unveiling a bronze bust of him with the dedication: "George Steer, journalist, who told the world the story about Guernica." [4]. April 27 is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 248 days remaining. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Times is a national newspaper published daily in the United Kingdom since 1785, and under its current name since 1788. ...

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Bombing of Guernica

In Steer's report, the phrase weapon of mass destruction was first coined. Image File history File links Wikiquote-logo-en. ... Wikiquote is a sister project of Wikipedia, using the same MediaWiki software. ... Weapons of Mass Destruction is also the name of rapper Xzibits 2004 album. ...

References

• Gérard Brey, La destrucción de Guernica, Tiempo de Historia nº 29, April 1977, accessed online 14 September 2006. This appears to be a review of Herbert R. Southworth, La destrucción de Guernica, (Ruedo Ibérico, Paris, 1975).
• Jesus Larrazabal, "El Bombardeo de Guernica", El Mundo, volume 12, October 2005
• Jesus Larrazabal, Guernica, 1990
• Juan Antonio Ramírez, Guernica: la historia y el mito,Electa, Madrid, 1999
• Nicholas Rankin, Telegram From Guernica: The Extraordinary Life of George Steer, War Correspondent (Faber & Faber, London, ISBN 0-571-20563-1)
• George Steer, The Tragedy of Guernica, Times of London, April 27, 1937.
• César Vidal, Chapter 9 of La Destrucción de Guernica, translated into English by Peter Miller. A detailed account of the attack and an (inevitably more subjective) account of its likely motivations. The sections of the article on the timing of the attacks and the particular planes and armaments used draw heavily on this source.

Further reading

• Arias Ramos, Raúl; El Apoyo Militar Alemán a Franco:La Legión Cóndor En La Guera Civil, La Esfera de los Libros, 2003
• Beevor, Antony; The Spanish Civil War, Penguin, 2001
• Carr, Raymond (Introduction; no editor named), Images of the Spanish Civil War, London (Allen & Unwin) 1986; Guernica: see p.116-121.
• Moa, Pío; Los Mitos de la Guerra Civil, La Esfera de los Libros, 2003.
• Preston, Paul, A Concise History of the Spanish Civil War, London (Fontana Press) 1996.