The bombing of Zara (Croatian: Zadar) by the Allies lasted from November 1943 to October 1944 during the Second World War. Zadar (Italian Zara, Latin Iader or Iadera) is a city in Croatia on the Adriatic Sea, with a population of 82 000 (2005). ... The group of countries known as the Allies of World War II consisted of those nations opposed to the Axis Powers during the Second World War. ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... Combatants Allies: Soviet Union United Kingdom United States and others Axis Powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Franklin Roosevelt Joseph Stalin Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000,000 Total dead: 50,000,000 Military dead: 8,000...

Although other large cities in Dalmatia and Italy endured the same destruction in similar operations, Zara's stands out because of the number of attacks (30 documented, while Italian accurate accounts claim 54) and the number of victims (figures vary from less than 1,000 to as many as 4,000, in a city which had a total population of 20,000). Over the course of the bombing 60% of the city's buildings were destroyed, which have led some to theorize about the true cause of the attack. Zara is often called the Dresden of the Adriatic, because of the similarities in the Allied bombing. In both cases a city with no relevant industrial and military targets, but rich of artistic and historical thresaures, were destroied to the ground. Map of Croatia with Dalmatia highlighted Dalmatia (Croatian: Dalmacija Serbian: Далмација) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, in modern Croatia, spreading between the island of Rab in the northwest and the Gulf of Kotor (Boka Kotorska) in the southeast. ... Dresden (Sorbian: Drježdźany; etymologically from Old Sorbian Drežďany, meaning people of the riverside forest) is the capital city of the German Federal State of Saxony and situated in a valley on the River Elbe. ... The Adriatic Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea separating the Apennine peninsula (Italy) from the Balkan peninsula, and the system of the Apennine Mountains from that of the Dinaric Alps and adjacent ranges. ... The bombing of Dresden led by the British Royal Air Force (RAF) and involving the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) between February 13 and February 15, 1945 remains one of the more controversial Allied actions of World War II. Historian Frederick Taylor says: The destruction of Dresden has an...

It was the main event after the Siege of Zara of 1202 by forces of the Fourth Crusade. The Siege of Zara (November 10-November 23, 1203) was the first major action of the Fourth Crusade. ... // Events August 1 - Arthur of Brittany captured in Mirebeau, north of Poitiers Beginning of the Fourth Crusade. ... The Fourth Crusade (1201–1204), originally designed to conquer Jerusalem through an invasion of Egypt, instead, in 1204, invaded and conquered the Eastern Orthodox city of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire. ...

Background

The Italian Enclave of Zara

Zara became part of the Kingdom of Italy as a result of the Treaty of Rapallo of 1920 which settled the status of former Austro-Hungarian territories. It had a large Italian majority^{[citations needed]} and was an Italian enclave in Dalmatia. From the 1920s on more than 8,000 Croats^{[citations needed]} were pressured to leave the city while their place was taken by ethnic Italians resettling there from within Yugoslavian Dalmatia (such as the famous fashion stylist Ottavio Missoni [1], who moved with the family from Dubrovnik). The 1910 census in Austria-Hungary placed the Italians at 69,3 of the population of Zara which consistently rose in the decades that followed. Public functionaries, theachers, policemen were transferrend from the mainland. This is the history of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars. ... The Treaty of Rapallo was a treaty between Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes by which the latter was forced to give up parts of its Slovenian and Croatian territory. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Map of Croatia with Dalmatia highlighted Dalmatia (Croatian: Dalmacija Serbian: Далмација) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, in modern Croatia, spreading between the island of Rab in the northwest and the Gulf of Kotor (Boka Kotorska) in the southeast. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Social issues of the 1920s. ... Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a kingdom in the Balkans which existed from the end of World War I until World War II. It occupied an area made up of the present-day states of Bosnia... County Dubrovnik–Neretva Area 14 335 km² Location Population 43,770 Mayor Dubravka Šuica Stradun, Dubrovniks main street Republic of Ragusa before 1808 The walled city of Dubrovnik Dubrovnik (Croatian with tone marks: Dùbrōvnik, stress on first syllable, IPA [ˈdǔ.bro̞ːʋ.nik], Dalmatian, Latin, Italian, and former...

During this time there was also a significant presence of military personnel.

Up until 1941 the city was surrounded by Italian fortifications, of which the bunker behind Gaženice and in the area of Ploče and Crnog were the most notable. At the same time as preparing a defense from the sea, an attack was planned against the Kingdom of Yugoslavia^{[citations needed]}. For the movie, see 1941 (film) 1941 (MCMXLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1941 calendar). ... Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a kingdom in the Balkans which existed from the end of World War I until World War II. It occupied an area made up of the present-day states of Bosnia...

Zara in the Second World War until the capitulation of Italy (1941-1943)

The Axis powers attacked the Kingdom of Yugoslavia on April 6, 1941. On April 17 the Yugoslavian government surrended. Zara held a force of 9,000 commanded by General Emilio Gilioli that, after bloody fighting, on April 15 reached Sibenik and Split, arriving in Dubrovnik and Mostar on April 17 where they met up with troops that had started out from Albania. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Invasion of Yugoslavia Operation 25 was the german code-name for the so-called April War, the German attack on Yugoslavia on April 6, 1941. ... April 6 is the 96th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (97th in leap years). ... For the movie, see 1941 (film) 1941 (MCMXLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1941 calendar). ... April 17 is the 107th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (108th in leap years). ... April 15 is the 105th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (106th in leap years). ... Šibenik Šibenik (Italian: Sebenico) is a historic town in Croatia, population 52,654 (2001), located in central Dalmatia where the Krka river flows into the Adriatic Sea. ... Split (Italian: Spalato, Latin: Spalatum, Greek: Aspalathos) is the largest and most important city in Dalmatia, the administrative center of Croatias Split-Dalmatia County. ... County Dubrovnik–Neretva Area 14 335 km² Location Population 43,770 Mayor Dubravka Å uica Stradun, Dubrovniks main street Republic of Ragusa before 1808 The walled city of Dubrovnik Dubrovnik (Croatian with tone marks: Dùbrōvnik, stress on first syllable, IPA [ˈdÇ”.bro̞ːʋ.nik], Dalmatian, Latin, Italian, and former... Mostar (Мостар) is a city in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the center of the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of the Federation. ... April 17 is the 107th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (108th in leap years). ...

It is little known that on April 8 the Yugoslavian air force bombed Zara. Although it resulted in some damage, it cannot be compared to the bombing that the city would endure two years later. The civilians has been previosly evacuated towards Ancona and Pola (Croatian Pula) . The Treaty of Rome in 1941 between the newly-formed pro-Axis Independent State of Croatia (NDH) and Italy handed over a large part of northern Dalmatia to Italy including the cities of Split and Knin. April 8 is the 98th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (99th in leap years). ... Ancona is a city and a seaport in the Marche, a region of northeastern Italy, population 100,507 (2001). ... In user interface design, programming language design, and ergonomics, the principle (or rule) of least astonishment (or surprise) states that, when two elements of an interface conflict or are ambiguous, the behaviour should be that which will least surprise the human user or programmer at the time the conflict arises... Pula (Croatian, Istriot and German Pula, Italian Pola, Slovenian Pulj) is the largest city in Istria, Croatia, at the southern tip of that peninsula, with a population of 59,080 (2005). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Knin is a historical town in the Šibenik-Knin county of Croatia, located near the source of the river Krka at , , in the Dalmatian hinterland, on the railroad Zagreb–Split. ...

Capitulation of Italy

After Mussolini was removed from power, the new government of Pietro Badoglio declared an armistice on September 8, 1943; Italian army collapsed. The NDH took advantage of this chaotic situation, by proclaiming the Treaty of Rome to be void and occupying Italian Dalmatia with the support of the Germans. However, Germans entered Zara first, and on September 10 the German 114 Infantry Division took over. This avoided an occupation by Partisans, as happened in Split and Šibenik, where several ethnic Italian civilians were executed. The city was prevented from joining the NDH on the grounds that Zara itself was not subject to the conditions of the Treaty of Rome whether it was void or not. Despite this the NDH's leader Ante Pavelić designated Zara as the capital of the Sidraga-Ravni Kotari County; although its prefect was prevented from entering the city. Zara remained under local Italian administration with German military protection. It was in this unsure climate that the Allied bombing began. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (July 29, 1883 – April 28, 1945) led Italy from 1922 to 1943. ... Pietro Badoglio (September 28, 1871 - November 1, 1956) was an Italian soldier and politician. ... The Armistice with Italy is an armistice that occurred on September 8, 1943, during World War II. It was signed by Italy and the Allied armed forces, who were occupying the southern half of the country at the time. ... September 8 is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years). ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ... September 10 is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years). ... Split (Italian: Spalato, Latin: Spalatum, Greek: Aspalathos) is the largest and most important city in Dalmatia, the administrative center of Croatias Split-Dalmatia County. ... Å ibenik Å ibenik (German: Sibenning, Italian: Sebenico) is an historic town in Croatia, population 51,553 (2001). ... Ante Pavelić Ante Pavelić (July 14, 1889 - December 28, 1959) was the leader and founding member of the fascist Croatian Ustasha movement in the 1930s and later the leader of the so-called Independent State of Croatia. ... A prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere, to make in front, i. ...

The bombing of Zara

The first large Allied aerial attack on Zara was carried out on November 2, 1943 by the USAAF 12th Air Force, during which an orphanage was destroyed, among other buildings. Larger attacks followed on November 28 in which 200 people were killed, and on December 16 and December 30. The first attacks marked many civilian casualties but the city continued to function despite the damage. The attack on the 16th was especially harsh, as the shelters at Cereria (now Voštarnica) and at the city's centre were hit. Between 150 to 200 people died during those attacks. Fifty American B-25 medium bombers participated in the strikes, dropping 90 tonnes of bombs. November 2 is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 59 days remaining. ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ... Twelfth Air Force is a Numbered Air Force in Air Combat Command (ACC). ... November 28 is the 332nd day (333rd on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... December 16 is the 350th day of the year (351st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... December 30 is the 364th day of the year (365th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 1 day remaining. ... The North American B-25 Mitchell (North American NA-62) was an American twin-engined medium bomber manufactured by North American Aviation. ...

Besides these main attacks, the city was bombed to a lesser degree apart on other days. Through the use of carpet bombing, entire neighborhood blocks were destroyed. The city centre was hardest hit, especially around the Forum and Calle Larga (Croatian: Kalelarga street) where no buildings were spared. As with other cases of urban bombings the damage was not caused by the initial explosions but the resulting fires, turning the city into a pile of skeletons of burnt-out houses. Each attack targeted a specific part of the city. On the 16th, the area from the Church of Our Lady of Good Health to across the Calle Larga to the Piazza delle Erbe (today's People's Square) was targeted, while on the 30th the area from the Riva Nova waterfront to Giuseppe Verdi Theatre was attacked. On December 31 the city hospital and the majority of the industrial machinery was destroyed. The Luxardo factory [2] (manufacturer of the famous Maraschino cherry liquer) was set on fire and burned for three days. The phrases area bombing and carpet bombing refer to the use of very large numbers of unguided gravity bombs, often with high proportion of incendiary bombs, to attempt the complete destruction of a target region, either to destroy personnel and materiel, or as a means to demoralize the enemy (see... December 31 is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Maraschino is a bittersweet, clear liqueur flavored with marasca cherries, which are grown in northern Italy (near Trieste), Croatia, and Slovenia. ...

Attacks which completely ravaged Zara followed from January to March 1944. On 16 January 1944 Liberator heavy bombers attacked Zara losing one bomber but claiming 9 Luftwaffe fighters.[3] However, the number of casualties was much less because the population rendered homeless escaped to less damaged outskirts (Arbanasi and Stanovi) as well as Zara's islands. It is estimated that in the spring of 1944 there were fewer than 4,000 civilians left in the city including the suburbs ^{[citations needed]}. Even though the industrial plants and piers were crippled, so that the Germans were forced to form a port in Zaton near Nin and Ražanac, bombing continued throughout of 1944. By the summer the center of Zara had practically ceased to exist. The majority of houses were completely destroyed and their ruins buried the streets. The city was desolate. The period from June to the beginning of October were not marked by any large attacks, but they came in the middle of October as German forces abandoned the city. The worst attacks came on the 25th and 30th of that month when the areas of Borgo Erizzo (Brodarica), Jazina and Riva Nova waterfront were hit. The last attacks came on the 31st on the same day that the forces of the Yugoslav Partisans entered Zara. It is presumed that the attack was an accident as some of the Partisans were killed in the attack. Several summary executions, even of civilians, were performed by the Partisans. Among them, three of the four Luxardo brothers (owners of the Maraschino factory) were murdered. Nicolò Luxardo, as many others, was thrown alive into the sea with a stone tied to his neck, in front of the wife that was executed immediately later, with a shot in the head. The most of surviving people left the city some time later. January 16 is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Royal Canadian Air Force B-24 Liberator A B-24 Liberator photographed from above while in flight The Consolidated B-24 Liberator was produced in greater numbers than any other American combat aircraft, and was used by most of the Allied air forces in World War II. Designed as a... The Deutsche Luftwaffe or (German: air force, literally Air Arm or Air Weapon, IPA: [luftvafÉ™]) is the commonly used term for the German air force. ... Zaton is a village on the coast of the Zaton Bay in Croatia, on the Dubrovnik Riviera, 8 km northwest of Dubrovnik, next to village of OraÅ¡ac. ... Coat of arms Statue of Gregory of Nin, in Split, Croatia, by Ivan MeÅ¡trović, 1929. ... The Rebellion The Yugoslav Partisans were the main resistance movement engaged in the fight against the Axis forces in the Balkans during World War II. // Origins The Yugoslav Partisans went under the official name of Peoples Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia (Narodno-oslobodilačka vojska i partizanski... Maraschino is a bittersweet, clear liqueur flavored with marasca cherries, which are grown in northern Italy (near Trieste), Croatia, and Slovenia. ...

Destruction and the number of casualties

The result of the bombing was the drastic change of the appearance of Zara. It is difficult to imagine that the Zara peninsula before this was one of the more built-up than other large coastal cities such as Split and Trogir. It is clear that the Allied attcks were the main cause of this, but the importance of the postwar restoration cannot be forgotten either. Split (Italian: Spalato, Latin: Spalatum, Greek: Aspalathos) is the largest and most important city in Dalmatia, the administrative center of Croatias Split-Dalmatia County. ... Coat of arms Trogir (Italian Traù, Latin Tragurium, Greek Tragurion) is a historic town and harbour at the Adriatic coast in Croatia, in Split-Dalmatia county, 27 km west of Split, with population 10,907 (2001), total municipality population 13,322 (2001), geographically located at 43°31′N 16°16...

In the bombing the greater part of core of the city was destroyed, including the entire Riva Nova with its 12 Austro-Hungarian palaces, its post office and neighborhood blocks around the Forum, the Calle Larga, the school near the Church of St. Chrysogonus, the churches of St. Mary, Our Lady of Health and the baptistry of the Cathedral of St. Anastasia. None of this, apart from the churches, was restored. Many buildings which burnt in the war were not rebuilt, but demolished, with their stone being reused in the rebuilding of the coastline and roads. A well-known example of this was the city theatre Teatro Verdi which was only slightly damaged, but was plundered by communist forces and destroyed. War and postwar damage occurred mostly in the western part of the peninsula, where the government offices and piers were located. The eastern part (the present Varoš), was one of the areas where the prewar appearance was retained. Small-town post office and town hall in Lockhart, Alabama A post office is a facility (in most countries, a government one) where the public can purchase postage stamps for mailing correspondence or merchandise, and also drop off or pick up packages or other special-delivery items. ...

Apart from the destruction caused by the Allies, the withdrawing Germans mined the Riva Nova slowing down postwar recovery as well as casualty counts. Exact numbers will likely never be known, as Zara saw a great deal of population change.

The local population moved out, replaced by South Slavic, mostly Croatian, settlers, and the number of military personnel is undetermined. The expression Istrian exodus or Istrian-dalmatian exodus is used to indicate the diaspora of ethnic Italians from Istria, Fiume and Zara lands, who were under Italian rule since World War I according to the Treaty of Rapallo of 1920 and were assigned to Yugoslavia by the Paris Peace Treaty... This article or section should be merged with List of South Slavic languages South Slavic languages is one of the three groups of Slavic languages (besides West and East Slavic). ...

After the war, the number of casualties became a political question, especially within the community of Italians who left the city for Italy. They placed the number at 3,000-4,000 deaths, claiming that a genocide was carried out on them. Most sources place the count at 1,000 deaths, as a big part of the population escaped after the first attacks in fall and winter on 1943 ^{[citations needed]}. Even this count would be the highest of any city in Dalmatia.

Controversy

The bombing remains controversial because the reasons are disputed.

Some Croatian sources point to the difference between Zara and other Dalmatian ports for the severity of the bombing. Zara, situated on a peninsula, was surrounded by port facilities and as a result the city center was surrounded by potential targets. Zara was also located on the flight route of Allied planes flying from southern Italy to targets in central Europe.

Italians claim that the city was destroyed for political reasons; the city had no military relevance and it was bombed because of incorrect information that was supplied to the Allies by Marshal Tito's partisans. Their intention was to clear the only remaining Italian enclave in Dalmatia. Josip Broz Tito (May 7, 1892 - May 4, 1980) was the ruler of Yugoslavia between the end of World War II and his death in 1980. ...

See also

• Bombing of Dresden
• Bombing of Prague

The bombing of Dresden in World War II by the Allies remains controversial after more than 50 years. ... Bombing of Prague was a controversial event during the end of World War II (On February 14, 1945) when American Air Force carried out an air raid over Prague. ...

Austrian census for the city of Zara

Just the city without the countryside:

• 1890: Serbocroat 2652 (24,6%), Italian 7423 (68,7%), German, others 164, sum 10800
• 1900: Serbocroat 2551 (20,7%), Italian 9018 (73,3%), German 582, others 150, sum 12300
• 1910: Serbocroat 3532 (26,3%), Italian 9318 (69,3%), German 397, others 191, sum 13438

The results of those census are disputed.

Pre-fascist census of 1921:

• -missing-

References

• The destruction of Zara (in Italian) (in Italian)

Historical contest

Begining of the distruction

December 1943

January - March 1944

April - October 1944

Reasons for the bombing

Photos of the bombing

Synthesis of the main attacks

• Arcipelago Adriatico - The destruction of Zara (in Italian)
• Luxardo's Distillery destruction

edit	World War II city bombing
Area bombardment • Terror bombing Augsburg • Berlin • Baedeker Raids • Belfast • Belgrade • Birmingham • Braunschweig • Chongqing Cologne • Coventry • Darmstadt • Darwin • Dresden • Frampol • Greenock • Hamburg • Hiroshima • Kassel • Kobe • London • Liverpool Manchester • Minsk • Nagasaki • Osaka • Pforzheim • Prague • Rotterdam • Sheffield • Tokyo • Warsaw • Wieluń • Würzburg • Zara Strategic Bombing during World War II was unlike anything the world had previously witnessed. ... Survivor of German aerial bombardment of Warsaw This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Aerial area bombardment is the policy of indiscriminate bombing of an enemys cities, for the purpose of destroying the enemys means of producing military materiel, communications, government centres and civilian morale. ... Terror bombing is a strategy of deliberately bombing civilian targets and strafing civilians in order to break the morale of the enemy and make the civilian population of the enemy panic. ... The Bavarian city of Augsburg, Germany, was bombed twice by the RAF during World War II 1942 The Augsburg air raid on 17 April 1942 was one of the most daring of World War II. The first squadron to take delivery of the 4-engined Avro Lancaster was No. ... The term Battle of Berlin is sometimes restricted to the Royal Air Force for a bombing campaign on Berlin and other cities between the night of November 18 1943 and March 1944. ... The Baedeker Blitz or Baedeker raids were a series of reprisal raids for the bombing of the erstwhile Hanseatic League city of Lübeck during World War II, which was being used to supply the Russian front. ... The Belfast Blitz was an event that occurred on Easter Tuesday, April 15, 1941, when 200 German Luftwaffe bombers attacked Belfast, Northern Ireland. ... he bombing of Belgrade occurred in the initial phases of World War II when German forces bombed the city in preperation for the invasion of Yugoslavia. ... The Birmingham Blitz was the heavy bombing of the city of Birmingham in the United Kingdom during the Second World War. ... The Bombing of Braunschweig (or Brunswick) in World War II on 15 October 1944 by the Royal Air Forces No. ... The Bombing of Chongqing (February 18, 1938 - August 23, 1943) was a Japanese strategic bombing campaign against the Chinese provisional capital of Chongqing that lasted 5 1/2 years. ... Cologne in 1945 The City of Cologne was bombed in 262 separate air raids by the Allies during World War II. During the war the Royal Air Force (RAF) bombed Cologne more than thirty one times. ... Two of Coventrys three spires This article is about the history of Coventry, England. ... Darmstadt was bombed a number of times during World War II. The most defestating air raid on Darmstadt occured on the night of 11/12 September 1944 when No. ... Combatants Australia; United States Japan Commanders David V. J. Blake Chuichi Nagumo Strength 30 planes 242 planes Casualties At least 243 killed; (possibly 1,100 dead in total) 23 planes destroyed 10 ships sunk 1 killed  ? missing; 6 POW Four planes destroyed in Australian airspace; ? failed to return. ... The bombing of Dresden led by the British Royal Air Force (RAF) and involving the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) between February 13 and February 15, 1945 remains one of the more controversial Allied actions of World War II. Historian Frederick Taylor says: The destruction of Dresden has an... The Bombing of Frampol happened during the Polish Defence War of 1939. ... The Greenock Blitz is the name given to two nights of intensive bombing of the town of Greenock by the Luftwaffe in May 1941. ... Firestorm in Hamburg Operation Gomorrah was the military codename for a series of air raids conducted by the Royal Air Force on the city of Hamburg beginning in the end of July 1943. ... The Fat Man mushroom cloud resulting from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rises 18 km (60,000 ft) into the air from the hypocenter. ... The city of Kassel in Germany was severely bombed during World War II. More than 10. ... On March 17th, 1945, three hundred and thirty-one American B-29 bombers launched a firebombing attack against the city of Kobe, Japan. ... German bomber over the Surrey Docks, Southwark, London The Blitz was the bombing of the United Kingdom by Nazi Germany between 7 September 1940 and 16 May 1941, during World War II. It was carried out by the Luftwaffe across the UK, but their attack was concentrated on London. ... The Liverpool Blitz was the heavy and sustained bombing of the city of Liverpool in the United Kingdom during the Second World War. ... The Manchester Blitz was the heavy bombing of the city of Manchester in the United Kingdom during the Second World War. ... The Minsk Blitz was the heavy bombing of the city of Minsk (population was 270 000) in the USSR during the Second World War. ... The Fat Man mushroom cloud resulting from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rises 18 km (60,000 ft) into the air from the hypocenter. ... The U.S. bombing of Osaka during World War II took place on 13th and 14th March 1945. ... During the latter stages of World War II Pforzheim, a town in south west Germany was bombed on a number of times. ... Bombing of Prague was a controversial event during the end of World War II (On February 14, 1945) when American Air Force carried out an air raid over Prague. ... The bombing of Rotterdam was a terror bombardment by German forces on 14 May 1940, in the initial phases of World War II, when they invaded the Netherlands. ... The Sheffield Blitz is the name given to the worst nights of bombing in Sheffield, England during the Second World War. ... The U.S. bombing of Tokyo during World War II took place between 1942 and 1945. ... The Bombing of Warsaw in World War II refers both to the terror bombing campaign on Warsaw by Luftwaffe during the September Campaign (siege of Warsaw and to the German bombing raids during the Warsaw Uprising. ... Bombing of WieluÅ„ in World War II refers to the German bomb raid on a Polish city of WieluÅ„ at the outbreak of World War II. On September 1, 1939 at 4. ... During World War II, on March 16, 1945, 89% of the city was laid to ruins by a British Royal Air Force bombing raid. ...

Works and documents on the bombing

Selection from [4]

• A.A. V.V. - Nicolò Luxardo, vita di un Uomo - Società Cooperativa Tipografica - Padova, 1968.
• Acta - Bollettini dell'Istituto Storico della Repubblica Sociale - Terranova Bracciolini (Arezzo).
• Air Ministry - Weekly Intelligence Summary - Public Record Office - London.
• Air Staff Operational Summaries (A.S.O.) - Royal Air Force Museum - London.
• Akten zur Deuteschen AusWartigen Politik - 1943-1944.
• Bedeschi Giulio - Fronte italiano: C'ero anch'io, la popolazione in guerra - Editore Mursia - Milano, 1987.
• Bolla Luigi - Perché a Salò, diario della Repubblica Sociale Italiana - A cura di Giordano Bruno Guerri - Valentino Bompiani Editore - Milano, 1982.
• Calestani Emilia - Memorie, Zara 1937-1944 - Tipografia S.T.E. Mucchi - Modena 1979.
• Cattalini Antonio - I Bianchi Binari del Cielo, Zara 1941-1943 - Edizione "Arena di Pola" - Gorizia, 1965.
• 114° Jager Division - War Diary - 1944.
• Corriere Padano - Quotidiano della Federazione dei fasci di combattimento di Ferrara, 1943.
• Dolfin Giovanni - Con Mussolini nella tragedia - Diario del Capo della segreteria Particolare del Duce - Edizioni Garzanti - Cernusco sul Naviglio, 1949.
• Foreign Relations of United States Diplomatic Papers 1943 - U.S.A. Government Printing Office - Washington.
• Giornale di Dalmazia - Quotidiano della Federazione dei fasci di combattimento di Zara, 1941-1942.
• Grassi Livio - Storia della Venezia Giulia e della Dalmazia, 8 settembre 1943-12 giugno 1949 - Pubblicazione a fascicoli - Tipografia Amorth - Trieste, 1952 e seg.
• Hinsley ed altri - British Intelligence in Second World War - Londra, 1984.
• Lovrovich don Giovanni Eleuterio - Zara dai bombardamenti all'esodo - 1943-1947 - Tipografia Santa Lucia - Marino (Roma), 1974.
• Luxardo Nicolò (jun.) - Pagnacco Federico - Pietro Luxardo - Tipografia Bolzonella Padova, 1961.
• Mediterranean Air Command - Diary of Bombardament - Press Public Record Office London.
• Moro Aldo - Deutsche Besetzung Zara - Aldo Ausilio Editore - Padova, 1991.
• Notes on a History of the Balkan Air Force - Press Public Record Office - London.
• Seferovic Abdullah - Flying fortress over Zara - Six articles about Zara bombing - In Slobodua dalmacija - Ottobre 1984.
• Talpo Oddone - Dalmazia, una cronaca per la storia - Vol. I,"1941" - Vol. II, "1942" - Vol III, "1943-1944" - Edito dall'Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore Esercito - Roma, rispettivamente nel 1985, 1990, 1995.
• Vallery Tullio - Serie di articoli firmati con lo pseudonimo "Un Sopravvissuto" - In Difesa Adriatica Roma, dall'11 febbraio 1950 in poi.