History

Napoleon I Children    Napoleon II Siblings    Napoleone    Maria Anna    Joseph, King of Spain    Lucien, Prince of Canino    Elisa, Grand Duchess of Tuscany    Louis, King of Holland    Pauline, Princess of Guastalla    Caroline, Queen of Naples    Jérôme, King of Westphalia Nephews and nieces    Princess Julie    Princess Zénaïde    Princess Charlotte    Prince Charles    Prince Louis    Prince Pierre    Prince Napoleon Charles    Prince Napoleon Louis    Napoleon III    Prince Jérôme    Prince Napoleon Joseph    Princess Mathilde Grandnephews and -nieces    Prince Joseph    Prince Lucien-Louis    Prince Roland    Princess Jeanne    Prince Charles    Prince Jerome    Napoleon (V) Victor Great Grandnephews and -nieces    Princess Marie    Princess Marie Clotilde    Napoleon (VI) Louis Great Great Grandnephews and -nieces    Napoleon (VII) Charles    Princess Catherine    Princess Laure    Prince Jerome Great Great Great Grandnephews and -nieces    Princess Caroline    Prince Jean-Christophe Napoleon II Napoleon III Children    Napoleon (IV), Prince Imperial

In French political history, Bonapartists were monarchists who desired a French Empire under the House of Bonaparte, the Corsican family of Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon I of France) and his nephew Louis (Napoleon III of France). Image File history File links Armoiries-Empire. ... Napoléon I, Emperor of the French (born Napoleone di Buonaparte, changed his name to Napoléon Bonaparte)[1] (15 August 1769; Ajaccio, Corsica – 5 May 1821; Saint Helena) was a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from... Napoleon II, Duke of Reichstadt (March 20, 1811 – July 22, 1832) was the son of Napoleon Bonaparte, and briefly the second Emperor of the French. ... Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte, King of Naples, King of Spain (January 7, 1768 – July 28, 1844) was the older brother of French Emperor Napoleon I, who made him King of Naples and Sicily (1806–1808) and later King of Spain. ... Lucien Bonaparte, painted by François-Xavier Fabre, after 1800. ... Maria Anna Elisa Bonaparte Bacciochi, Grand Duchess of Tuscany (January 13, 1777 - August 7, 1820) was the fourth surviving child and eldest surviving daughter of Carlo Buonaparte and Letizia Ramolino. ... Louis I Napoleon Bonaparte, King of Holland, Grand Duke of Berg and Cleves, Count of Saint-Leu (Lodewijk Napoleon in Dutch) (September 2, 1778 – July 25, 1846) was the fifth surviving child and fourth surviving son of Carlo Buonaparte and Letizia Ramolino. ... Pauline Bonaparte, Princess and Duchess of Guastalla (October 20, 1780- June 9, 1825) (she spelled the named Buonaparte) was the younger sister of Napoleon I of France, and was his favorite sister. ... Caroline Bonaparte Maria Annunziata Carolina Bonaparte, Queen of Naples, Grand Duchess of Berg and Cleves (Ajaccio, Corsica, 25 March 1782 – 18 May 1839 in Florence), better known as Caroline Bonaparte, was the seventh surviving child and third surviving daughter of Carlo Buonaparte and Letizia Ramolino. ... Jérôme Bonaparte Jérôme Bonaparte, King of Westphalia (November 15, 1784 - June 24, 1860) was the youngest brother of Napoleon, who made him King of Westphalia (1807-1813). ... Zénaïde Laetitia Julie Bonaparte (1801-1854) was the daughter of Joseph Bonaparte and Julie Clary. ... Charlotte Bonaparte (October 31, 1802-March 2, 1839) was the daughter of Joseph Bonaparte, the older brother of Emperor Napoleon I, and Julie Clary. ... Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte (May 24, 1803 – July 29, 1857) was a French naturalist and ornithologist. ... Louis Lucien Bonaparte (January 4, 1813 - November 3, 1891) was the third son of Napoleons second surviving brother, Lucien Bonaparte. ... Pierre-Napoléon Bonaparte Pierre-Napoléon Bonaparte (11 October 1815 - 7 April 1881) was born in Rome, Italy, the son of Lucien Bonaparte and his second wife Alexandrine de Bleschamp. ... Napoleon Charles Bonaparte (October 10, 1802-May 5, 1807) was the eldest son of Louis Bonaparte and Hortense de Beauharnais. ... Napoleon Louis Bonaparte (October 11, 1804 - March 17, 1831) was the middle son of Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland (aka Louis I of Holland), and Hortense de Beauharnais. ... Napoléon III, born Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the first President of the French Republic from 1848 to 1851, then from 2 December 1851 to 2 December 1852 the ruler of a dictatorial government, then Emperor of the French under the name... Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte (July 7, 1805 - June 17, 1870) was a son of Jerome Bonaparte and Elizabeth Patterson, and a nephew of Emperor Napoleon I. He was born in Camberwell, Surrey, England, but lived in the United States with his mother, whose marriage had been annulled at the order of... Portrait of Prince Napoleon by Jean-Hippolyte Flandrin in 1860 Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul, Prince Napoleon (September 9, 1822 – March 17, 1891) was the son of Jerome Bonaparte and Catharina of Württemberg. ... Princess Mathilde Mathilde Bonaparte, (May 27, 1820 – January 2, 1904), was a daughter of Napoleons brother Jerome Bonaparte and his second wife Catharina of Württemberg. ... Joseph Lucien Charles Napoleo Bonaparte (12 February 1824 - 2 September 1865) was the son of Charles Lucien Bonaparte and Zénaïde Laetitia Julie Bonaparte. ... Lucien Louis Joseph Napoleon Cardinal Bonaparte (November 15, 1828-November 19, 1895) was born in Rome, the son of Charles Lucien Bonaparte and his wife Zénaïde. ... Prince Roland Bonaparte Roland Bonaparte, 6th Prince of Canino and Musignano (May 19, 1858 - April 14, 1924) was a French prince and president of the Société de Géographie from 1910 till his death. ... Charles Joseph Bonaparte (June 9, 1851 – June 28, 1921) was a grandson of Jérôme Bonaparte (the youngest brother of the French emperor Napoleon I), and a member of the United States Cabinet. ... Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte II (November 5, 1830 - September 3, 1893) was a son of Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte and Susan May Williams. ... NapolÄ—on-Victor Bonaparte (about 1905) Napoléon Victor Jérôme Frédéric Bonaparte (July 18, 1862 - May 3, 1926) was the son of Prince Napoleon and Marie Clothilde of Sardinia, daughter of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy. ... Princess Marie Bonaparte (2 July 1882-21 September 1962) was a French psychoanalyst, closely linked with Freud. ... Louis Napoléon, born as Louis Jerome Victor Emmanuel Leopold Marie Bonaparte, (23 January 1914 - 3 May 1997) was claimant to the Imperial throne of France in the Prince Napoléon pretentious line from 1926 until his death. ... Napoléon VII, Prince Imperial (Charles Marie Jérôme Victor Napoléon) (born 19 October 1950) is a French politician, and claims to be the current head of the Imperial House of France as heir male to the rights and legacy established by his great-great-great uncle, Emperor... Jerome Xavier Marie Joseph Victor Bonaparte (also known by the surname Napoléon) (born January 14, 1957) is currently second in the line of succession for the Imperial throne of France. ... Jean-Christophe Louis Ferdinand Albéric Bonaparte was born on the 11 July 1986 in Saint-Raphaël, Var and is the son of Prince Charles Napoléon and Princess Béatrice of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. ... Napoleon II, Duke of Reichstadt (March 20, 1811 – July 22, 1832) was the son of Napoleon Bonaparte, and briefly the second Emperor of the French. ... Napoléon III, born Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the first President of the French Republic from 1848 to 1851, then from 2 December 1851 to 2 December 1852 the ruler of a dictatorial government, then Emperor of the French under the name... Napoléon Eugène Louis John Joseph, called Napoleon IV, (March 16, 1856 – June 1, 1879), Prince Imperial, Fils de France, was the only child of Emperor Napoleon III of France and his Empress consort Eugénie de Montijo. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions. ... Monarchism is the advocacy of the establishment, preservation, or restoration of a monarchy. ... “Corsican” redirects here. ... Napoléon I, Emperor of the French (born Napoleone di Buonaparte, changed his name to Napoléon Bonaparte)[1] (15 August 1769; Ajaccio, Corsica – 5 May 1821; Saint Helena) was a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from... Napoléon III, born Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the first President of the French Republic from 1848 to 1851, then from 2 December 1851 to 2 December 1852 the ruler of a dictatorial government, then Emperor of the French under the name...

Bonapartism had its followers from 1815 forward among those who never accepted the defeat at Waterloo or the Congress of Vienna. Napoleon I's death in exile on Saint Helena in 1821 only transferred the allegiance of many of these persons to other members of his family; however, particularly after the death of Napoleon's son, the Duke of Reichstadt (known to Bonapartists as Napoleon II), there were several different members of the family in which the Bonapartist hopes rested. April 5-12: Mount Tambora explodes, changing climate. ... Combatants First French Empire Seventh Coalition: United Kingdom Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of the United Netherlands Kingdom of Hanover Nassau Brunswick Commanders Napoleon Bonaparte, Michel Ney Duke of Wellington, Gebhard von Blücher Strength 73,000 67,000 Coalition 60,000 Prussian (48,000 engaged by about 18:00) Casualties... The Congress of Vienna by Jean-Baptiste Isabey, 1819. ... The coronation banquet for George IV 1821 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Napoleon II, Duke of Reichstadt (March 20, 1811 – July 22, 1832) was the son of Napoleon Bonaparte, and briefly the second Emperor of the French. ...

The disturbances of 1848 gave this group hope. Bonapartists were essential in the election of Napoleon I's nephew Louis Napoleon Bonaparte as President of the Second Republic, and gave him the political support necessary for his 1852 discarding of the constitution and proclaiming the Second Empire. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte assumed the title Napoleon III to acknowledge the brief reign of Napoleon's son Napoleon II at the end of the Hundred Days in 1815. Year 1848 (MDCCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Map of the French Second Empire Capital Paris Language(s) French Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1852-1870 Napoleon III Legislature Parliament  - Upper house Senate  - Lower house Corps législatif History  - French coup of 1851 December 2 1851  - Established 1852  - Disestablished September 4, 1870 Currency French Franc The Second French Empire or... Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (April 20, 1808 - January 9, 1873) was the son of King Louis Bonaparte and Queen Hortense de Beauharnais; both monarchs of the French puppet state, the Kingdom of Holland. ... The Hundred Days (French Cent-Jours) or the Waterloo Campaign commonly refers to the period between 20 March 1815, the date on which Napoleon Bonaparte arrived in Paris after his return from Elba, and 8 July 1815, the date of the restoration of King Louis XVIII. The phrase Cent jours... April 5-12: Mount Tambora explodes, changing climate. ...

In 1870, Napoleon III led France to a disastrous defeat at the hands of Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War, and he subsequently abdicated. Afterwards, Bonapartists continued to aspire and to agitate for another member of the family to be placed on the throne. However, from 1871 forward, they competed with monarchist groups that favoured the restoration of the family of Louis-Philippe, King of the French (1830-1848) (the Orléanists), and with those who favoured the restoration of the House of Bourbon, the traditional French royal family (Legitimists). The strength of these three monarchist factions combined was almost undoubtedly greater than that of the Republicans of the era, but as the three proved to be irreconcilable on the choice of who should be the new French monarch, monarchist fervor eventually waned and the French Republic became more or less a permanent facet of French life; Bonapartism was slowly relegated to being the civic faith of a few romantics as more of a hobby than a practical political philosophy. The death knell for Bonapartism was probably sounded when Eugene Bonaparte, the only son of Napoleon III, was killed in action while serving as a British Army officer in Zululand in 1879. Thereafter Bonapartism ceased to be a political force. Motto Suum cuique Latin: To each his own Prussia at its peak, as leading state of the German Empire Capital Königsberg, later Berlin Government Duke1  - 1525–68 Albert I (first)  - 1688–1701 Frederick III (last) King1  - 1701–13 Frederick I (first)  - 1888–1918 William II (last) Prime Minister1,2... Combatants Second French Empire North German Confederation allied with south German states (later German Empire) Commanders Napoleon III Otto Von Bismarck, Helmuth von Moltke the Elder Strength 400,000 at the beginning of the war 1,200,000 Casualties 150,000 dead or wounded 284,000 captured 350,000 civilian... 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Louis Philippe (real name: Philippe Auclair) is a London-based French singer, songwriter, arranger and producer who has been active from the mid-80s onwards. ... Kings ruled in France from the Middle Ages to 1848. ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Orleanists comprised a French political faction or party which arose out of the Revolution, and ceased to have a separate existence shortly after the establishment of the Third Republic in 1872. ... Also see:  Early Modern France The House of Bourbon is an important European royal house. ... Members of the royal family shared amongst the Commonwealth Realms. ... Legitimists are those Royalists in France who believe that the King of France and Navarre must be chosen according to the simple application of the Salic Law. ... // Republicanism is the ideology of governing a nation as a republic, with an emphasis on liberty, rule by the people, and the civic virtue practiced by citizens. ... Napoleon Eugene Louis John Joseph, (March 16, 1856 - June 1, 1879), Prince Imperial, was the only child of Emperor Napoleon III of France and his wife the Empress Eugénie. ... The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. ... Zululand was the Zulu-dominated area of what is now northern KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. ... 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

The current head of the family is the Prince Napoleon (Charles Marie Jérôme Victor Napoléon Bonaparte, born 1950), great-great-grandson of Napoleon I's brother Jérôme Bonaparte by his second marriage; he has a son Jean (born 1986) and a brother, Jérôme Bonaparte (born 1957), unmarried. There are no remaining descendants in male line from any other of Napoleon's brothers, and no serious political movement that aims to restore any of these men to the imperial throne of France. Napoléon VII, Prince Imperial (Charles Marie Jérôme Victor Napoléon) (born 19 October 1950) is the current head of the Imperial House of France in the Prince Napoléon pretentious line. ... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jérôme Bonaparte Jérôme Bonaparte, King of Westphalia (November 15, 1784 - June 24, 1860) was the youngest brother of Napoleon, who made him King of Westphalia (1807-1813). ... Jean-Christophe Louis Ferdinand Albéric Bonaparte was born on the 11 July 1986 in St. ... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar). ...

The honey bee was a prominent political symbol in the empire of Napoleon Bonaparte, representing the Bonapartist bureaucratic and political system. The honeybee is a colonial insect that is often maintained, fed, and transported by farmers. ... Bonaparte as general Napoleon Bonaparte ( 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution and was the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from November 11, 1799 to May 18, 1804, then as Emperor of the French (Empereur des...

The Bonapartist claimants

The "Law of Succession" Napoleon I established on becoming Emperor in 1804 provided that the Bonapartist claim to the throne should pass firstly to Napoleon's own legitimate male descendants through the male line. At at that time he had no legitimate sons, and it seemed unlikely he would have any due to the age of his wife Joséphine. His eventual response was the unacceptable one, in Catholic eyes, of engineering a dubious annulment, without papal approval, of his marriage to Josephine and undertaking a second marriage to the younger Marie Louise, with whom he had one son. The law of succession provided that if Napoleon's own direct line died out, the claim passed first to his older brother Joseph and his legitimate male descendants through the male line, then to his younger brother Louis and his legitimate male descendants through the male line. His other brothers, Lucien and Jerome, and their descendants, were omitted from the succession (even though Lucien was older than Louis) because they had either politically opposed the Emperor or made marriages of which he disapproved. By Marie Louise Napoleon had one son, in whose favour he abdicated after his final defeat in 1815. Although the Bonapartes were now deposed and the old Bourbon monarchy restored, Bonapartists recognized this child as Napoleon II. However, he was sickly, virtually imprisoned in Austria, and died young and unmarried, without leaving any further direct descendants of Napoleon I. When the Bonaparte Empire was restored to power in France in 1852, the Emperor was Napoleon III, Louis Bonaparte's only living legitimate son (Joseph having died in 1844 without ever having had a legitimate son, only daughters). Joséphine de Beauharnais (June 23, 1763 – May 29, 1814), born Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de la Pagerie, became on first marriage Joséphine, Viscountess of Beauharnais[1], became on second marriage Joséphine, Empress of the French[2], was the first wife of Napoléon Bonaparte and thus... Marie Louise (full name: Maria Ludovica Leopoldina Franziska Therese Josepha Lucia von Habsburg-Lothringen, later after 1817 in Italian Maria Luigia dAsburgo-Lorena, Duchessa di Parma, Piacenza, e Guastalla) (b. ... Napoleon Francis Joseph Charles Bonaparte (March 20, 1811 -July 22, 1832), Duke of Reichstadt, was the son of Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and his second wife, Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria. ... Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (April 20, 1808 - January 9, 1873) was the son of King Louis Bonaparte and Queen Hortense de Beauharnais; both monarchs of the French puppet state, the Kingdom of Holland. ...

In 1852, Napoleon III, having restored the Bonapartes to power in France, enacted a new decree on the succession. The claim first went to his own male legitimate descendants in the male line (though at that time he had none; he would later have one legitimate son, Eugene Bonaparte, who would be recognized by Bonapartists as "Napoleon IV" before dying young and unmarried). If his own line died out, the new decree allowed the claim to pass to Jerome, Napoleon's youngest brother who had previously been excluded, and his male descendants by Princess Catharina of Württemberg in the male line (but not his descendants by his original marriage to the American commoner Elizabeth Patterson, which Napoleon I had greatly disapproved). The only remaining Bonapartist claimants since 1879, and today, have been the descendants of Jerome and Catherine of Württemburg in the male line. Napoleon Eugene Louis John Joseph, (March 16, 1856 - June 1, 1879), Prince Imperial, was the only child of Emperor Napoleon III of France and his wife the Empress Eugénie. ... Jérôme Bonaparte, King of Westphalia and Queen Catharina Catharina Frederica von Württemberg (February 21, 1783 - November 29, 1835) was the second wife of Jerome Bonaparte. ... Elizabeth Patterson Bonaparte (Baltimore, Maryland, 6 February 1785 - Baltimore, Maryland, 4 April 1879), known as Betsy, was the daughter of a Baltimore, Maryland merchant, and was the first wife of Jerome Bonaparte, and sister-in-law of Emperor Napoleon I of France. ...

In their willingness to ignore primogeniture (the exclusion of Lucien Bonaparte and his descendants) and their cavalier approach to the Catholic belief in the indissolubility of marriage and to the Pope's rights as final arbiter on the validity of marriages, the Bonapartist laws of succession were far from traditional; but then, the whole claim of the Bonaparte family to rule France was far from traditional. Lucien Bonaparte, painted by François-Xavier Fabre, after 1800. ...

Main article: Prince Napoléon Line

The following are the list of Bonapartist claimants to the Imperial throne. The Prince Napoléon Line is the line of claimants to the Imperial Throne of France, recognized by a majority of Bonapartists. ...

• Napoleon I of France Emperor of the French 1804-1814/1815
• Napoleon II Emperor of the French 1815, son of Napoleon I. Briefly reigned as Emperor in France for a fortnight in June-July 1815, after his father's abdication following the defeat at Waterloo. After the deposition and exile of the Bonaparte family in July 1815, or at least from Napoleon I's death in 1821, he was Bonapartist claimant to the throne until 1832. Died 1832, unmarried, no children.
• Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon I's oldest brother, former King of Spain, claimant 1832-1844. Died 1844, two daughters but no legitimate male children.
• Louis Bonaparte, Napoleon I's second youngest brother, former King of Holland, claimant 1844-1846. Died 1846.
• Napoleon III Emperor of the French 1852-1870, the only living legitimate child of Louis Bonaparte. Claimant 1846-1873. He was President of France 1849-1852.
• Napoleon IV, the only legitimate child of Napoleon III. Claimant 1873-1879. Styled "Napoleon IV" by his supporters. Died 1879, unmarried, no children.
• Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte, nicknamed 'Plon-plon', the only male child of Jerome Bonaparte, Napoleon I's youngest brother, with Catharina of Württemberg (though Jerome had had another son earlier with Elizabeth Patterson). Claimant 1879-1891; however, Eugene Bonaparte's will excluded him from the succession in favour of his son Napoleron Victor, leading to fierce disputes among the increasingly irrelevant Bonapartist circle. Died 1891.
• Napoleon V, eldest son of 'Plon-plon', claimant 1879-1926 (though many Bonapartists preferred his younger brother Louis). Until his father's death in 1891, he and his father both put themselves as rightful claimant. Died 1926.
• Napoleon VI, son of Napoleon V, claimant 1926-1997. Died 1997.
• Napoleon VII, the son of Napoleon Louis, claimant since 1997.

Napoléon I, Emperor of the French (born Napoleone di Buonaparte, changed his name to Napoléon Bonaparte)[1] (15 August 1769; Ajaccio, Corsica – 5 May 1821; Saint Helena) was a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from... Napoleon II, Duke of Reichstadt (March 20, 1811 – July 22, 1832) was the son of Napoleon Bonaparte, and briefly the second Emperor of the French. ... Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte, King of Naples, King of Spain (January 7, 1768 – July 28, 1844) was the older brother of French Emperor Napoleon I, who made him King of Naples and Sicily (1806–1808) and later King of Spain. ... Louis I Napoleon Bonaparte, King of Holland, Grand Duke of Berg and Cleves, Count of Saint-Leu (Lodewijk Napoleon in Dutch) (September 2, 1778 – July 25, 1846) was the fifth surviving child and fourth surviving son of Carlo Buonaparte and Letizia Ramolino. ... Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, born September 2, 1779, in Ajaccio, Corsica, was one of three younger brothers of the Emperor Napoleon I of France, who made him King of Holland in 1806 and deposed him as King in 1810. ... Louis I Napoleon Bonaparte, King of Holland, Grand Duke of Berg and Cleves, Count of Saint-Leu (Lodewijk Napoleon in Dutch) (September 2, 1778 – July 25, 1846) was the fifth surviving child and fourth surviving son of Carlo Buonaparte and Letizia Ramolino. ... The President of France, known officially as the President of the Republic (Président de la République in French), is Frances elected Head of State. ... Napoléon Eugène Louis John Joseph, called Napoleon IV, (March 16, 1856 – June 1, 1879), Prince Imperial, Fils de France, was the only child of Emperor Napoleon III of France and his Empress consort Eugénie de Montijo. ... Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (April 20, 1808 - January 9, 1873) was the son of King Louis Bonaparte and Queen Hortense de Beauharnais; both monarchs of the French puppet state, the Kingdom of Holland. ... Portrait of Prince Napoleon by Jean-Hippolyte Flandrin in 1860 Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul, Prince Napoleon (September 9, 1822 – March 17, 1891) was the son of Jerome Bonaparte and Catharina of Württemberg. ... Jérôme Bonaparte (November 15, 1784 - June 24, 1860) was the youngest brother of Emperor Napoleon I of France. ... Jérôme Bonaparte, King of Westphalia and Queen Catharina Catharina Frederica von Württemberg (February 21, 1783 - November 29, 1835) was the second wife of Jerome Bonaparte. ... Elizabeth Patterson Bonaparte (Baltimore, Maryland, 6 February 1785 - Baltimore, Maryland, 4 April 1879), known as Betsy, was the daughter of a Baltimore, Maryland merchant, and was the first wife of Jerome Bonaparte, and sister-in-law of Emperor Napoleon I of France. ... Napoléon Victor Jérôme Frédéric Bonaparte (July 18th 1862 - May 3rd 1926) ∞ Clémentine Albertine Marie Léopoldine of Belgium (1872-1955) was the son of Prince Napoleon. ... Napoléon VI, Prince Imperial, born as Louis Jerome Victor Emmanuel Leopold Marie Bonaparte and known as Louis Napoléon, (23 January 1914 - 3 May 1997) was claimant to the Imperial throne of France in the Prince Napoléon pretentious line from 1926 until his death. ... Napoléon VII, Prince Imperial (Charles Marie Jérôme Victor Napoléon) (born 19 October 1950) is the current head of the Imperial House of France in the Prince Napoléon pretentious line. ...

'Bonapartist' as a Marxist epithet

Karl Marx was a student of Jacobinism and the French Revolution as well as a contemporary critic of the Second Republic and Second Empire. He used the term Bonapartism to refer to a situation in which counterrevolutionary military officers seize power from revolutionaries, and then use selective reformism to co-opt the radicalism of the popular classes. In the process, Marx argued, Bonapartists preserve and mask the power of a narrower ruling class. He saw Napoleon I and Napoleon III as having both corrupted revolutions in France in this way. Marx offered this definition of and analysis of Bonapartism in "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte," written in 1852. In this document, he drew attention to what he calls the phenomenon's repetitive history with one of his most quoted lines: "History repeats itself, first as tragedy, then as farce." Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 – March 14, 1883) was a German philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary. ... In the context of the French Revolution, a Jacobin originally meant a member of the Jacobin Club (1789-1794). ... The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... Map of the French Second Empire Capital Paris Language(s) French Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1852-1870 Napoleon III Legislature Parliament  - Upper house Senate  - Lower house Corps législatif History  - French coup of 1851 December 2 1851  - Established 1852  - Disestablished September 4, 1870 Currency French Franc The Second French Empire or... In French political history, Bonapartists were monarchists who desired a French Empire under the House of Bonaparte, the Corsican family of Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon I of France) and his nephew Louis (Napoleon III of France). ... A counterrevolutionary is anyone who opposes a revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it, in full or in part. ... A revolutionary is somebody who wants a revolution, and seeks to promote, encourage, or lead the creation of one. ... Socialist Reformism is the belief that gradual democratic changes in a society can ultimately change a societys fundamental economic relations and political structures. ... The term ruling class refers to the social class of a given society that decides upon and sets that societys political policy. ... The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte is Karl Marxs analysis of Napoleon Bonaparte IIIs coup detat of December 1851, in which he elucidates the social forces and mechanisms at work during the political crisis. ... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

A Bonapartist regime for Marx appears to have great power, but only because there is no class with enough confidence or power to firmly establish its authority in its own name, so a leader who appears to stand above the struggle can take the mantle of power. It is an inherently unstable situation where the apparently all-powerful leader is swept aside once the struggle is resolved one way or the other.

The term was used by Trotsky to refer to Stalin's regime, which Trotsky believed was balanced between the proletariat, victorious but shattered by war, and the bourgeoisie, broken by the revolution but struggling to re-emerge. However the failure of Stalin's regime to disintegrate under the shock of the Second World War, and indeed its expansion into Eastern Europe, challenged this analysis. Many Trotskyists thus rejected the idea that Stalin's regime was Bonapartist, and some went further - notably Tony Cliff who described such regimes as State Capitalist and not workers' states at all. 1915 passport photo of Trotsky Leon Davidovich Trotsky (Russian: Лев Давидович Троцкий; also transliterated Trotskii, Trotski, Trotzky) (October 26 (O.S.) = November 7 (N.S.), 1879 - August 21, 1940), born Lev Davidovich Bronstein (&#1051... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314... The proletariat (from Latin proles, offspring) is a term used to identify a lower social class; a member of such a class is proletarian. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. ... Tony Cliff (May 20, 1917 – May 9, 2000) was a Trotskyist revolutionary activist. ... There are multiple definitions of the term state capitalism. ... The term socialist state (or socialist republic, or workers state) can carry one of several different (but related) meanings: Strictly speaking, any real or hypothetical state organized along the principles of socialism may be called a socialist state. ...

Some modern-day Trotskyists and others on the left use the phrase left Bonapartist more loosely to describe those like Stalin and Mao who control left wing or populist authoritarian regimes. Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314... “Mao” redirects here. ...

Bonapartism as one of the three French right-wing families

According to historian René Rémond's famous 1954 book, Les Droites en France, Bonapartism constitutes one of the three French right-wing families, the latest one, created after Legitimism and Orleanism. Both Boulangisme and Gaullism would be forms of Bonapartism. René Rémond (born in 1918) is a French historian and political economist. ... Legitimists are those Royalists in France who believe that the King of France and Navarre must be chosen according to the simple application of the Salic Law. ... Orleanists comprised a French political faction or party which arose out of the Revolution, and ceased to have a separate existence shortly after the establishment of the Third Republic in 1872. ... Portrait of General Georges Boulanger Georges Ernest Jean-Marie Boulanger (April 29, 1837 - September 30, 1891) was a French general and reactionary politician. ... Charles de Gaulle, in his generals uniform Gaullism (French: Gaullisme) is a French political ideology based on the thought and action of Charles de Gaulle. ...

Other "Bonapartists"

In 1976, when dictator Jean-Bédel Bokassa, a great admirer of Napoleon, made himself Emperor Bokassa I of Central Africa, he declared the ideology of his regime was "Bonapartism" and added golden bees to his imperial standard. Bokassa I, also known as Salah Eddine Ahmed Bokassa and Jean-Bédel Bokassa (IPA: , (February 22, 1921–November 3, 1996), was the military ruler of the Central African Republic from January 1, 1966 and the emperor of the Central African Empire from December 4, 1976, until his and its...

Raymond Hinnebusch has characterized Hafez al-Asad's regime in Syria as Bonapartist. Hafez al-Assad (October 6, 1930 - June 10, 2000) was the President of Syria from 1971 to 2000. ...

See also

• Prince Canino Line descended from Lucien Bonaparte, Prince of Canino, younger brother of Joseph and Napoleon Bonaparte.
• Legitimism
• Orleanism