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Bootstrapping describes different things in several domains, as detailed below. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wiktionary is a Wikimedia Foundation project intended to be a free wiki dictionary (hence: Wiktionary) (including thesaurus and lexicon) in every language. ...
Bootstrapping alludes to a German legend about Baron Münchhausen, who was able to lift himself out of a swamp by pulling himself up by his own hair. In later versions, he was using his own boot straps to pull himself out of the sea which gave rise to the term bootstrapping. A bootstrap is a loop of leather sewn onto the back of a boot, to hold onto when putting it on. Dorés caricature of Münchhausen Karl Friedrich Hieronymus, Freiherr von Münchhausen (11 May 1720 – 22 February 1797) was a German baron who in his youth was sent to serve as page to Anthony Ulrich II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and later joined the Russian military. ...
In popular fiction, when a poor boy became wealthy through his own efforts, he was said to have "pulled himself up by his own bootstraps". This metaphor continued into business financing where a highly profitable business might grow rapidly without external financing.
In the context of computing, "bootstrapping" refers to a process where a simple program is used to activate a more complicated program, or simple programs help generate more complex software replacements (see below).
Multiple descriptions of "bootstrapping" in different fields are detailed below. Also, there are related concepts such as learning, synergism, self-help, self-maintaining systems, and Living Systems theory.[1] Bootstrapping differs from optimization in that improvements can be less than optimal and are self-applied. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Synergy or synergism, most often refers to the phenomenon of two or more discrete influences or agents acting in common to create an effect which is greater than the sum of the effects each is able to create independently. ...
Though the term self-help can refer to any case whereby an individual or a group betters themselves economically, intellectually or emotionally, the connotations of the phrase have come to apply particularly to psychological or psychotherapeutic nostrums, often purveyed through the popular genre of the self-help book. ...
Living systems theory is an offshoot of Bertalanffys general systems theory, created by James Grier Miller, intended to formalize the concept of life. According to Millers original conception, as spelt out in his magnum opus Living Systems, a living system must contain each of 19 critical subsystems, which...
In mathematics, optimization is the discipline which is concerned with finding the maxima and minima of functions, possibly subject to constraints. ...
A pair of leather boots with bootstraps at top. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Computing The term bootstrap is believed to have entered computer jargon during the early 1950's by way of Heinlein's short story By His Bootstraps first published in 1941. Heinlein autographing at the 1976 Worldcon Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7, 1907 – May 8, 1988) was one of the most influential and controversial authors of hard science fiction. ...
By His Bootstraps is a science fiction short story by Robert A. Heinlein that plays with some of the inherent paradoxes that would be caused by time travel. ...
Booting Bootstrapping was shortened to booting, or the process of starting up any computer, which is the most common meaning for non-technical computer users. "Bootstrap" most commonly refers to the program that actually begins the initialization of the computer's operating system, like GRUB, LILO or NTLDR. Modern personal computers have the ability of using their network interface card (NIC) for bootstrapping; on IA-32(x86) and IA-64 (Itanium) this method is implemented by PXE and Etherboot. An Internet payphone loading Windows XP In computing, booting is a bootstrapping process that starts operating systems when the user turns on a computer system. ...
Grub or GRUB can mean: a slang term for food a beetle larva that resembles a worm a distributed commercial search engine: see Grub (search engine) a number of places in Switzerland, Austria and Germany, such as: Grub, canton of Appenzell Outer Rhodes, Switzerland Grub, Germany for the GNU project...
LILO (LInux LOader) is a boot loader for Linux. ...
An NTLDR boot menu. ...
A transitional network card with both BNC Thinnet (left) and Twisted pair (right) connectors. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with X86 assembly language. ...
x86 or 80x86 is the generic name of a microprocessor architecture first developed and manufactured by Intel. ...
In computing, IA-64 (or ia64, short for Intel Architecture-64) is a 64-bit processor architecture developed in cooperation by Intel and Hewlett-Packard, implemented by processors such as Itanium and Itanium 2. ...
Itanium brand logo Intel Itanium processor The Intel Itanium architecture. ...
The PXE (Preboot eXecution Environment) as described in the specification (v2. ...
Software Bootstrapping Bootstrapping can also refer to the development of successively more complex, faster programming environments. The simplest environment will be, perhaps, a very basic text editor (e.g. ed) and an assembler program. Using these tools, one can write a more complex text editor, and a simple compiler for a higher-level language and so on, until one can have a graphical IDE and an extremely high-level programming language. The text editor ed was the original standard on the Unix operating system. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Assembly language. ...
This article or section needs a complete rewrite for the reasons listed on the talk page. ...
An integrated development environment (IDE), also known as integrated design environment and integrated debugging environment, is a type of computer software that assists computer programmers to develop software. ...
A high-level programming language is a programming language that is easier to program in, to some extent platform-independent, and abstract from low-level computer processor operations such as memory accesses. ...
Historically, bootstrapping also refers to early computer program development which has been obsoleted by emulation software now executed in pre-existing computers. Bootstrapping in program development began during the 1950's when each program was constructed on paper in decimal code or in binary code, bit by bit (1's and 0's), because there was no high-level computer language, no compiler, no assembler, and no linker. A tiny assembler program was written for a new computer (for example the IBM 650) which converted a few instructions into binary or decimal code. This assembler program was then rewritten in its own assembly language that included additional alphabetic mnemonic operation codes. The enlarged assembly program then reassembled itself into binary or decimal code, and so on, until the entire instruction set was coded and branch addresses were automatically calculated. This was how the early assembly program SOAP (Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program) was developed. Compilers, linkers, loaders, and utilities were then coded in assembly language, further continuing the bootstrapping process of developing complex software systems by using simpler software. This article is about emulation in computer science. ...
A diagram of the operation of a typical multi-language compiler. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Assembly language. ...
Figure of the linking process, where object files and static libraries are assembled into a new library or executable. ...
IBM 650 front panel, showing bi-quinary indicators IBM 650 front panel, rear view The IBM 650 was one of IBM’s early computers, and the world’s first mass-produced computer. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Assembly language. ...
It has been suggested that Assembler be merged into this article or section. ...
- For more detail, see booting
An Internet payphone loading Windows XP In computing, booting is a bootstrapping process that starts operating systems when the user turns on a computer system. ...
Compiler Bootstrapping In compiler design, a bootstrap or bootstrapping compiler is a compiler that is written in the target language, or a subset of the language, that it compiles. Examples include gcc, GHC, OCaml, BASIC and PL/I. A diagram of the operation of a typical multi-language compiler. ...
The GNU Compiler Collection (usually shortened to GCC) is a set of programming language compilers produced by the GNU Project. ...
The Glasgow Haskell Compiler (or GHC) is an open source Native code Compiler for the functional programming language Haskell which was developed at the University of Glasgow. ...
Objective Caml (OCaml) is a general-purpose programming language descended from the ML family, created by Xavier Leroy, Jérôme Vouillon, Damien Doligez, Didier Rémy and others in 1996. ...
Basic may be: Look up basic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
PL/I (Programming Language One, pronounced pee el one) is an imperative computer programming language designed for scientific, engineering, and business applications. ...
- For more detail, see Bootstrapping (compilers)
Bootstrapping is a term used in computer science to describe the techniques involved in writing a compiler (or assembler) in the target programming language which it is intended to compile. ...
Linguistics
Language acquisition in children Syntactic bootstrapping is the idea that children use syntactic knowledge they have developed to help learn what words mean -- semantics builds on top of syntax. Semantic bootstrapping in linguistics refers to the hypothesis that children utilize conceptual knowledge to create grammatical categories when acquiring their first language. ...
Bootstrapping of compositional language Iterated learning and grounding: from holistic to compositional languages written by Paul Vogt. See also an abstract of Project: Transmitting knowledge through the bootstrapping of compositional language.
Physics In physics, the term "bootstrap" is used for the class of theories that assume that very general consistency criteria are sufficient to determine the whole theory completely. In such theories — typically examples of quantum field theory — it is impossible to divide the objects and concepts to elementary and composite ones. The first few hydrogen atom electron orbitals shown as cross-sections with color-coded probability density. ...
Consistency has several technical meanings: In NASCAR Racing, consistency is a term coined by NASCAR drivers about the frequency of finishing well in the top ten or top five each race as it helps to get enough points to make the Chase For The Cup and win the Nextel Cup...
Quantum field theory (QFT) is the application of quantum mechanics to fields. ...
In computational complexity theory, the complexity class ELEMENTARY is the union of the classes in the exponential hierarchy. ...
The term composite can refer to several different things: A dental composite is an type of tooth filling material made of a plastic matrix containing high-strength quartz filler particles. ...
In physics, the term bootstrap model is used for the class of theories that assume that very general consistency criteria are sufficient to determine the whole theory completely. ...
Biology The idea of bootstrapping is significant in a number of fields in the biological sciences. The process by which a fertilised ovum develops into an embryo, particularly the way in which the nuclear genome is expressed differently in its various cells as these differentiate, is one example of bootstrapping. The evolution of progressively better adapted organs through natural selection in a lineage of organisms is another. Some biologists, including Graham Cairns-Smith, believe that the origin of life itself may have been a bootstrap process as one or more systems of biological information storage formed the foundation for successor systems that ultimately supplanted them culminating in the emergence of our current DNA-based system. For more details see the articles on embryology, ontogeny and phylogeny and RNA World. Biology is the branch of science dealing with the study of life. ...
Embryos (and one tadpole) of the wrinkled frog (Rana rugosa). ...
In biology the genome of an organism is the whole hereditary information of an organism that is encoded in the DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). ...
In biology, an organ (Latin: organum, instrument, tool) is a group of tissues that perform a specific function or group of functions. ...
Natural selection is the process by which individual organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. ...
In biology and ecology, an organism (in Greek organon = instrument) is a living complex adaptive system of organs that influence each other in such a way that they function as a more or less stable whole. ...
Dr. A. Graham Cairns-Smith (19?? to 20??) is an organic chemist and molecular biologist at Glasgow University, most famous for his controversial 1985 book, Seven Clues to the Origins of Life. ...
Pre-Cambrian stromatolites in the Siyeh Formation, Glacier National Park. ...
The general structure of a section of DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid —usually in the form of a double helix— that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life, and most viruses. ...
Embryology is the branch of developmental biology that studies embryos and their development. ...
In biology, ontogeny is the embryonal development process of a certain species, and phylogeny a species evolutionary history. ...
The RNA world hypothesis proposes that RNA was, before the emergence of the first cell, the dominant, and probably the only, form of life. ...
Electronics The term bootstrap has a number of meanings in electronics. The field of electronics is the study and use of systems that operate by controlling the flow of electrons (or other charge carriers) in devices such as thermionic valves and semiconductors. ...
In classical analog designs, a bootstrap circuit is an arrangement of components used to boost the input impedance of a circuit by using a small amount of positive feedback, usually over two stages. This was often necessary in the early days of bipolar transistors, which inherently have quite a low input impedance. The need for such arrangements has largely been alleviated by the use of modern field effect transistor designs, except when ultra-high input impedances are required. Note that because the feedback is positive, such circuits usually suffer from poor stability and noise performance compared to a circuit that doesn't bootstrap. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Analog electronics. ...
The input impedance or sometimes loading impedance of a circuit or electronic device is the impedance actually experienced by a signal which is connected to its input. ...
Feedback is (generally) information about actions. ...
The schematic symbols for PNP- and NPN- type BJTs. ...
Assorted transistors The transistor is a solid state semiconductor device that can be used for amplification, switching, voltage stabilization, signal modulation and many other functions. ...
Large power N-channel field effect transistor The field-effect transistor (FET) is a transistor that relies on an electric field to control the shape and hence the conductivity of a channel in a semiconductor material. ...
AC amplifiers can use bootstrapping to increase output swing. A capacitor is connected from the output of the amplifier to the bias circuit, providing bias voltages that exceed the power supply voltage. Emitter followers can provide rail-to-rail output in this way, which is a common technique in class AB audio amplifiers.
Another meaning is in connection with the booting process of a computer or other complex system, where the underlying electronics must arrange for the orderly startup of the CPU and related electronics components. This is done long before the CPU is in a state where it can begin to execute software. Nowadays the bootstrap is coordinated by special integrated circuits that monitor the raw power supply and provide the relevant signals to enable the CPU and other chips accordingly. An Internet payphone loading Windows XP In computing, booting is a bootstrapping process that starts operating systems when the user turns on a computer system. ...
A Lego RCX Computer is an example of an embedded computer used to control mechanical devices. ...
CPU redirects here. ...
Integrated circuit showing memory blocks, logic and input/output pads around the periphery A monolithic integrated circuit (also known as IC, microchip, silicon chip, computer chip or chip) is a miniaturized electronic circuit (consisting mainly of semiconductor devices, as well as passive components) which has been manufactured in the surface...
A power supply (sometimes known as a power supply unit or PSU) is a device or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads. ...
In a typical car alternator, a DC field current is required before the device can produce any output. Once running, a small portion of the output is fed back to keep the field alive — this can be seen as a form of bootstrapping. The initial priming current is usually obtained from the vehicle's battery — if the battery is totally flat the alternator won't produce any output voltage to spark the plugs or recharge the battery (by push starting for example) since it will be unable to bootstrap itself. However, in practice, a battery will usually have enough residual charge to avoid this. Early 20th century Alternator made in Budapest, Hungary, in the power generating hall of a hydroelectric station. ...
Direct current (DC or continuous current) is the continuous flow of electricity through a conductor such as a wire from high to low potential. ...
This article or section needs additional references or sources. ...
In reference to a regional or national power grid, bootstrapping refers to the process of restarting generating stations and restoring power to the grid after a large-scale power outage or disaster. This is also referred to as cold starting or black starting. The process is required for reasons not dissimilar to the automobile case above: many power stations have AC generators which do not contain permanent magnets, and are incapable of starting to produce electricity unless they are fed some from an outside source to energize the coils and produce a magnetic field. Once running, they use their own output power for this purpose and are self-sustaining. Some power plants are designated within the grid as being capable of a cold start (either because they have main generators which contain magnets, or have smaller auxiliary generators which do and which are capable of bringing the main ones up), and these plants are brought on-line first, and their power output directed across the grid to other plants and used to start them. In this way, generating stations across the network can be progressively brought back up. Transmission towers Transmission lines in Lund, Sweden Electric power transmission, or more accurately Electrical energy transmission, is the second process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. ...
Oil power plant in Iraq A power station or power plant is a facility for the generation of electric power. ...
A power outage is the loss of the electricity supply to an area. ...
Restoring power after a wide-area power outage can be difficult, as power stations need to be brought back on-line. ...
An electrical generator is a device that produces electrical energy from a mechanical energy source. ...
Iron filings in a magnetic field generated by a bar magnet A magnet is an object that has a magnetic field. ...
Machining Bootstrapping has been used to refer to the construction of machine or hand tools from raw materials using only simpler tools, or using naturally occuring objects as tools. See David J. Gingery. David J. Gingery (Dec. ...
Statistics In statistics bootstrapping is a method for estimating the sampling distribution of an estimator by resampling with replacement from the original sample. It is distinguished from the jackknife procedure, used to detect outliers, and cross-validation, whose purpose is to make sure that results are repeatable. There are more complicated bootstraps for sampling without replacement, two-sample problems, regression, time series, hierarchical sampling, and other statistical problems. A graph of a bell curve in a normal distribution showing statistics used in educational assessment, comparing various grading methods. ...
In statistics, a sampling distribution is the probability distribution, under repeated sampling of the population, of a given statistic (a numerical quantity calculated from the data values in a sample). ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with estimation theory. ...
Resampling is a term used in statistics to describe a variety of methods for computing summary statistics using subsets of available data (jackknife), drawing randomly with replacement from a set of data points (bootstrapping), or switching labels on data points when performing significance tests (permutation test, also called exact test...
Resampling is a term used in statistics to describe a variety of methods for computing summary statistics using subsets of available data (jackknife), drawing randomly with replacement from a set of data points (bootstrapping), or switching labels on data points when performing significance tests (permutation test, also called exact test...
In statistics, an outlier is a single observation far away from the rest of the data. ...
In statistics cross-validation is the practice of partitioning a sample of data into subsamples such that analysis is initially performed on a single subsample, while further subsamples are retained blind in order for subsequent use in confirming and validating the initial analysis. ...
For more details see bootstrap resampling. Resampling is a term used in statistics to describe a variety of methods for computing summary statistics using subsets of available data (jackknife), drawing randomly with replacement from a set of data points (bootstrapping), or switching labels on data points when performing significance tests (permutation test, also called exact test...
Finance In finance, bootstrapping refers to the procedure used to calculate the zero coupon yield curve, solving for the maturities where no instruments are available. The method uses interpolation to complete the yield curve, using available zero coupon securities with varying maturities. Finance studies and addresses the ways in which individuals, businesses and organizations raise, allocate and use monetary resources over time, taking into account the risks entailed in their projects. ...
Zero coupon bonds are bonds which do not pay periodic coupons, or so-called interest payments. ...
// The Yield Curve & The Term Structure of Interest Rates The US dollar yield curve as of 9 February 2005. ...
Statistical bootstrapping (described above) is also used extensively in quantitative finance research as a method of testing and validating forecasting models and trading strategies.
It may also mean a company acquiring a competitor with a sole reason of temporarily increasing earnings per share.
Bootstrapping also means starting and operating a business with little or no money or assistance from outside investors.
Venture capital and start-up companies As defined by Greg Gianforte, CEO, RightNow Technologies in an essay at [1], "bootstrapping" is the act of starting a business with little or no external funding. "Bootstrappers don’t write lengthy business plans, chase deep-pocketed investors, or indulge in overly academic market research exercises. Instead, they focus all of their considerable energy, brainpower, determination and skills on creating a business that can actually succeed in the real world." RightNow Technologies NASDAQ: RNOW is a U.S. software company that develops customer relationship management (CRM) software small and mid-market businesses. ...
Other books by entrepreneurs on Bootstrapping include: "Bootstrap" by Ken Hess. [2] and "Go it Alone" by Bruce Judson [3]. Bootstrapping is not well-studied or understood in Academia. Amar Bhide at Columbia [4] and Darius Mahdjoubi [5] are two academics who focus in this area. Examples of Bootstrap Entrepreneurs include Larry Ellison, Anita Roddick, Richard Branson and Michael Dell. Lawrence Joseph Ellison (born August 17, 1944) is the co-founder and CEO of Oracle Corporation, a major database software company. ...
Dame Anita Roddick DBE (b. ...
Sir Richard Branson during the announcement of the Virgin Express airline which would compete with Ryanair and EasyJet. ...
Michael Saul Dell (born February 23, 1965 in Houston, Texas) is the founder of Dell, Inc. ...
With the decline since 1999 of Venture Capital for early stage companies, bootstrapping is on the rise. It is supported by groups such as the Bootstrap Network, which maintains a comprehensive resource guide on bootstrapping. [6] The Bootstrap Network is where people help each other start businesses through trust and support. ...
Law The "bootstrapping rule" in the rules of evidence dealt with admissibility as non-hearsay of statements of conspiracy. The rule was that, in a criminal prosecution for conspiricy, the court, in deciding whether to allow the jury to consider a statement of conspiracy, cannot hear the statement itself, and that the allegation should be supported by independent evidence. If the independent evidence convinced the court that a conspiracy probably existed, only then could such a statement be introduced into trial and heard by the jury. Allowing such statements of conspiracy to prove the existence of conspiracy was considered similar to bootstrapping. In the United States, the bootstrapping rule has been eliminated from the Federal Rules of Evidence, as decided by the Supreme Court in the Bourjaily case. Hearsay in its most general and oldest meaning is a term used in the law of evidence to describe an out of court statement offered to establish the facts asserted in that statement. ...
In the criminal law, a conspiracy is an agreement between two or more natural persons to break the law at some time in the future, and, in some cases, with at least one overt act in furtherance of that agreement. ...
The Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE) are the rules that govern the admissibility of evidence in the United States federal court system. ...
The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the judicial branch of the United States federal government. ...
Phylogeny Bootstrapping is a way of testing the reliability of the dataset. It is the creation of pseudoreplicate datasets by resampling. Bootstrapping allows you to assess whether the distribution of characters has been influenced by stochastic effects. In phylogenetic analysis, nonparametric bootstrapping is the most commonly used method. The pseudoreplicate datasets are generated by randomly sampling the original character matrix to create new matrices of the same size as the original. The frequency with which a given branch is found is recorded as the bootstrap proportion. These proportions can be used as a measure of the reliability (within limitations) of individual branches in the optimal tree.
Thus bootstrap analysis:
- is a statistical method for obtaining an estimate of error, and
- is used to evaluate the reliability of a tree, and
- is used to examine how often a particular cluster in a tree appears when nucleotides or amino acids are resampled.
Notes - ^ Details of Living Systems theory, 1996, ISSS-Primer
See also - Cellular automaton: discusses simple step-by-step self-referential rules used to create larger patterns.
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