The Borda count is a single winner election method in which voters rank candidates in order of preference. The Borda count determines the winner of an election by giving each candidate a certain number of points corresponding to the position in which he or she is ranked by each voter. Once all votes have been counted the candidate with the most points is the winner. If points are assigned in the opposite matter, like in golf, (more points for lower vote) then the candidate with the lowest score would win. Either way will always find the same results. Because it sometimes elects broadly acceptable candidates, rather than those preferred by the majority, the Borda count is often described as a consensus-based electoral system, rather than a majoritarian one. An example of a plurality ballot. ... Preferential voting (or preference voting) is a type of ballot structure used in several electoral systems in which voters rank a list or group of candidates in order of preference. ... A Condorcet method is a single winner election method in which voters rank candidates in order of preference. ... Copelands method is a Condorcet method in which the winner is determined by finding the candidate with the most pairwise victories. ... The Kemeny-Young method is a voting system that uses preferential ballots, a tally table, and sequence scores to identify the most popular choice, and also identify the second-most popular choice, the third-most popular choice, and so on down to the least-popular choice. ... The Borda count can be combined with an Instant Runoff procedure to create hybrid election methods that are called Nanson method and Baldwin method. ... It has been suggested that Maximize Affirmed Majorities be merged into this article or section. ... An example of runoff voting. ... Example Instant-runoff voting ballot Instant-runoff voting (IRV) is a voting system most commonly used for single member elections in which voters have one vote, but can rank candidates in order of preference. ... The Coombs method, created by Clyde Coombs, is a voting system used for single-winner elections in which each voter rank-orders the candidates. ... Bucklin is a voting system that can be used for single-member districts and also multi-member districts. ... The Schulze method is a voting system developed in 1997 by Markus Schulze that selects a single winner using votes that express preferences. ... On an approval ballot, the voter can vote for any number of candidates. ... Range voting (also called ratings summation, average voting, cardinal ratings, 0–99 voting, or the score system or point system) is a voting system for one-seat elections under which voters score each candidate, the scores are added up, and the candidate with the highest score wins. ... Proportional representation (sometimes referred to as full representation, or PR), is a category of electoral formula aiming at a close match between the percentage of votes that groups of candidates (grouped by a certain measure) obtain in elections and the percentage of seats they receive (usually in legislative assemblies). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Mixed member proportional representation, also termed mixed-member proportional representation and commonly abbreviated to MMP, is a voting system used to elect representatives to numerous legislatures around the world. ... Party-list proportional representation systems are a family of voting systems used in multiple-winner elections (e. ... The DHondt method (equivalent to Jeffersons method) is a highest averages method for allocating seats in party-list proportional representation. ... The highest averages method is one way of allocating seats proportionally for representative assemblies with party list voting systems. ... The largest remainder method is one way of allocating seats proportionally for representative assemblies with party list voting systems. ... The Sainte-Laguë method of the highest average (equivalent to Websters method or divisor method with standard rounding) is one way of allocating seats proportionally for representative assemblies with party list voting systems. ... This STV ballot for the Australian Senate illustrates group voting tickets. ... A points method ballot design like this one is the most common for governmental elections using cumulative voting. ... Parallel voting describes a mixed voting system where voters in effect participate in two separate elections using different systems, and where the results in one election have little or no impact on the results of the other. ... The Single Non-Transferable Vote or SNTV is an electoral system used in multi-member constituency elections. ... A points method ballot design like this one is the most common for governmental elections using cumulative voting. ... Bloc voting (or block voting) (also called Plurality-at-large) refers to a class of voting systems which can be used to elect several representatives from a single constituency. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Demarchy is a term coined by Australian philosopher John Burnheim to describe a political system without the state or bureaucracies, and based instead on randomly selected groups of decision makers. ... Sortition is the method of random selection, particularly in relation to the selection of decision makers also known as allotment. ... A voting system is a means of choosing between a number of options, based on the input of a number of voters. ...

The Borda count was developed independently several times, but is named for Jean-Charles de Borda, who devised the system in 1770. It is currently used for the election of two ethnic minority members of the National Assembly of Slovenia, and, in modified forms, to select presidential election candidates in Kiribati and to elect members of the Parliament of Nauru. It is also used throughout the world by various private organisations and competitions. Jean-Charles de Borda (May 4, 1733 - February 19, 1799) was a French mathematician, physicist, political scientist, and sailor. ... The National Assembly (Državni zbor) is the assembly of the parliament of the Republic of Slovenia. ... The Parliament of Nauru has 18 members, elected for a three year term in multi-seat constituencies. ...

Voting and counting

Under the Borda count the voter ranks the list of candidates in order of preference. So, for example, the voter gives a '1' to their first preference, a '2' to their second preference, and so on. In this respect a Borda count election is the same as elections under other preferential voting systems, such as instant-runoff voting, the Single Transferable Vote or Condorcet's method. Preferential voting (or preference voting) is a type of ballot structure used in several electoral systems in which voters rank a list or group of candidates in order of preference. ... Example Instant-runoff voting ballot Instant-runoff voting (IRV) is a voting system most commonly used for single member elections in which voters have one vote, but can rank candidates in order of preference. ... This STV ballot for the Australian Senate illustrates group voting tickets. ... A Condorcet method is a single winner election method in which voters rank candidates in order of preference. ...

The number of points given to candidates for each ranking is determined by the number of candidates standing in the election. Thus, under the simplest form of the Borda count, if there are five candidates in an election then a candidate will receive five points each time they are ranked first, four for being ranked second, and so on, with a candidate receiving 1 point for being ranked last. In other words, where there are n candidates a candidate will receive n points for a first preference, n-1 points for a second preference, n-2 for a third, and so on.

Alternatively votes can be counted by giving each candidate a number of points equal to the number of candidates ranked lower than them, so that a candidate receives n-1 points for a first preference, n-2 for a second, and so on, with zero points for being ranked last. Another way to express this is that a candidate ranked in ith place receives n-i points. For example, in a five candidate election, the number of points assigned for the preferences expressed by a voter on a single ballot paper might be:

While the first of the above two formulae is used in the Slovenian parliamentary elections (as mentioned, for two out of 90 seats only), Nauru uses a sort of modified Borda count. The voter awards the first-ranked candidate with one point; while the second-ranked candidate receives half of the point, the third-ranked candidate receives one third of the point, etc. Using the above example, in Nauru the point distribution among the five candidates would seem like this:

When all votes have been counted, and the points added up, the candidate with most points wins. We have already noted that the Borda count is a preferential voting system. Because, from each voter, candidates receive a certain number of points, the Borda count is also classified as a positional voting system. Other positional methods include the 'first-past-the-post' (plurality) system, approval voting and the limited vote. A Positional voting system is a voting method that selects a winner based on information about voters preference rankings. ... An example of a plurality ballot. ... On an approval ballot, the voter can vote for any number of candidates. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

An example

Imagine that the population of Tennessee, a state in the United States, is voting on the location of its capital. The population of Tennessee is concentrated around its four major cities, which are spread throughout the state. For this example, suppose that the entire electorate lives in these four cities, and that everyone wants to live as near the capital as possible. Image File history File links Tennessee_map_for_voting_example. ... Official language(s) English Capital Nashville Largest city Memphis Largest metro area Nashville Metropolitan Area Area  Ranked 36th  - Total 42,169 sq mi (109,247 km²)  - Width 120 miles (195 km)  - Length 440 miles (710 km)  - % water 2. ... Not to be confused with capitol. ... In politics, an electorate is the group of people entitled to vote in an election. ...

The candidates for the capital are:

• Memphis, the state's largest city, with 42% of the voters, but located far from the other cities
• Nashville, with 26% of the voters
• Knoxville, with 17% of the voters
• Chattanooga, with 15% of the voters

The preferences of the voters would be divided like this: For other uses, see Memphis (disambiguation). ... Nickname: Location in Davidson County and the state of Tennessee Coordinates: , Country United States State Tennessee Counties Davidson County Founded: 1779 Incorporated: 1806 Government  - Mayor Bill Purcell (D) Area  - City  526. ... Nickname: Location within the U.S. State of Tennessee. ... “Chattanooga” redirects here. ...

If the various rankings given to each candidate are added up they are as follows.

It can be seen above, for example, that Chattanooga is ranked first by 15% of voters, second by 43%, third by 42%, and last by no voters at all. To give points to each candidate for these rankings this example will use the formula, explained above, whereby a candidate receives one point for each time a candidate is ranked lower than them (or n-i points). Thus when Chattanooga's votes are added up the results are calculated as: (15*3)+(43*2)+(42*1)+(0*0) = 173. When the points of all candidates are added up the results are as follows:

Result: The winner of the election is Nashville as it has 194 points, which is more than any other candidate. Since this example was worked purely according to geographical distance, we would expect the "most acceptable" city to be the most central. A glance at the map above confirms that this is indeed the case.

Variants

As noted above, there is more than one formula for assigning points for each ranking of a candidate. In Nauru a distinctive formula is used based on increasingly small fractions of points. Under the system a candidate receives 1 point for a first preference, ½ a point for a second preference, ⅓ for third preference, and so on. This method is far more favourable to candidates with many first preferences than the conventional Borda count; it also substantially reduces the impact of electors indicating late preferences at random because they have to complete the full ballot. In Kiribati a variant is used which uses a traditional Borda formula, but in which voters rank only four candidates, irrespective of how many are standing; an example of a truncated ballot.^[1]

Truncated ballots

A common way in which versions of the Borda count differ is the method for dealing with truncated ballots, that is, ballots on which a voter has not expressed a full list of preferences. There are several methods:

• The simplest method is to allow voters to rank as many or as few candidates as they wish, but simply give every unranked candidate the minimum number of points. For example, if there are 10 candidates, and a voter votes for candidate A first and candidate B second, leaving everyone else unranked, candidate A receives 9 or 10 points (depending on the formula used), candidate B receives 8 or 9 points, and all other candidates receive either zero or 1. However this method allows strategic voting in the form of bullet voting; that is, voting for only one candidate and leaving every other candidate unranked. This variant makes a bullet vote more effective than a fully-ranked ballot.

• Under a system known as the 'modified Borda count', the number of points given for a voter's first and subsequent preferences is determined by the total number of candidates they have actually ranked, rather than the total number standing. This means, in other words, that if there are ten candidates but a voter ranks only five then their first preference will receive only four (k-1) or five (k) points, depending on the formula used (k being equal to the number of candidates ranked); their second preference will receive 3 or 4 points, their next 2 or 3, and so on. This method effectively penalises voters who do not rank a full ballot, by diminishing the number of points their vote distributes among candidates.

• Voters can simply be obliged to rank all candidates. This is the method used in Nauru.

• Voters can be permitted to rank only a subset of the total number of candidates but obliged to rank all of these with all unranked candidates being given zero points. This is the system used in Kiribati.

Bullet voting is a tactic where the voter only selects one candidate in hope that other voters will add enough votes to help their selected candidate win. ...

Multiple winners

The system invented by Jean-Charles de Borda was intended for use in elections with a single winner, but it is also possible to conduct a Borda count with more than one winner, by electing those candidates with the most points. In other words, if there are two seats to be filled then the two candidates with most points win, in a three seat election the three candidates with most points, and so on. In Nauru, which uses the multi-seat variant of the Borda count, parliamentary constituencies of two and four seats are used.

Other systems

A number of voting systems other than the Borda count employ its system of assigning points for rankings. The Quota Borda System is a system of proportional representation in multi-seat constituencies that uses the Borda count. The Nanson and Baldwin methods are single winner voting systems that combine elements of the Borda count and instant run-off voting. Unlike the Borda count, Nanson and Baldwin are majoritarian and Condorcet methods. The Quota Borda System or Quota Preference Score was devised by the british philosopher Michael Dummett and first published in 1984 in his book, Voting Procedures, and again in his Principles of Electoral Reform in 1997. ... Proportional representation (sometimes referred to as full representation, or PR), is a category of electoral formula aiming at a close match between the percentage of votes that groups of candidates (grouped by a certain measure) obtain in elections and the percentage of seats they receive (usually in legislative assemblies). ... The Borda count can be combined with an Instant Runoff procedure to create hybrid election methods that are called Nanson method and Baldwin method. ... A Condorcet method is a single winner election method in which voters rank candidates in order of preference. ...

As a consensual method

Unlike most other voting systems, in the Borda count it is possible for a candidate who is the first preference of an absolute majority of voters to fail to be elected. This is because the Borda count affords greater importance to a voter's lower preferences than most other systems, including other preferential methods such as instant-runoff voting and Condorcet's method. The Borda count tends to favour candidates supported by a broad consensus among voters, rather than the candidate who is necessarily the favourite of a majority. For this reason some of its supporters see it as a method that promotes consensus and avoids the 'tyranny of the majority'. Advocates argue, for example, that where the majority candidate is strongly opposed by a large minority of the electorate, the Borda winner may have higher overall utility than the majority winner. On grounds such as these, the de Borda Institute of Northern Ireland advocates the use of a form of referendum based on the Borda count in divided societies such as Northern Ireland, the Balkans and Kashmir. Example Instant-runoff voting ballot Instant-runoff voting (IRV) is a voting system most commonly used for single member elections in which voters have one vote, but can rank candidates in order of preference. ... Any election method conforming to the Condorcet criterion is known as a Condorcet method. ... On Liberty is a philosophical work in the English language by 19th century philosopher John Stuart Mill, first published in 1859. ... Northern Ireland (Irish: ) is a part of the United Kingdom lying in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 km², about a sixth of the islands total area). ... Elections Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita, originally a decree of the Concilium Plebis) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ...

Because it will not necessarily elect a candidate who is the first preference of a majority of voters, the Borda count is said by scholars to fail the majority criterion. It is also theoretically possible for such a candidate to fail to be elected under approval voting. The majority criterion is a voting system criterion, used to objectively compare voting systems. ... On an approval ballot, the voter can vote for any number of candidates. ...

An example

Imagine an election in which 100 voters express the following preferences:

The Borda scores of the candidates are:

• Andrew: 153
• Catherine: 205
• Brian: 151
• David: 91

Under most single winner voting systems – including 'first-past-the-post' (plurality), instant-runoff and Condorcet's method – Andrew would have been the winning candidate. However under the Borda count Catherine has the highest Borda score and so is elected instead. Favouring Andrew as the winner is the fact that he is supported by an unambiguous absolute majority of voters. On the other hand he is the last preference of 49 voters, which suggests that he may be strongly opposed by almost one half of the electorate. Catherine, on the other hand, while she receives only a handful of first preference votes, is at least the second choice of all voters. This seems to suggest that she is broadly acceptable to all voters. An example of a plurality ballot. ...

Potential for tactical manipulation

Tactical voting

Like all voting systems, the Borda count is vulnerable to tactical voting. In particular, it is vulnerable to the tactics of 'compromising' and 'burying'. Compromising: voters can help avoid the election of a less preferred candidate by insincerely raising the position of a more preferred candidate on their ballot. Burying: voters can help a more preferred candidate by insincerely lowering the position of a less preferred candidate on their ballot. In voting systems, tactical voting (or strategic voting) occurs when a voter supports a candidate other than his or her sincere preference in order to prevent an undesirable outcome. ...

An effective tactic is to combine these two strategies. For example, if there are two candidates whom a voter considers to be the most likely to win, the voter can maximise his impact on the contest between these front runners by ranking the candidate whom he likes more in first place, and ranking the candidate whom he likes less in last place. If neither front runner is his sincere first or last choice, the voter is employing both the compromising and burying tactics at once. If many voters employ such strategies, then the result will no longer reflect the sincere preferences of the electorate.

Using the above example based on choosing the capital of Tennessee, if polls suggest a toss-up between Nashville and Chattanooga, citizens of Knoxville might change their ranking to

1. Chattanooga (compromising their sincere first choice, Knoxville)
2. Knoxville
3. Memphis (burying their sincere third choice, Nashville)
4. Nashville

If many Knoxville voters voted in this way it would result in the election of Chattanooga. Citizens of Chattanooga could also increase the likelihood of the election of their city by voting tactically, but would require the assistance of some tactical voters from Knoxville to be successful.

In response to the issue of strategic manipulation in the Borda count, M. de Borda said, "My scheme is intended for only honest men". The academic Donald G. Saari has created a mathematical framework for evaluating positional methods in which he claims to show that the Borda count has fewer opportunities for tactical voting than other positional methods such as plurality voting. Donald G. Saari (born March 1940 in Houghton, Michigan, USA) is the Distinguished Professor of Mathematics and Economics at the University of California Irvine. ... The first-past-the-post electoral system is a voting system for single-member districts, variously called first-past-the-post (FPTP or FPP), winner-take-all, plurality voting, or relative majority. ...

Strategic nomination

The Borda count is highly vulnerable to a form of strategic nomination called 'teaming' or 'cloning'. This means that when more candidates run with similar ideologies, the probability of one of those candidates winning increases. Therefore, under the Borda count, it is to a faction's advantage to run as many candidates in that faction as they can. For example, even in a single seat election, it would be to the advantage of a political party to stand as many candidates as possible in an election. In this respect the Borda count differs from many other single winner systems, such as the 'first past the post' plurality system, in which a political faction is disadvantaged by running too many candidates. Under systems such as plurality 'splitting' a party's vote in this way can lead to the spoiler effect, which harms the chances of any of a faction's candidates being elected. Strategic nomination is the manipulation of an election through its candidate set (compare this to tactical voting, where the manipulation comes from the voters). ... An example of a plurality ballot. ... The spoiler effect is a term to describe the effect a candidate can have on a close election, in which their candidacy results in the election being won by a candidate dissimilar to them, rather than a candidate similar to them. ...

In 1980, William Gehrlein and Peter Fishburn compared the Borda count to other positional methods, such as plurality and approval voting. They investigated the likelihood of a positional method choosing the same candidate when one modified the set of candidates by eliminating one losing candidate from a three candidate election and two losing candidates from a four candidate election. They found that the Borda count was the positional rule which maximises the probability of electing the same candidate after this modification of the choice set. William V. Gehrlein, born 1946, is a notable researcher in the areas of social choice theory, decision theory and graph theory. ... Peter C. Fishburn (1936_) is known as a pioneer in the field of decision making processes. ... On an approval ballot, the voter can vote for any number of candidates. ...

Evaluation by criteria

Scholars of electoral systems often compare them using mathematically defined voting system criteria. From among these, the Borda count satisfies the monotonicity criterion, the consistency criterion, the participation criterion, the resolvability criterion, the plurality criterion (trivially), reversal symmetry, and the Condorcet loser criterion. It does not satisfy the Condorcet criterion, the independence of irrelevant alternatives criterion, the independence of clones criterion, or the majority criterion. A voting system criterion is a formally defined pass/fail criterion by which a voting system may be assessed. ... A voting system is monotonic if it satisfies the monotonicity criterion, given below. ... A voting system is consistent if, when the electorate is divided arbitrarily into two parts and separate elections in each part result in the same alternative being selected, an election of the entire electorate also selects that alternative. ... Statement of Criterion Adding one or more ballots that vote X over Y should never change the winner from X to Y. Complying Methods Plurality voting, Approval voting, Cardinal Ratings, Borda count, and Woodalls DAC method all pass the Participation Criterion. ... The Resolvability criterion pertains to Condorcet methods where at least in those cases in which there are no pairwise ties and no pairwise defeats of equal strength, the winner must be unique. ... Plurality criterion is a voting system criterion devised by Douglas Woodall. ... Reversal symmetry is a voting method criterion that is stated as follows: If a candidate A is the unique winner, and the individual preferences of each voter are inverted, then candidate A must not be elected. ... Given a vote where voters rank options in order of preference, a Condorcet loser is an option that loses all of its pairwise comparisons. ... The Condorcet candidate or Condorcet winner of an election is the candidate who, when compared in turn with each of the other candidates, is preferred over the other candidate. ... Independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA) is an axiom often adopted by social scientists as a basic condition of rationality. ... The independence of clones criterion states that the addition of a candidate identical to one already present in an election will not cause the winner of the election to change. ... The majority criterion is a voting system criterion, used to objectively compare voting systems. ...

The variant of the Borda count that permits bullet voting satisfies the plurality criterion, but the 'modified Borda count' does not. Variants that oblige voters to rank only a certain specified number of candidates satisfy the same criteria as the conventional Borda count. Plurality criterion is a voting system criterion devised by Douglas Woodall. ...

Current uses

Political uses

The Borda count is used for certain political elections in at least three countries, Slovenia and the tiny Micronesian nations of Kiribati and Nauru. In Slovenia the Borda count is used to elect two of the ninety members of the National Assembly. One member represents a constituency of ethnic Italians, the other a constituency of the Hungarian minority. As noted above, members of the Parliament of Nauru are elected based on a variant of the Borda count that involves two departures from the normal practice: (1) multi-seat constituencies, of either two or four seats, and (2) a point allocation formula that involves increasingly small fractions of points for each ranking, rather than whole points. In Kiribati the president (or Beretitenti) is elected by the plurality system, but a variant of the Borda count is used to select either three or four candidates to stand in the election. The constituency consists of members of the legislature (Maneaba). Voters in the legislature rank only four candidates, with all other candidates receiving zero points. Since at least 1991 tactical voting has been an important feature of the nominating process. List of Presidents of Kiribati (beretitenti) Categories: | ... The House of Assembly of Kiribati (official constitutional name: Maneaba ni Maungatabu) has 42 members, 40 elected for a four year term in single-seat and multi-seat constituencies, 1 delegate from Banaba Island and 1 ex-officio member (the Attorney General). ...

The Republic of Nauru became independent from Australia in 1968. Before independence, and for three years afterwards, Nauru used instant-runoff voting, importing the system from Australia, but since 1971 a variant of the Borda count has been used.

The Borda count has been used for non-governmental purposes at certain peace conferences in Northern Ireland, where it has been used to help achieve consensus between participants including members of Sinn Féin, the Ulster Unionists, and the political wing of the UDA. For pre-Arthur Griffith use of the political name, see Sinn Féin (19th century). ... The Ulster Unionist Party (UUP, sometimes referred to as the Official Unionist Party or OUP) is a political party in Northern Ireland representing the unionist community, and was the party of government in Northern Ireland between 1921 and 1972. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Other uses

The Borda count, and points based systems similar to it, are often used to determine awards in competitions. The Borda count is a popular method for granting awards for sports in the United States, and is used in determining the Most Valuable Player in Major League Baseball, by the Associated Press and United Press International to rank players in NCAA sports, to determine the winner of the Heisman Trophy^[2], and so on. The Eurovision Song Contest also uses a positional voting method similar to the Borda count, with a different distribution of points: only the top ten entries are considered in each ballot, the favourite entry receiving 12 points, the second placed entry receiving 10 points, and the other 8 entries getting points from 8 to 1. Although designed to favour a clear winner, it has produced very close races and even a tie. The Borda count is used for wine trophy judging by the Australian Society of Viticulture and Oenology, and by the RoboCup autonomous robot soccer competition at the Center for Computing Technologies, in the University of Bremen in Germany. The People's Remix Competition uses a Borda variant where the voter ranks only the top three contestants. In the game of baseball, both amateur and professional, it is tradition to annually recognize the one player in the league who has contributed the most to the success of the players team. ... MLB and Major Leagues redirect here. ... The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ... Front of UPI Headquarters, Washington, D.C. “UPI” redirects here. ... The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA, often pronounced N-C-Double-A or N-C-Two-A ) is a voluntary association of about 1,200 institutions, conferences, organizations and individuals that organizes the athletic programs of many colleges and universities in the United States. ... “Heisman” redirects here. ... The modern logo was introduced for the 2004 Contest (in Istanbul) to create a consistent visual identity. ... The Australian Society of Viticulture and Oenology (ASVO) is a non-political organisation that was founded in 1980 to serve the interests of practising winemakers and viticulturists by encouraging the exchange of technical information. ... // Overview RoboCup is an international robotics competition founded in 1993. ... The University of Bremen (Universität Bremen) is a university of about 23,000 students and 1,500 scientists in Bremen, Germany. ...

The Borda count is used in a number of educational institutions in the United States, such as at the University of Michigan College of Literature, Science and the Arts to elect the Student Government, to elect the Michigan Student Assembly for the university at large, at the University of Missouri Graduate-Professional Council to elect its officers, at the University of California Los Angeles Graduate Student Association to elect its officers, in the Civil Liberties Union of Harvard University to elect its officers, at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale to elect officers to the Faculty Senate, and at Arizona State University to elect officers to the Department of Mathematics and Statistics assembly. It is also used to elect faculty members to committees at Wheaton College, Massachusetts. Borda count is used to break ties for member elections of the faculty personnel committee of the School of Business Administration at the College of William and Mary. The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (U of M, UM or simply Michigan) is a coeducational public research university in the state of Michigan, and one of the foremost universities in the United States. ... The University of Missouri–Columbia is a public land-grant university and is Missouris largest university and public research institution. ... The University of California, Los Angeles, popularly known as UCLA, is a public, coeducational university situated in the neighborhood of Westwood within the city of Los Angeles. ... Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League. ... Southern Illinois University is a university in southern Illinois with two institutions and multiple campuses. ... , Carbondale is a city in Southern Illinois in the midwest United States, about one hour north of Cairo. ... Arizona State University (ASU) is a public research institution of higher education and research with campuses located in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area. ... Wheaton College is a four-year, private liberal arts college with an approximate student body of 1,550. ... The College of William and Mary (also known as William & Mary, W&M or The College) is a small, selective, coeducational public university located in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. ...

In professional societies, the Borda count is used to elect the Board of Governors of the International Society for Cryobiology, the management committee of Tempo sustainable design network, located in Cornwall, United Kingdom, and to elect members to Research Area Committees of the U.S. Wheat and Barley Scab Initiative. The Borda count is one of the feature selection methods used by the OpenGL Architecture Review Board. The Society for Cryobiology is an international scientific society which was founded in 1964. ... Tempo is an unincorporated, not-for-profit, association of designers, other professionals, students and laypersons interested in how design can contribute to a sustainable future. ... For other uses, see Cornwall (disambiguation). ... The U.S. Wheat and Barley Scab Initiative was founded in 1998. ... OpenGL (Open Graphics Library) is a standard specification defining a cross-language cross-platform API for writing applications that produce 2D and 3D computer graphics. ...

The Borda count is used to determine winners for Toastmasters International speech contests. Judges offer a ranking of their top-three speakers and counted with points as 3,2,1 respectively. All unranked candidates receive zero points. Toastmasters International (TI) is a nonprofit educational organization that operates clubs worldwide for the purpose of helping members improve their communication, public speaking and leadership skills. ...

History

A form of the Borda count was one of the voting methods employed in the Roman Senate beginning around the year 105. However, in its modern, mathematical form, the system is thought have been discovered independently by at least three men: The Roman Senate (Latin: Senatus) was the main governing council of both the Roman Republic, which started in 509 BC, and the Roman Empire. ...

• Ramon Llull (1232–1315), who with the 2001 discovery of his lost manuscripts Ars notandi, Ars eleccionis, and Alia ars eleccionis, was given credit for discovering the Borda count and Condorcet criterion (Llull winner) in the 13th century
• Nicholas of Cusa (1401–1464), who in 1433 unsuccessfully suggested the method as a way of electing the Holy Roman Emperor
• Jean-Charles de Borda, who devised the system in June of 1770, invented his system as a fair way to elect members to the French Academy of Sciences, and first published his method in 1781 as Mémoire sur les élections au scrutin in the Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, Paris. The method was used by the Academy from 1784 until being quashed by Napoleon in 1800.

Ramon Llull. ... // Introduction The Llull winner is similar to the Condorcet winner in voting systems. ... Nicholas of Cusa Nicholas of Cusa (1401– August 11, 1464) was a German cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, a philosopher, jurist, mathematician, and an astronomer. ... The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806. ... Jean-Charles de Borda (May 4, 1733 - February 19, 1799) was a French mathematician, physicist, political scientist, and sailor. ... Louis XIV visiting the Académie in 1671 The French Academy of Sciences (Académie des sciences) is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research. ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ...

References

See also

• Portal:Politics

Further reading

• Chaotic Elections!, by Donald G. Saari (ISBN 0-8218-2847-9) describes various voting systems using a mathematical model, and supports the use of the Borda count.
• Toplak, Jurij. The parliamentary election in Slovenia, October 2004. Electoral Studies 25 (2006) 825-831.
• Benjamin Reilly. Social Choice in the South Seas: Electoral Innovation and the Borda Count in the Pacific Island Countries. International Political Science Review (2002), Vol 23, No. 4, 355–372.

Donald G. Saari (born March 1940 in Houghton, Michigan, USA) is the Distinguished Professor of Mathematics and Economics at the University of California Irvine. ...

External links

• The de Borda Institute, Northern Ireland
• Cloning manipulation of the Borda rule An article by Jérôme Serais.
• The Symmetry and Complexity of Elections Article by mathematician Donald G. Saari explaining paradoxes not suffered by the Borda count.
• The Case Against Borda Article by James Green-Armytage examining some difficulties with Borda count.
• Article by Alexander Tabarrok and Lee Spector Would using the Borda Count in the U.S. 1860 presidential election have averted the American Civil War?
• Consequences of Reversing Preferences An article by Donald G. Saari and Steven Barney.
• Rank Ordering Engineering Designs: Pairwise Comparison Charts and Borda Counts Article by Clive L. Dym, William H. Wood and Michael J. Scott.
• Arrow's Impossibility Theorem This is an article by Alexander Tabarrok on analysis of the Borda Count under Arrow's Theorem.
• Article by Daniel Eckert, Christian Klamler, and Johann Mitlöhner On the superiority of the Borda rule in a distance-based perspective on Condorcet efficiency.
• Non-Manipulable Domains for the Borda Count Article by Martin Barbie, Clemens Puppe, and Attila Tasnadi.
• Which scoring rule maximizes Condorcet Efficiency? Article by Davide P. Cervone, William V. Gehrlein, and William S. Zwicker.
• Scoring Rules on Dichotomous Preferences Article mathematically comparing the Borda count to Approval voting under specific conditions by Marc Vorsatz.
• Condorcet Efficiency: A Preference for Indifference Article by William V. Gehrlein and Fabrice Valognes.
• Why the Count de Borda Cannot Beat the Marquis de Condorcet: Article by Mathias Risse, published in Social Choice and Welfare. (older version)
• Cooperative phenomena in crystals and social choice theory Article by Thierry Marchant.
• A program to implement the Condorcet and Borda rules in a small-n election Article by Iain McLean and Neil Shephard.
• The Reasonableness of Independence Article by Iain McLean.
• Variants of the Borda Count Method for Combining Ranked Classifier Hypotheses Article by Merijn Van Erp and Lambert Schomaker
• Selecting Committees Article by Thomas C. Ratliff.
• Flash animation by Kathy Hays An example of how the Borda count is used to determine the Most Valuable Player in Major League Baseball.
• Range Voting Article by Warren D. Smith. The author finds deficiencies in the Borda count based on various analysis.