 Morning in the pine forest, by Ivan Shishkin and Konstantin Savitsky In paleoclimatology of the Holocene, the Boreal was the first of the Blytt-Sernander sequence of north European climatic phases that were originally based on the study of Danish peat bogs, named for Axel Blytt and Rutger Sernander who first established the sequence. In peat bog sediments, the Boreal is also recognized by its characteristic pollen zone. It was preceded by the Younger Dryas, the last cold snap of the Pleistocene, and followed by the Atlantic, a warmer and moister period than our most recent climate. The Boreal, transitional between the two periods, varied a great deal, at times comprising within it climates like today's. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (900x588, 161 KB) Summary en:Ivan Shishkin, en:Konstantin Savitsky Morning in the Pine Forest (Утро в ÑоÑновом леÑу) 1886, Tretyakov Gallery Downloaded from http://relax. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (900x588, 161 KB) Summary en:Ivan Shishkin, en:Konstantin Savitsky Morning in the Pine Forest (Утро в ÑоÑновом леÑу) 1886, Tretyakov Gallery Downloaded from http://relax. ...
Paleoclimatology is the study of climate change taken on the scale of the entire history of the Earth. ...
The Holocene epoch is a geological period that extends from the present day back to about 10,000 radiocarbon years, approximately 11,430 ± 130 calendar years BP (between 9560 and 9300 BC). ...
The Blytt-Sernander classification, or sequence, is a series of north European climatic periods or phases based on the study of Danish peat bogs by Axel Blytt (1876) and Rutger Sernander (1908). ...
Northern Europe is a name for the northern part of the European continent. ...
Helianthus annuus pollen Pollen zones are a system of subdividing late Pleistocene and early Holocene paleoclimate using the data from pollen cores. ...
Three temperature records, the GRIP one clearly showing the Younger Dryas event at around 11 kyr BP The Younger Dryas stadial, named after the alpine / tundra wildflower Dryas octopetala, and also referred to as the Big Freeze [1], was a brief (approximately 1300 ± 70 years [1]) cold climate period following...
The Pleistocene epoch (IPA: ) is part of the geologic timescale. ...
Canopy The Atlantic in palaeoclimatology was the warmest and most moist Blytt-Sernander period, pollen zone and chronozone of Holocene north Europe. ...
Subdividing the Boreal
Subsequent to the original Blytt-Sernander scheme, the Boreal was divided into the Pre-boreal, a transitional phase, and the Boreal proper. The beginning of the Pre-boreal is the former beginning of the Boreal. Some current schemes based on pollen zones also distinguish a pre-Boreal (pollen zone IV), an early Boreal (pollen zone V) and a late Boreal (pollen zone VIa, b, and c).
Dating A date of 11,500 BP calibrated is generally accepted for the end of the Younger Dryas and the start of the Pre-Boreal. This date is based fairly solidly on Greenland ice cores, which give 11,640 BP for the late Younger Dryas and 11,400 BP for the early Pre-Boreal. The start of the period is relatively sharply defined by a rise of 7 °C within a 50-year period. Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 1129 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 1129 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
This article is about the corporation known as BP. For other uses, see BP (disambiguation). ...
Three temperature records, the GRIP one clearly showing the Younger Dryas event at around 11 kyr BP The Younger Dryas stadial, named after the alpine / tundra wildflower Dryas octopetala, and also referred to as the Big Freeze [1], was a brief (approximately 1300 ± 70 years [1]) cold climate period following...
Ice Core sample taken from drill. ...
Agreement ends there. Dates can vary by as much as 1000 years for a number of reasons. Foremost is the tendency to redefine "Boreal". It can identify a paleoclimate, a pollen zone or a chronozone, but those three bases of definition allow quite different dates. Different methods of dating also obtain different dates. The underlying problem is that climate and pollen vary somewhat from region to region. The scientists of each region use the methods available in their region, whether lake varves, the annual layers of sediment from ancient or modern lake bottoms, ice cores or counts of tree rings (dendrochronology). Image File history File links Varve1. ...
Image File history File links Varve1. ...
The growth rings of an unknown tree species, at Bristol Zoo, England Pinus taeda Cross section showing annual rings, Cheraw, South Carolina Pine stump showing growth rings Dendrochronology or tree-ring dating is the method of scientific dating based on the analysis of tree-ring growth patterns. ...
Standardization has become of increasing concern to scientists everywhere. Dates from many methods continue to multiply as paleoclimatologists seek higher resolution. Whether variation from region to region will allow high-resolution standardization remains to be seen.
There are some solid dates providing fixed points in the Pre-Boreal or Boreal. The Saksunarvatn tephra (an ash layer of volcanic fall-out), is dated in Greenland ice to 10,180 plus or minus 60 BP; in lakes deposits at Krakenes in Norway to 10,010-9,980 years BP calibrated; in northwest German lakes, to 10,090 years BP calibrated. The tephra occurs in early Boreal contexts. It seems certain, then, that the early Boreal (pollen zone V) includes the year 10,000 BP. By a similar line of reasoning, the late Boreal certainly includes the Kilian/Vasset tephra of Swiss and southwest German lakes at 8200 BP, all calibrated. Where the borders are to be drawn is not as certain. Image File history File links Dds40-097_large. ...
Image File history File links Dds40-097_large. ...
In the new science of tephrochronology, Saksunarvatn tephra are volcanic ejecta that form an ash layer that is useful in dating Northern European sediment layers that were laid down during the Boreal period, the warm climate phase that followed the cold snap of the Younger Dryas as the earth made...
Studies conducted on bogs in northwest Russia are the basis for a division of the Preboreal (PB) into PB-1, 10,000-9800, and PB-2, 9800-9300 BP uncal. The scheme goes on to divide the Boreal (BO) into BO-1, 9300-9000, BO-2, 9000-8500, and BO-3, 8500-8000, uncal. CalPal used on these dates suggests overall boundaries of 11,500 and 10,500 BP for the Pre-Boreal with the end of the Boreal at 8900. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (960x1280, 356 KB) Réserve naturelle de la tourbière de Frasne 25 France - front de coupe photo by Jeffdelonge File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Boreal...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (960x1280, 356 KB) Réserve naturelle de la tourbière de Frasne 25 France - front de coupe photo by Jeffdelonge File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Boreal...
Lütt-Witt Moor, a bog in Henstedt-Ulzburg in northern Germany. ...
Dating Discrepancies The dates and sources given above are enough to give the reader an idea of the type of work being done and the variation in the dates. These recent dates are generally earlier than dates given more than 10 years ago. For example, Iverson (1973) and Rud (1979) give dates of 10,000-9000 BP for the Pre-Boreal and 9000-8000 BP for the Boreal, which are stated to be calibrated C-14 dates based on Scandinavian pollen stratigraphy.
Presumably the more recent dates are the more accurate, as technology improves with time, often quite rapidly. The reader should be aware of these discrepancies, while at the same time realizing that pollen and climate phases also to some degree may depend on latitude. No date can be regarded as wrong with 100% certainty. Scientists look for the overall pattern of the dates, but that technique is not 100% reliable, either.
Description Prior to the sudden rise in temperature marking the start of the Pre-Boreal, Eurasia— locked in the chill of the Younger Dryas— was a more or less continuous tundra belt, with regions of taiga, covered with an herbaceous blanket of grasses and other low plants and shrubs typical of open land. The plant life supported large numbers of herbivores wandering in herds over vast distances. The blanket teemed with small, rapidly reproducing species, which supported food chains of larger predators. The largest predators hunted the mammals of the open tundra, as did man, the most successful predator of them all. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Eurasia African-Eurasian aspect of Earth Eurasia is the landmass composed of Europe and Asia. ...
In physical geography, tundra is an area where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons. ...
The taiga is found throughout the high northern latitudes, just below the tundra, and just above the steppes. ...
A deer and two fawns feeding on some foliage A herbivore is often defined as any organism that eats only plants[1]. By that definition, many fungi, some bacteria, many animals, about 1% of flowering plants and some protists can be considered herbivores. ...
This entire ecosystem came to an abrupt end with the sudden rise in temperature that marked the onset of the Boreal period. Replaced by forest, the open lands disappeared from Europe and with them numerous species of ice-age mammals. Lands were repopulated with species that spread from southern refugia, and new climax ecosystems developed. The old fauna persisted in Central Asia, but, not being replenished by the larger areas formerly nourishing the ecosystem, were soon hunted out. Proposed Amazonian Refugia from Haffer, 1969 In the most basic biological sense refugia (singular: refugium) refer to locations of isolated or relict populations of once widespread animal or plant species. ...
 Drowned coastline, Irish Sea The sea brought about additional isolation by rising rapidly and drowning the entire coast. Ireland was cut off early in the Boreal, suffering an impovershment of species. It is home to only two-thirds of the species present in Britain. Britain also was cut off by the end of the Boreal. Forest had closed over the former European tundra. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (992x653, 912 KB) NASA World Wind screenshot. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (992x653, 912 KB) NASA World Wind screenshot. ...
Man was offered two choices by nature: adapt to the encroaching forest or move eastward with the large mammals. Those that stayed became hunter-gatherers of the forests and fishers of the numerous bays, inlets and shallow waters around the thousands of islands that now spangled the seas of Europe. They lived richly and were encouraged to enter the pre-productive phase that we call the Mesolithic. Those that moved east hunted out the last of wild big game and turned their best efforts into learning to herd what was left. In the Americas, man had left the Paleoindian phase and were now in the Archaic. The Mesolithic (Greek mesos=middle and lithos=stone or the Middle Stone Age) was a period in the development of human technology between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods of the Stone Age. ...
Paleo-Indians is an English term used to refer to the ancient peoples of America who were present at the end of the last Ice Age. ...
Adjective archaic (more archaic, most archaic) From an earlier period and no longer in common use; of or characterized by antiquity or archaism, antiquated. ...
Meanwhile humanity toward the south of the north temperate zone had already turned to food production in a number of widely separated locations and were on the brink of civilization. There is no evidence of any extensive contact with the cultures of the north during the Boreal. The producers tended to live in dense centers without any interest in moving from there except when motivated to find new lands. The gatherers ranged widely over their lands, building only temporary settlements in which to spend the winter.
Flora
 Birch forest near Ruovesi, Finland During the Pre-Boreal pollen zone IV, large quantities of tree pollen began to replace the pollen of open-land species, as the most mobile and flexible arboreal species colonized their way northward, replacing the ice-age tundra plants. Foremost among them were the birches, Betula pubescens and B. verrucosa, accompanied by Sorbus aucuparia and Quaking Aspen, Populus tremula. Especially sensitive to temperature changes and moving northward almost immediately were Juniperus nana and J. communis, the dwarf and shrub Juniper respectively, which reached a maximum density in the Pre-Boreal. Pine soon followed, for which reason the resulting open woodland is often called a birch or a pine-birch forest. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1280x960, 1132 KB) Birch forest near Ruovesi, Finland (03-07-2004). ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1280x960, 1132 KB) Birch forest near Ruovesi, Finland (03-07-2004). ...
Species Many species; see text and classification Birch is the name of any tree of the genus Betula, in the family Betulaceae, closely related to the beech/oak family, Fagaceae. ...
This article is about the rowan tree; for other uses of the term, see Rowan (disambiguation) Species Sorbus subgenus Sorbus Sorbus aucuparia - European Rowan Sorbus americana - American Rowan Sorbus cashmeriana - Kashmir Rowan Sorbus commixta - Japanese Rowan Sorbus decora - Showy Rowan Sorbus glabrescens - White-fruited Rowan Sorbus hupehensis - Hubei Rowan Sorbus...
Species Populus adenopoda Populus alba Populus grandidentata Populus sieboldii Populus tremula Populus tremuloides Aspens are trees of the willow family and comprise a section of the poplar genus, Populus sect. ...
Species Junipers are coniferous plants in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family Cupressaceae. ...
For other uses, see Pine (disambiguation). ...
In the yet warmer early Boreal pollen zone V, Corylus avellana (hazel) and pine expanded into the birch woodlands to such a degree that palynologists refer to the resulting ecology as the hazel-pine forest. In the late Boreal it was supplanted by the spread of a deciduous forest called the mixed-oak forest. Pine, birch and hazel were reduced in favor of Quercus, Ulmus, Tilia and Alnus. The former tundra was now closed by a canopy of dense forest. In the marshland Typha latifolia (reeds) prevailed. Warm-weather species such as ivy and mistletoe were to be found in Denmark. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1600x1035, 610 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Boreal (period) ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1600x1035, 610 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Boreal (period) ...
This article is about the tree; for other meanings of hazel, see Hazel (disambiguation). ...
Pollen under microscope Palynology is the science that studies contemporary and fossil palynomorphs, including pollen, spores, dinoflagellate cysts, acritarchs, chitinozoans and scolecodonts, together with particulate organic matter (POM) and kerogen found in sedimentary rocks and sediments. ...
This article is about oaks (Quercus desert-oak is unrelated, and instead belongs to the genus Allocasuarina. ...
Species See text. ...
Species About 30; see text Tilia is a genus of about 30 species of trees, native throughout most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere, in Asia (where the greatest species diversity is found), Europe and eastern North America; it is absent from western North America. ...
For other uses, see Alder (disambiguation). ...
Reed can refer to: // [edit] People Alfred Reed, American composer Alfred Hamish Reed, New Zealand author and publisher Andre Reed, American football player for the Buffalo Bills Carol Reed, British film director David P. Reed, telecommunications expert, creator of Reeds law Davin Reed, American botanist Donna Reed, American actress...
Species See text Hedera (English name ivy, plural ivies) is a genus of about ten species of climbing or ground-creeping evergreen woody plants in the family Araliaceae, native to the Atlantic Islands, western, central and southern Europe, northwestern Africa and across central-southern Asia east to Japan. ...
Families Santalaceae(Viscaceae) Loranthaceae Mistletoe is the common name for various parasitic plants of the families Santalaceae (in the section of the family formerly separated as Viscaceae) and Loranthaceae. ...
Corylus coppice Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1232x1632, 710 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Ancient woodland Boreal (period) Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. ...
| Typha latifolia Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2000x3008, 4057 KB) Photographed by Kjetil Lenes. ...
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Oak forest Image File history File linksMetadata Bäke11. ...
| An alder forest at Strömsinlahti, Roihuvuori, Helsinki Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1536x2048, 935 KB) An alder forest at Strömsinlahti, Roihuvuori, Helsinki. ...
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Fauna
 Brown bear of the Pyrenees The new forest was populated with animals from refugia in Italy, Spain and the Balkans. Animals such as Emys orbicularis (European pond tortoise), which require warmer temperatures, were to be found in Denmark. The Eurasian golden plover came as far north as Norway. Image File history File links Ours_des_pyrenees_aspe_2002. ...
Image File history File links Ours_des_pyrenees_aspe_2002. ...
Binomial name Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) The European pond terrapin (also European pond turtle or European pond tortoise), Emys orbicularis is a turtle found in southern and central Europe, West Asia and North Africa. ...
Binomial name Pluvialis apricaria (Linnaeus, 1758) The Eurasian Golden Plover, Pluvialis apricaria, is a largish plover. ...
The plains Perissodactyla (horses, rhinoceros, etc.) were replaced by forest Cervidae: Cervus elaphus (red deer), Capreolus capreolus (roe deer) and Alces alces (elk). Sus scrofa (wild pig) rooted around in the oaks, while Bos primigenius (aurochs) haunted the glades and thickets, creating a state of awed unease for human travellers. The forest had its share of predators: Canis lupus (wolf), Ursus arctos (brown bear), Lynx lynx (lynx), Felis sylvestris (wildcat). Lepus europaeus (hare) provided a tasty meal for any who could catch them. Image File history File links Auerochse-02. ...
Image File history File links Auerochse-02. ...
Families Equidae Tapiridae Rhinocerotidae Brontotheriidae(extinct) Chalicotheriidae(extinct) Hyracodontidae(extinct) The odd-toed ungulates or Perissodactyla are large to very large browsing and grazing mammals with relatively simple stomachs and a large middle toe. ...
Genera About 15 in 4 subfamilies. ...
Binomial name Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758 Red Deer (Cervus elaphus), known as Elk in North America, are the second largest species of deer in the world, after Alces alces (the moose or, in Europe, elk). ...
Binomial name Capreolus capreolus, Capreolus pygargus (Linnaeus, 1758) There are two species of Roe Deer. ...
Binomial name Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758) Moose range map The moose (so named in North America) or elk (in Europe), Alces alces, is the largest member of the deer family Cervidae, distinguished from the others by the palmate antlers of its males. ...
// Binomial name Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 The Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) is the wild ancestor of the domestic pig. ...
Trinomial name Bos primigenius primigenius (Bojanus, 1827) Bos primigenius namadicus (Falconer, 1859) Bos primigenius mauretanicus (Thomas, 1881) See Ur (rune) for the rune. ...
Wolf Wolf Man Mount Wolf Wolf Prizes Wolf Spider Wolf 424 Wolf 359 Wolf Point Wolf-herring Frank Wolf Friedrich Wolf Friedrich August Wolf Hugo Wolf Johannes Wolf Julius Wolf Max Franz Joseph Cornelius Wolf Maximilian Wolf Rudolf Wolf Thomas Wolf As Name Wolf Breidenbach Wolf Hirshorn Other The call...
Binomial name Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 Ursus arctos range map. ...
poopTaxobox | color = pink | name = Lynx | image = lynx-canadensis. ...
Binomial name Felis silvestris Schreber, 1775 subspecies See text The wild cat (Felis silvestris), sometimes wildcat or wild-cat especially when distinguishing from other wild species of felines, is a small predator native to Europe, the western part of Asia, and Africa. ...
Species Many, see text Hares and jackrabbits belong to family Leporidae, and mostly in genus Lepus. ...
 Deer in the reeds, by Franz Marc The inland waters were as today's European waters would be if they were left alone. Castor fiber (beaver) increased the wetlands by damming the streams and ponds. Lutra lutra (otter) hunted for fish there. Such fish as Esox lucius (pike) and Siluris glanis (catfish) could be found in inexhaustible abundance. The Boreal forests must surely have been the wonderful and frightening wilderness remembered in legend. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2024x2308, 513 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Boreal (period) ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2024x2308, 513 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Boreal (period) ...
Species C. canadensis C. fiber Beavers are semi-aquatic rodents native to North America and Europe. ...
BRIAN!!!!!! Genera Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura The aquatic (sometimes marine) carnivorous mammals known as otters form part of the large and diverse family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, and others. ...
Look up Pike and pike in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Families Akysidae Amblycipitidae Amphiliidae Ariidae Aspredinidae Astroblepidae Auchenipteridae Bagridae Callichthyidae Cetopsidae Chacidae Clariidae Claroteidae Cranoglanididae Diplomystidae Doradidae Erethistidae Hypophthalmidae Ictaluridae Lacantuniidae Loricariidae Malapteruridae Mochokidae Nematogenyidae Pangasiidae Parakysidae Pimelodidae Plotosidae Schilbeidae Scoloplacidae Siluridae Sisoridae Trichomycteridae Catfish (order Siluriformes) are a diverse group of fish. ...
Man Right from the outset, the Preboreal-Boreal was the time of transition from Palaeolithic to Mesolithic in Europe. The forests and drowned coastlands of the Boreal were a time and place of plenty. Settlements tended to avoid the deep forest in favor of streams, lakes and especially bays of the ocean. Settlements have been found in north central Europe dating from the Pre-Boreal, such as at Friesack. There an unusual find of net fragments made from plant fibers give an indication that fishing was an important part of life. The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic – lit. ...
The Mesolithic (Greek mesos=middle and lithos=stone or the Middle Stone Age) was a period in the development of human technology between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods of the Stone Age. ...
Friesack is a town in the Havelland district, in Brandenburg, Germany. ...
Finds from another settlement at Vis near the Vychegda river in Russia fill out more of the details of living in a settlement of the Boreal. Plant fibers were used also for baskets and for hafting bone points to shafts. The fishermen crossed the waters in bark boats, plied by oars, setting nets. They also constructed hand-held nets from wood hoops and plant fiber. Vis can refer to: Vis, a type of Polish handgun, after the Polish word for power in Latin Vis, an island in the Adriatic Vis, town and municipality on the aforementioned island See also: VIS This is a disambiguation page — a list of articles associated with the same title. ...
Food gathering did not cease in winter: skiis and sledge runners have been found. The reindeer was one of the animals not replaced by the climate change. It continued to be hunted, probably herded. Bows, arrows and spears have been found. All implements were likely to be embellished by sculpting in wood or bone. Only a few motifs were used: the elk's head, the snake, and man. Binomial name Rangifer tarandus (Linnaeus, 1758) The reindeer, known as caribou when wild in North America, is an Arctic and Subarctic-dwelling deer (Rangifer tarandus). ...
In Europe the major culture was the Maglemosian (9000-6400 BC). It extended into Denmark and to the east into Russia. Some localized cultures were the Nieman of Lithuania, the Kunda of Latvia and Estonia, the Azilian of France and the Epi-Gravettian of Italy. Towards the end of the period Mesolithic local traditions began to multiply, perhaps due to influences from the south, or perhaps due to the general advancement of culture. Maglemosian is the name given to a culture of the early Mesolithic period in Northern Europe. ...
// Pre-history Chudes (proto-Estonians) and other Finnic tribes. ...
The Azilian is a name given by archaeologists to an industry of the terminal Palaeolithic and early Mesolithic in northern Spain and south western France. ...
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