Boris M. Hessen.

Boris Mikhailovich Hessen (Russian: Борис Михайлович Гессен), also Gessen (born August 16, 1893 in Elisavetgrad, died December 20, 1936 in Moscow)^[1] was a Russian physicist, philosopher and historian of science. He is most famous for his paper on Newton's Principia which became foundational in historiography of science. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... is the 228th day of the year (229th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Kirovohrad emblem Kirovohrad flag Kirovohrad (Кіровоград) is a city in Ukraine, population 239,400 (2004). ... is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... Not to be confused with physician, a person who practices medicine. ... The philosopher Socrates about to take poison hemlock as ordered by the court. ... Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by a global community of researchers making use of a body of techniques known as scientific methods, emphasizing the observation, experimentation and scientific explanation of real world phenomena. ... Sir Isaac Newton FRS (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727) [ OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727][1] was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, and alchemist. ... Newtons own copy of his Principia, with handwritten corrections for the second edition. ... The historiography of science is the historical study of the history of science (which often overlaps the history of technology, the history of medicine, and the history of mathematics). ...

Boris Hessen was born to a Jewish family in Elisavetgrad, Russia (now Kirovohrad, Ukraine). He studied physics and natural sciences at the University of Edinburgh (1913—1914) together with his gymnasium school friend Igor Tamm. He then went to study at the St. Petersburg University (1914—1917). He joined Red Army in the Russian Civil War, and became a communist and a member of the Revolutionary Military Council (1919—1921). He also continued his physics studies at various places eventually graduating from the Red Professor's Institute in Moscow in 1928. After working in the institute for two more years, he became a physics professor and the chair of the physics department at the Moscow State University in 1931. In 1933 he was elected a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ... Kirovohrad emblem Kirovohrad flag Kirovohrad (Кіровоград) is a city in Ukraine, population 239,400 (2004). ... Location Map of Ukraine with Kirovohrad highlighted. ... This is a discussion of a present category of science. ... The Michelson–Morley experiment was used to disprove that light propagated through a luminiferous aether. ... The University of Edinburgh (Scottish Gaelic: ), founded in 1582,[4] is a renowned centre for teaching and research in Edinburgh, Scotland. ... A gymnasium (pronounced with or, in Swedish, as opposed to ) is a type of school providing secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to English Grammar Schools and U.S. High Schools. ... Igor Tamm. ... Categories: Russia-related stubs | Universities and colleges in Russia | Saint Petersburg ... For other organizations known as the Red Army, see Red Army (disambiguation). ... The Russian Civil War (1917-1922) began immediately after the collapse of the Russian provisional government and the Bolshevik takeover of Petrograd, rapidly intensifying after the dissolution of the Russian Constituent Assembly and signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic or Revvoyensoviet (Революционный Военный Совет, Реввоенсовет) was the supreme military authority... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (Russian: Московский государственный университет имени Ðœ.Ð’.Ломоносова, often abbreviated МГУ, MSU, MGU) is the largest and the oldest university in Russia, founded in 1755. ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Russian Academy of Sciences: main building Russian Academy of Sciences (Росси́йская Акаде́мия Нау́к) is the national academy of Russia. ...

In 1931, Hessen delivered his famous paper "The Socio-Economic Roots of Newton's Principia" at the Second International Congress of the History of Science in London. This work became foundational in the history of science and led to modern studies of scientific revolutions and sociology of science. Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by a global community of researchers making use of a body of techniques known as scientific methods, emphasizing the observation, experimentation and scientific explanation of real world phenomena. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by a global community of researchers making use of a body of techniques known as scientific methods, emphasizing the observation, experimentation and scientific explanation of real world phenomena. ... The event which many historians of science call the scientific revolution can be dated roughly as having begun in 1543, the year in which Nicolaus Copernicus published his De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) and Andreas Vesalius published his De humani corporis fabrica (On the... Sociology of science is the subfield of sociology that deals with the practice of science. ...

From 1934 to 1936 Hessen was a deputy director of the Physics Institute in Moscow headed by S.I. Vavilov. On August 22, 1936 Hessen was arrested by the NKVD. He was secretly tried for terrorism by a military tribunal together with his gymnasium school teacher A. O. Apirin. They were found guilty on December 20, 1936 and were executed by shooting on the same day. On April 21, 1956 both Apirin and Hessen were rehabilitated (posthumously exonerated). The Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences is a Russian research institute specializing in physics. ... Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov (Russian Сергей Иванович Вавилов) (March 12, 1891–January 25, 1951) was a Soviet physicist, the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences from July 1945 until his death, and the brother of Nikolai Vavilov. ... is the 234th day of the year (235th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The NKVD (Narodny Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del  ) (Russian: , ) or Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs was the leading secret police organization of the Soviet Union that was responsible for political repressions during Stalinism. ... Terrorist redirects here. ... A gymnasium (pronounced with or, in Swedish, as opposed to ) is a type of school providing secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to English Grammar Schools and U.S. High Schools. ... is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... World War I firing squad Execution by shooting is a form of capital punishment whereby an executed person is shot by a firearm or firearms. ... is the 111th day of the year (112th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Rehabilitation in the context of Soviet or Russian topics is often a false friend used to translate the Russian term reabilitatsiya as applied to convicted persons. ...

See also

• History of science and technology

The history of science and technology (HST) is a field of history which examines how humanitys understanding of science and technology has changed over the millennia. ...

Writings

• Boris Hessen, The Social and Economic Roots of Newton's Principia in: Nicolai I. Bukharin, Science at the Crossroads, London 1931 (Reprint New York 1971), pp. 151-212

External links

• Hessen's short biography (in Russian)
• Memorial Society record of Hessen's arrest and execution (in Russian)
• Physics in Moscow in 1937 – an article by G.E. Gorelik (in Russian)
• [2] -biography by Pablo Huerga Melcón (in Spanish)

Remarks

1. ^ The date of death is given incorrectly in most sources, such at the Russian Academy of Sciences web site [1]. The exact date was determined recently by the Russian society Memorial.