"Born in the U.S.A."
Single by Bruce Springsteen from the album Born in the U.S.A.
B-side	"Shut Out the Light"
Released	October 30, 1984
Format	7" single, 12" single
Recorded	May 1982
Genre	Rock
Length	4:39
Label	Columbia Records
Writer	Bruce Springsteen
Producer	Jon Landau, Chuck Plotkin, Bruce Springsteen, Steve Van Zandt
Bruce Springsteen singles chronology
"Cover Me" (1984) "Born in the U.S.A." / "Shut Out the Light" (1984) "I'm on Fire" (1985) Audio sample Info (help· info)

"Born in the U.S.A." is a 1984 song written and performed by Bruce Springsteen. Taken from the album of the same name, it is one of his best-known singles. Image File history File linksMetadata BornInTheUSASingle. ... A collection of various CD singles In music, a single is a short recording of one or more separate tracks. ... “Springsteen” redirects here. ... Born in the U.S.A. is the seventh studio album by Bruce Springsteen, released in 1984 (see 1984 in music). ... “B-Sides” redirects here. ... is the 303rd day of the year (304th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... In music, a single is a short (usually ten minutes or less) record, usually featuring one or two tracks as A-sides, often accompanied by several B-sides—usually remixes or other songs. ... The 12-inch [30 cm] single gramophone record gained popularity with the advent of disco music in the 1970s. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Rock and roll (also spelled Rock n Roll, especially in its first decade), also called rock, is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles. ... In the music industry, a record label is a brand and a trademark associated with the marketing of music recordings and music videos. ... Columbia Records is the oldest brand name in recorded sound, dating back to 1888, and was the first record company to produce pre-recorded records as opposed to blank cylinders. ... A songwriter is someone who writes the lyrics to songs, the musical composition or melody to songs, or both. ... In the music industry, a record producer (or music producer) has many roles, among them controlling the recording sessions, coaching and guiding the musicians, organizing and scheduling production budget and resources, and supervising the recording, mixing and mastering processes. ... Jon Landau is an American music critic, manager, and record producer, most known for his association in all three capacities with Bruce Springsteen. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Steven van Zandt (born November 22, 1950 in Boston, Massachusetts) is one of the founding members of Bruce Springsteens E-Street Band and plays guitar and mandolin. ... “Springsteen” redirects here. ... Cover Me is an 1984 song, written and performed by American rock singer Bruce Springsteen. ... This article is about the year. ... This article is about the year. ... Im on Fire is a song written and performed by American rock singer Bruce Springsteen. ... This article is about the year. ... Image File history File links Born_in_the_U.S.A._by_Bruce_Springsteen. ... Image File history File links Born_in_the_U.S.A._by_Bruce_Springsteen. ... See also: // January 21 - Relax by Frankie Goes to Hollywood reaches number one in the UK singles chart: it spends a total of forty-two weeks in the Top 40. ... For other uses, see Song (disambiguation). ... “Springsteen” redirects here. ... Born in the U.S.A. is the seventh studio album by Bruce Springsteen, released in 1984 (see 1984 in music). ... A collection of various CD singles In music, a single is a short recording of one or more separate tracks. ...

Rolling Stone ranked the song 275th on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In 2001 the RIAA's Songs of the Century placed the song 59th (out of 365). This article is about the magazine. ... ... The RIAA Logo. ... The Songs of the Century list is part of an education project by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), the National Endowment for the Arts, and Scholastic Inc. ...

Lyrically, the song deals with the effects of the Vietnam War on Americans, although it has sometimes been misinterpreted as purely patriotic and jingoistic. Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam People’s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000... Born in the U.S.A. is a 1984 song about the effects of the Vietnam War on Americans, written and performed by Bruce Springsteen. ... Defence of the fatherland is a commonplace of patriotism: The statue in the courtyard of École polytechnique, Paris, commemorating the students involvement in defending France against the 1814 invasion of the Coalition. ... Ten Thousand Miles From Tip to Tip, an 1898 political cartoon depicting the extension of the United States dominion Jingoism is chauvinistic patriotism, usually associated with a War Hawk political stance. ...

Recording history

The song was initially written in 1981 as the title song for a film that Paul Schrader was considering making. "Born in the USA" turned out so well that Springsteen used it for his multi-platinum album, and because of this, Springsteen thanks Schrader in the liner notes. Casual home demos were made later that year, following the completion of The River Tour. Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ... Paul Joseph Schrader (born July 22, 1946 in Grand Rapids, Michigan) is a screenwriter and film director, renowned for his characters that fall into desperation while their world crumbles around them. ... The River Tour was a concert tour featuring Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band that took place in 1980 and 1981, beginning concurrently with the release of Springsteens album The River. ...

A more formal solo acoustic guitar demo was then made on January 3, 1982 at Springsteen's home in Colts Neck, New Jersey as part of the long session that would constitute most of the Nebraska album released later that year. However, Springsteen manager/producer Jon Landau and others felt that the song did not have the right melody or music to match the lyrics, and also did not fit in well with the rest of the nascent Nebraska material. Thus, it was shelved. (This version would surface in the late 1990s on the Tracks and 18 Tracks outtake collections.) is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ... Colts Neck Township is a township located in Monmouth County, New Jersey. ... Nebraska is the sixth album by Bruce Springsteen, released in 1982 (see 1982 in music). ... Jon Landau is an American music critic, manager, and record producer, most known for his association in all three capacities with Bruce Springsteen. ... Tracks is a four-disc box set by Bruce Springsteen. ... 18 Tracks is an album by Bruce Springsteen, released in 1999. ... An outtake can be a take or scene, as of a movie, or a television program, that is filmed but not used in the final cut, usually for pacing reasons. ...

In May 1982, Springsteen revived the song with a different melody line and musical structure. A full E Street Band version was recorded, with much of the arrangement made up on the spot, including Roy Bittan's clarion opening synthesizer riff and Max Weinberg's chaotic drums continuation through the false ending and restart. This is the version that would appear on the Born in the U.S.A. album, a full two years later. The E Street Band is a backing band that has toured and recorded with rock musician Bruce Springsteen since 1972. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Themes

The song was in part a tribute to Springsteen's buddies who had experienced the Vietnam War, some of whom did not come back; it also protests the hardships Vietnam veterans faced upon their return from the war. Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam People’s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000... Vietnam veteran is a phrase used to describe someone who served in the armed forces of participating countries during the Vietnam War. ...

The song's narrative traces the protagonist's lower-status origins, induction into the armed forces, and disaffected return back to the States. An anguished lyrical interlude is even more jolting, describing the fate of the protagonist's (literal or figurative) brother (in some recordings or live shows, the word brother is replaced with buddy):

The Battle of Khe Sanh involved the North Vietnamese Army, not the Vietcong heard in the song lyrics. Eventually the Americans prevailed and broke the siege, only to withdraw from the outpost a couple of months later. Khe Sanh thus became one of the media symbols of the futility of the whole war effort in the US. Combatants  United States Republic of Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam Commanders David E. Lownds (local), William C. Westmoreland (theater) Tran Quy Hai (local), Vo Nguyen Giap (theater) Strength 6,000 ~30,000 Casualties 730 killed in action, 2,642 wounded, 7 missing[2] Unknown; estimated between 10,000 and 15... 40th anniversary of Vietnam Peoples Army, commemorated on 1984 Vietnam postage stamp block The Vietnam Peoples Army (VPA) (Vietnamese: ) is official name for the armed forces of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. ... A Viet Cong soldier, heavily guarded, awaits interrogation following capture in the attacks on Saigon during the festive Tet holiday period of 1968. ...

Political reactions

In late August 1984, the Born in the U.S.A. album was selling very well, its songs were all over the radio, and the associated tour was drawing considerable press. Springsteen shows at the Capital Centre outside of Washington, D.C. thus attracted even more media attention, in particular from CBS Evening News correspondent Bernard Goldberg, who saw Springsteen as a modern-day Horatio Alger story. Yet more notably, the widely-read, bow-tied conservative columnist George Will, after attending a show, published on September 13, 1984 a piece entitled "A Yankee Doodle Springsteen" in which he praised Springsteen as an exemplar of classic American values. He wrote: "I have not got a clue about Springsteen's politics, if any, but flags get waved at his concerts while he sings songs about hard times. He is no whiner, and the recitation of closed factories and other problems always seems punctuated by a grand, cheerful affirmation: 'Born in the U.S.A.!'"^[1] The 1984 presidential campaign was in full stride at the time, and Will had connections to President Ronald Reagan's re-election organization. Will thought that Springsteen might endorse Reagan, and got the notion pushed up to high-level Reagan advisor Michael Deaver's office. Those staffers made inquiries to Springsteen's management which were politely rebuffed. The Capital Centre (also briefly known as US Airways Arena and also known as the USAir Arena) was an indoor arena located in Landover, Maryland; a suburb of Washington, DC. Completed in 1973, the arena sat 18,756 for basketball and 18,130 for hockey. ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... CBS Evening News is the flagship nightly television news program of the American television network CBS. The network has broadcast this program since 1948, and has used the CBS Evening News title since 1963. ... Bernard Bernie Goldberg (born 1945) is an American writer, journalist, and political commentator. ... Horatio Alger, Jr. ... American conservatism is a constellation of political ideologies within the United States under the blanket heading of conservative. ... George Frederick Will (born May 4, 1941) is a Pulitzer Prize-winning, conservative American newspaper columnist, journalist, and author. ... is the 256th day of the year (257th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975). ... The Troika (from left to right) Chief of Staff James Baker III, Counselor to the President Ed Meese, Deputy Chief of Staff Michael Deaver at the White House. ...

Nevertheless, on September 19, 1984, at a campaign stop in Hammonton, New Jersey, Reagan added the following to his usual stump speech: is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Map of Hammonton in Atlantic County Hammonton, founded by Charles K. Landis, is a town in Atlantic County, New Jersey, United States. ...

"America's future rests in a thousand dreams inside your hearts; it rests in the message of hope in songs so many young Americans admire: New Jersey's own Bruce Springsteen. And helping you make those dreams come true is what this job of mine is all about."

The campaign press immediately expressed skepticism that Reagan knew anything about Springsteen, and asked what his favorite Springsteen song was; "Born to Run" was the tardy response from staffers. Johnny Carson then joked on The Tonight Show, "If you believe that, I've got a couple of tickets to the Mondale-Ferraro inaugural ball I'd like to sell you." This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... For other persons named John Carson, see John Carson (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

During a September 22 concert in Pittsburgh, Springsteen responded negatively by introducing his song "Johnny 99", a song about an unemployed auto worker who turns to murder, "The President was mentioning my name the other day, and I kinda got to wondering what his favorite album musta been. I don't think it was the Nebraska album. I don't think he's been listening to this one." is the 265th day of the year (266th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... “Pittsburgh” redirects here. ...

A few days after that, presidential challenger Walter Mondale said, "Bruce Springsteen may have been born to run but he wasn't born yesterday," and then claimed to have been endorsed by Springsteen. Springsteen manager Jon Landau denied any such endorsement and the Mondale campaign issued a correction. Walter Frederick Fritz Mondale (born January 5, 1928) is an American politician and member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (largely established by former Vice President Hubert Humphrey). ... Jon Landau is an American music critic, manager, and record producer, most known for his association in all three capacities with Bruce Springsteen. ...

General reaction

"Born in the U.S.A." peaked at #9 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles charts in late 1984. It was the third of a record-tying seven Top 10 hit singles to be released from the Born in the U.S.A. album. In addition it made the top 10 of Billboard's Rock Tracks chart, indicating solid play on album-oriented rock stations. The song was also a hit in the UK, reaching #5 on the UK Singles Chart. “Hot 100” redirects here. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into List of Hot 100 (U.S.) chart achievements and trivia. ... The Mainstream Rock Tracks chart is a ranking in Billboard magazine of the most-played songs on mainstream rock radio stations, a category that includes stations that play primarily rock music but are not modern rock (that is, alternative) stations, which are counted in the Modern Rock Tracks chart. ... Album-oriented rock (sometimes referred to as Adult-oriented rock or as West Coast Rock), abbreviated AOR and originally called album-oriented radio, was originally an American FM radio format focusing on album tracks by rock artists. ... “British Hit Singles” redirects here. ...

Beyond the 1984 presidential campaign, it is claimed that "Born in the U.S.A." was widely mis-interpreted as purely nationalistic by those who heard the anthemic chorus but not the bitter verses. Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ...

Springsteen refused Chrysler Corporation CEO Lee Iacocca's request to use "Born in the U.S.A." in commercials for Chrysler cars, turning down an offer that would have been worth several million dollars. Instead, the company used the Kenny Rogers-Nikki Ryder song, "The Pride is Back". The Chrysler Corporation was a United States-based automobile manufacturer that existed independently from 1925–1998. ... Lido Anthony Lee Iacocca (born October 15, 1924) is an American industrialist most commonly known for his revival of the Chrysler brand in the 1980s when he was the CEO. Among the most widely recognized businessmen in the world, he was a passionate advocate of U.S. business exports during... Kenneth Donald Kenny Rogers (born August 21, 1938, in Houston, Texas) is a prolific American country music singer, photographer, producer, songwriter, actor and businessman. ...

Music video

The music video for "Born in the U.S.A." was directed by noted filmmaker John Sayles. It consisted of video concert footage of Springsteen and the E Street Band performing the song, poorly synchronized with audio from the studio recording. Released in mid-December 1984, there supposedly had not been enough time to mix the audio from the concert. A music video is a short film or video that accompanies a complete piece of music, most commonly a song. ... Photo of John Sayles by Robert Birnbaum John Thomas Sayles (born September 28, 1950) is an independent American film director and writer who frequently takes a small part in his own and other indie films. ...

This footage was intermixed with compelling mid-1980s scenes of working-class America, emphasizing images that had some connection with song, including Vietnam veterans, Amerasian children, assembly lines, oil refineries, cemeteries, and the like, finishing with a grizzled Springsteen posing in front of an American flag. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Remixes

On January 10, 1985, Arthur Baker's 12-inch "Freedom Mix" of "Born in the U.S.A." was released. It was a fairly radical remixing, even more so than those Baker had done for the album's previous singles "Dancing in the Dark" and "Cover Me". The mix removed any (possibly misleading) anthemic elements and pushed the song's mournfulness to the front. Synthesizer, glockenspiel, and drums were chopped up and isolated against Springsteen vocal fragments saying "Oh my God, no," and "U.S.A.—U.S.—U.S.—U.S.A." is the 10th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Arthur Baker (born April 22, 1955, Boston, Massachusetts[1]) is an American record producer and DJ best known for his work with hip hop artists like Afrika Bambaataa, Planet Patrol and the British group New Order. ... A remix is an alternative version of a song, different from the original version. ... Dancing in the Dark is an 1984 song, written and performed by American rock singer Bruce Springsteen. ... Cover Me is an 1984 song, written and performed by American rock singer Bruce Springsteen. ... For other uses, see Synthesizer (disambiguation). ... Most orchestral glockenspiels are mounted in a case. ... For other kinds of drums, see drum (disambiguation). ...

This remix was the least commercially successful of Baker's efforts, however, as unlike the prior two it failed to appear on Billboard's Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart. Billboard magazines Hot Dance Club Play chart (also known as Club Play Singles, and formerly known as Hot Dance Music/Club Play and Hot Dance/Disco) is a weekly national survey of the songs that are most popular in U.S. dance clubs. ...

Track listing

1. "Born in the U.S.A." - 4:39
2. "Shut Out the Light" - 3:45

The B-side of the single, "Shut Out the Light", was another Vietnam veterans tale.

Live performances and subsequent versions

On Springsteen's 1984-1985 Born in the U.S.A. Tour, "Born in the U.S.A." almost always opened the concerts, in a dramatic, crowd rousing fashion. One such version is included on the Live/1975-85 album. The Born in the U.S.A. Tour was the supporting concert tour of Bruce Springsteens massively popular Born in the U.S.A. album. ... Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band Live/1975-85 is a live album by Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band. ...

On the 1988 Tunnel of Love Express Tour, "Born in the U.S.A." generally closed the first set, and on the 1992-1993 "Other Band" Tour, it appeared frequently at the end of the second set. These were both full band versions, although the latter stressed guitar parts more than the familiar synthesizer line. The Tunnel of Love Express was a concert tour featuring Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band that took place in 1988. ... The Bruce Springsteen and the Other Band Tour was a concert tour featuring Bruce Springsteen and a new backing band, that took place from mid-1992 to mid-1993. ...

Beginning with the 1995-1997 solo acoustic Ghost of Tom Joad Tour and associated promotional media appearances, Springsteen radically recast "Born in the U.S.A." once again, playing an acoustic guitar version that was unlike both the original Nebraska and full band performances. This was a stinging, snarling rendition that only included the title phrase twice. This was both in connection with the Tom Joad Tour's wan moods as well as Springsteen's attempt to make clear the song's original and only purpose; in his introduction to the song in this shows he said he still wasn't convinced the song had been misinterpreted, but now as the songwriter he was "going to get the last say." Fan reaction was divided, with some greatly liking the new arrangement and others thinking the song's musical ironies had been lost. The Ghost of Tom Joad Tour was a lengthy, worldwide concert tour featuring Bruce Springsteen performing alone on stage in small halls and theatres, that ran off and on from late 1995 through the middle of 1997. ...

During the 1999-2000 Reunion Tour, "Born in the U.S.A." was not always played, and when it was, it was the stinging solo acoustic version, now on 12-string slide guitar. Such a performance is included on the DVD and CD Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band: Live In New York City. Not until 2002's The Rising Tour and 2004's political Vote for Change tour did the full band "Born in the U.S.A." make a regular comeback, and only in the U.S.; foreign audiences still got the acoustic one. The Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band Reunion Tour was a lengthy, top-grossing concert tour featuring Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band that took place in arenas over 1999 and 2000. ... The twelve string guitar is an acoustic or electric guitar with twelve strings, which produces a richer, more ringing tone than a standard six string guitar. ... The Rising Tour was a lengthy, worldwide, top-grossing concert tour featuring Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band that took place in arenas and stadiums over 2002 and 2003. ... Concept Vote for Change was a politically motivated American popular music concert tour that took place in October 2004. ...

But then towards the end of Springsteen's solo Devils & Dust Tour in 2005, the most challenging "Born in the U.S.A." yet was unveiled, when he performed it using an amplified "stomping board" and an ultra-distorting vocal "bullet microphone", two devices designed to render any song utterly incomprehensible to all but the sharpest of ears. This slot was normally reserved for the dourest of Nebraska material, and "Born in the U.S.A."'s appearance in it solidified the impression that its origins in those sessions had not been an accident after all. The Devils & Dust Tour was a 2005 concert tour featuring Bruce Springsteen performing alone on stage on a variety of instruments. ...

Covers and parodies

Due to the song's popularity it has appeared on recordings ranging from instrumental bluegrass collections to children's music albums (sung by groups of children). Apparently even the London Symphony Orchestra has performed their take on the Springsteen Classic. ^[2] Bluegrass music is a form of American roots music which has its own roots in Irish, Scottish and English traditional music. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) is one of the major orchestras of the United Kingdom. ...

There have been several unique cover versions of the song. Techno-funk bass man Stanley Clarke recorded the song for his 1985 release, Find Out!. The All Music Guide describes this version as "a black man's parody of white arena rock, with Springsteen's bitter lyric ground out rap-style by Clarke." ^[3] Eric Rigler has recorded an instrumental bagpipe version of the song that has appeared on various Springsteen tribute albums since 2001. ^[4] As of the spring of 2006, singer-songwriter Richard Shindell has been covering the song in concerts, performing solo and playing bazouki. He has announced plans to include the song on a forthcoming album. ^[5] In pop music a cover version is a new rendition of a previously recorded song. ... For the comic book character previously known as Techno, see Fixer (comics). ... For other uses, including related musical genres, see Funk (disambiguation). ... The electric bass guitar (or electric bass) is a bass stringed instrument played with the fingers by plucking, slapping, popping or using a pick. ... Stanley Clarke (born 30 June 1951) is an American musician and composer known for his innovative and influential work on double bass and bass guitar as well as his numerous film and television scores. ... The All Music Guide (AMG) is a metadata database about music, owned by All Media Guide. ... Eric Rigler is known throughout the music industry as the most recorded bagpiper of all time. He has been playing all forms of bagpipes and Irish Whistles since he was a child, performing solo, with bagpipe bands and other musical groups. ... A bagpipe performer in Amsterdam. ... The term singer-songwriter refers to performers who both write and sing their own material. ... Richard Shindell is an American folk singer currently living in Argentina. ... Greek (tetrachordo) Bouzouki The bouzouki (gr. ...

cover of Born to Add, 1985 Sesame Street album that included "Barn in the U.S.A."

Two well-known parodies of "Born in the U.S.A." are Cheech and Chong's 1985 comic-political "Born in East L.A." and 2 Live Crew's 1990 self-pitying "Banned in the U.S.A." In 2001 the German industrial music outfit Haujobb apparently did the same, retitling it "Released in the U.S.A." ^{[citation needed]} A group of Sesame Street characters billed as "Bruce Stringbean and the S. Street Band" performed a version of "Barn in the U.S.A." for the album, Born to Add. ^[2] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Sesame Street is an American educational childrens television series for preschoolers and is a pioneer of the contemporary educational television standard, combining both education and entertainment. ... In contemporary usage, parody is a form of satire that imitates another work of art in order to ridicule it. ... Cheech Marin and Tommy Chong were a comedy duo who found a wide audience in the 1970s and 1980s for their stand-up routines, which were based upon the eras hippie, free love and especially drug culture movements. ... Born in East L.A. is a 1987 comedy film written and directed by Cheech Marin, formerly of the Cheech and Chong comedy team. ... 2 Live Crew is a rap group. ... Banned in the U.S.A. is the fourth album by 2 Live Crew. ... It has been suggested that Chicago Industrial be merged into this article or section. ... Haujobb Haujobb is a German musical project whose output has ranged drastically within the electronic music spectrum, from industrial dance, to electronic body music and cold techno. ... Sesame Street is an American educational childrens television series for preschoolers and is a pioneer of the contemporary educational television standard, combining both education and entertainment. ...

References

1. ^ [1]
2. ^ ^{a b} "Covers of Springsteens songs" from a fansite by Matt Orel.
3. ^ Find Out! review at the All Music Guide.
4. ^ Bruce Springsteen Tribute: Made in the U.S.A. review at the All Music Guide.
5. ^ "New Record", news posting at richardshindell.com

• Born in the U.S.A. The World Tour (tour booklet, 1985), Tour chronology.
• Marsh, Dave. Glory Days: Bruce Springsteen in the 1980s. Pantheon Books, 1987. ISBN 0-394-54668-7.
• [2] [3] [4] Brucebase