NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Bornean Clouded Leopard

Neofelis diardi is a medium-sized wild cat found on Borneo, Sumatra and the Batu Islands in the Malay Archipelago and publicised under the name Bornean Clouded Leopard by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) on March 14, 2007.^[2]^[3] Its coat is marked with irregularly-shaped, dark-edged ovals which are said to be shaped like clouds, hence its common name. Though scientists have known of its existence since the early 19th century, it was positively identified as being a distinct species in its own right in 2006, having long been believed to be a subspecies of the mainland Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa).^[2]^[4] WWF quoted Dr. Stephen O'Brien of the U.S. National Cancer Institute as saying, "Genetic research results clearly indicate that the clouded leopard of Borneo should be considered a separate species".^[5] . Subfamilies Felinae Pantherinae â€ Machairodontinae The Felidae family includes the Lion, the Tiger, the Domestic Cats, and other felines as its members. ... Borneo (left) and Sulawesi. ... Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470,000 kmÂ²) and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two larger islands, Borneo and New Guinea, are partially in Indonesia). ... The Batu Islands are an archipelago of Indonesia located in the Indian Ocean off the west coast of Sumatra, between Nias and Siberut. ... World map depicting Malay Archipelago The Malay Archipelago is a vast archipelago located between mainland Southeastern Asia (Indochina) and Australia. ... The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization for the conservation, research and restoration of the natural environment, formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in the United States and Canada. ... For the Lebanese political coalition, see March 14 Alliance. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Binomial name Neofelis nebulosa (Griffith, 1821) Range map Synonyms Felis Diardii Felis macrorcelis Felis marmota The Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) is a medium-sized cat, 60 to 110 cm (2 ft to 3 ft 6 in) long and weighing between 11 and 23 kg (25 to 50 lb). ... The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization for the conservation, research and restoration of the natural environment, formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in the United States and Canada. ...

Anatomy and morphology

The Bornean Clouded Leopard has a stocky build weighing about 25 kg. It is the largest predator in Borneo. The majority of its prey lives in trees necessitating its excellent climbing skills. With short, flexible legs, large paws, and keen claws this big cat is very sure-footed. The canine teeth are two inches long, longer than any extant feline. Its tail can grow to be as long as its body, aiding balance. The U.S. National Prototype Kilogram, which currently serves as the primary standard for measuring mass in the U.S. It was assigned to the United States in 1889 and is periodically recertified and traceable to the primary international standard, The Kilogram, held at the Bureau International des Poids et... In mammalian oral anatomy, the canine teeth, also called cuspids, dogteeth, fangs, or (in the case of those of the upper jaw) eye teeth, are relatively long, pointed teeth. ...

Distribution

The Bornean Clouded Leopard's range is Borneo and Sumatra in the Malay Archipelago. The species was previously found in Java, but has not been recorded there since Neolithic times.^[6] Borneo (left) and Sulawesi. ... Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470,000 kmÂ²) and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two larger islands, Borneo and New Guinea, are partially in Indonesia). ... World map depicting Malay Archipelago The Malay Archipelago is a vast archipelago located between mainland Southeastern Asia (Indochina) and Australia. ... Java (Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. ... An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ...

Ecology and life history

Habitat

N. diardi's preferred habitat is tropical and subtropical forest at altitudes up to about 2,000 metres (6,500 ft).^[6]

Behaviour

The habits of the Bornean Clouded Leopard are largely unknown because of the animal's secretive nature. It is assumed that it is a generally solitary creature.

Etymology and taxonomic history

Despite its name, the Bornean Clouded Leopard is not closely related to the leopard. The species was named Neofelis diardi in honor of French naturalist and explorer Pierre-Médard Diard; in the 19th century Felis diardii designated the Clouded Leopard/Bornean Clouded Leopard, colloquially "Diard's Cat".^[7] The local names, "Macan Dahan" in Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia) and "Harimau Dahan" in Malay (Bahasa Melayu) (also reported historically in Sumatra), mean "tree branch tiger".^{[citation needed]} Binomial name Panthera pardus Linnaeus, 1758 Synonyms Felis pardus Linnaeus, 1758 The Leopard (Panthera pardus) is one of the four big cats of the genus Panthera. ... Table of natural history, 1728 Cyclopaedia Natural history is an umbrella term for what are now often viewed as several distinct scientific disciplines of integrative organismal biology. ... See also explorations, sea explorers, astronaut, conquistador, travelogue, the History of Science and Technology and Biography. ... Pierre-MÃ©dard Diard (1794 - 1863) was a French naturalist and explorer. ... The Malay language, also known locally as Bahasa Melayu, is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people who are native to the Malay peninsula, southern Thailand, Singapore and parts of Sumatra. ...

The species was long regarded as a subspecies of the Clouded Leopard, named Neofelis nebulosa diardi. In December 2006, two articles in the journal Current Biology detailed a strong case for reclassifying and redefining two distinct species of Clouded Leopard: Neofelis nebulosa from mainland Asia and Neofelis diardi from the Malay archipelago. A UK study led by Andrew C. Kitchener detailed geographical variations in the Clouded Leopard, indicating a split of two species. The results of a morphometric analysis of the pelages of fifty-seven Clouded Leopards sampled throughout the genus' wide geographical range concluded that there were two distinct morphological groups, differing primarily in the size of their cloud markings.^[2] Another study led by Valerie A. Buckley-Beason cited molecular evidence for the species-level distinction of the Clouded Leopard, although the study only used DNA samples from the Bornean population and mainland Asia and not from the Sumatran population. The genetics study found differences in the molecular genetic analyses (mtDNA, nuclear DNA sequences, microsatellite variation, and cytogenetic differences) of the different species of Clouded Leopard.^[4] Among the molecular disparities between the two species were thirty-six fixed mitochondrial and nuclear nucleotide differences and 20 microsatellite loci with nonoverlapping allele-size ranges.^[4] The study stated that the degree of differentiation was similar to the differences between the five Panthera species, thus concluding that Neofelis diardi is a separate species from Neofelis nebulosa.^[4] December 2006 is the twelfth and final month of the year and will begin in 2 day(s). ... Binomial name Neofelis nebulosa (Griffith, 1821) Range map Synonyms Felis Diardii Felis macrorcelis Felis marmota The Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) is a medium-sized cat, 60 to 110 cm (2 ft to 3 ft 6 in) long and weighing between 11 and 23 kg (25 to 50 lb). ... World map showing the location of Asia. ... World map depicting Malay Archipelago The Malay Archipelago is a vast archipelago located between mainland Southeastern Asia (Indochina) and Australia. ... Generally, morphometrics (from the Greek: morph, meaning shape or form, and metron”, meaning measurement) comprises methods of extracting measurements from shapes. ... In mammals, pelage is the hair, fur, or wool that covers the animal. ... // Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is DNA that is located in mitochondria. ... Nuclear DNA is DNA contained within a nucleus of eukaryotic organisms. ... Microsatellites, or Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs), are polymorphic loci present in nuclear DNA that consist of repeating units of 1-4 base pairs in length [1]. They are typically neutral, co-dominant and are used as molecular markers which have wide-ranging applications in the field of genetics, including kinship... A metaphase cell positive for the bcr/abl rearrangement using FISH Cytogenetics is the study of the structure of chromosome material. ... For the hard rock band, see Allele (band). ... Species Panthera is a genus of the family Felidae (the cats), which contains four well-known species: the tiger, lion, leopard, and jaguar. ...

Evolutionary history

The genetic analysis of Neofelis nebulosa and Neofelis diardi suggest the two species diverged 1.4 million years ago, after the animals used a now submerged land bridge to reach Borneo and Sumatra from mainland Asia.^[8] Digimon, the only known animals. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Conservation

Because the Bornean Clouded Leopard's habits make it difficult to study, exact figures of its population do not exist. However, recent studies estimate the population to be between 5,000 and 11,000 great cats left on Borneo, and 3,000 to 7,000 on Sumatra.^[3] In the countries of its native range, hunting of the Clouded Leopard is prohibited.^{[citation needed]} However, these bans are very poorly enforced.

Some of our data comes from a 2006 study which classified tracks in one part of Sabah (northeastern Borneo). This study estimated that there are 1500–3200 cats in Sabah, with only 275–585 of them in large protected reserves.^[9] State motto: Sabah Maju Jaya State anthem: Sabah Tanah Airku Capital Kota Kinabalu Ruling party Barisan Nasional - Yang di-Pertua Negeri Ahmadshah Abdullah - Ketua Menteri Musa Aman History - Brunei Sultanate 19th century - British North Borneo 1882 - Japanese occupation 1941-1945 - British control 1946 - Accession into Malaysia 1963 Area - Total 76...

Encroachment on natural habitat, primarily by logging and the planting of rubber and palm oil plantations, continues to threaten the whole fauna of Borneo, including the Bornean Clouded Leopard. Latex being collected from a tapped rubber tree Rubber is an elastic hydrocarbon polymer which occurs as a milky colloidal suspension (known as latex) in the sap of several varieties of plants. ... Palm oil from Ghana with its natural dark color visible, 2 litres Palm oil block Palm oil is a form of edible vegetable oil obtained from the fruit of the oil palm tree. ... Borneo (left) and Sulawesi. ...

Mistaken reconstructions

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Neofelis_diardi-Jardine2. ...

See also

This page is a list of species of the order Carnivora discovered in the 2000s. ...

References

^ Wozencraft, W. C. (16 November 2005). in Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds): Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press, 546. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kitchener, A., et al. (2006-12-05). "Geographical Variation in the Clouded Leopard, Neofelis nebulosa, Reveals Two Species". Current Biology 16 (23): 2377-2383.
^ ^a ^b New Species Declared: Clouded Leopard found on Borneo and Sumatra. WWF (2007-03-14). Retrieved on 2007-03-25.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Buckley-Beason, V., et al. (2006-12-05). "Molecular Evidence for Species-Level Distinctions in Clouded Leopards". Current Biology 16 (23): 2371-2376.
^ "New leopard species found in Borneo", 2007-03-15. Retrieved on 2007-03-25.
^ ^a ^b Clouded Leopard. Central Tibetan Administration. Retrieved on March 16, 2007
^ George Ripley (1858). The New American Cyclopedia, 543.
^ Lewis Smith. "After 200 years, a new big cat comes out of the jungle", Times Online, 2007-03-14. Retrieved on 2007-03-25.
^ Andreas Wilting, corresponding author, Frauke Fischer, Soffian Abu Bakar, and K Eduard Linsenmair (2006). "Clouded leopards, the secretive top-carnivore of South-East Asian rainforests: their distribution, status and conservation needs in Sabah, Malaysia". BMC Ecol. 6. DOI:10.1186/1472-6785-6-16.

November 16 is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 45 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... December 5 is the 339th day (340th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Note: After losing a court case in 2002 on the use of the initials WWF, the organization previously known as the World Wrestling Federation has rebranded itself as World Wrestling Entertainment, or WWE. WWF - The Conservation Organization was formerly known as World Wildlife Fund and Worldwide Fund for Nature. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... March 25 is the 84th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (85th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... December 5 is the 339th day (340th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... March 25 is the 84th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (85th in leap years). ... Official language Tibetan Headquarters Dharamsala, India Head of State Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama Head of Government Professor Venerable Samdhong Rinpoche National Anthem Tibetan National Anthem, (Link) The Central Tibetan Administration (CTA), officially the Central Tibetan Administration of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, is a government in exile headed by... George Ripley, sometime between 1849 and 1860: a detail from Mathew Bradys daguerrotype of the New York Tribune editorial staff George Ripley (October 3, 1802-July 4, 1880) was an American social reformer, Unitarian, and Transcendentalist. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... March 25 is the 84th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (85th in leap years). ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...

External links

Categories: Current events | Articles with unsourced statements since March 2007 | All articles with unsourced statements | Pantherinae | Mammals of Asia | Fauna of Brunei | Fauna of Indonesia | Fauna of Malaysia | Species described in the 21st century GFDL Wikispecies logo File links The following pages link to this file: Solanaceae Species Asterias Homo (genus) Human Wikipedia:Template messages/Links Wikipedia:Template messages/All Homo floresiensis User talk:Tuneguru Template:Wikispecies Categories: GFDL images ... Wikispecies is a sister project supported by the Wikimedia Foundation that anybody can edit with a great potential use to students and researchers. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Subcategories There are 3 subcategories to this category. ...

Contents

Anatomy and morphology GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");