A borough is an administrative division used in the Canadian province of Quebec, in some states of the United States, and formerly in New Zealand. Boroughs are also to be found in the United Kingdom, more specifically in England and Northern Ireland. Borough is also a generic term for municipal regions, and a part of many place names, such as Borough of Queenscliffe in Australia. Map of Canada Canada is a federation of ten provinces which, together with three territories, comprise the worlds second largest country in total area. ... For the capital, see Quebec City. ... A state of the United States (a U.S. state) is any one of the fifty states (four of which officially favor the term commonwealth) which, along with the District of Columbia, form the United States of America. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location (dark green) within the United Kingdom (light green), with the Republic of Ireland (blue) to its west Languages English Capital London Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population –mid-2004... Dieu et mon droit (motto) (French for God and my right)2 Northern Irelands location within the UK Official Languages English, Irish, Ulster Scots Capital and largest city Belfast First Minister Office suspended Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Peter Hain MP Area  - Total Ranked 4th UK 13,843... The Borough of Queenscliffe is a Local Government Area in Victoria, Australia. ...

As a suffix, -borough (or -brough) appears in the name of a number of towns and cities in England; in the South of England it is usually found in the form -bury. The suffix -bury is also to be found in the New England region of the United States, whilst -burg (or -burgh) is more common in Scotland and the American South and West. The ending -boro is also common in the American South, especially in North Carolina. Borough is a rare surname, most common in the UK and USA. A street in Ynysybwl, Wales, relatively stereotypical of a small town A town is usually an urban area which is not considered to rank as a city. ... Night view of Taipei City. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location (dark green) within the United Kingdom (light green), with the Republic of Ireland (blue) to its west Languages English Capital London Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population –mid-2004... Southern England is a vague term referring to the south of England. ... This article is about the region in the United States of America. ... A sign in Linlithgow, Scotland. ... Motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (English: No one provokes me with impunity) Scotlands location within Europe Scotlands location within the United Kingdom Languages English, Gaelic, Scots Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area - Total - % water Ranked 2nd UK 78,782 km² 1. ... The U.S. Southern states or The South, known during the American Civil War era as Dixie, is a distinctive region of the United States with its own unique historical perspective, customs, musical styles, and cuisine. ... The Western United States, also referred to as the American West or simply The West, traditionally refers to the region constituting the westernmost states of the United States (see geographical terminology section for further discussion of these terms). ... The U.S. Southern states or The South, known during the American Civil War era as Dixie, is a distinctive region of the United States with its own unique historical perspective, customs, musical styles, and cuisine. ... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Area  Ranked 28th  - Total 53,865 sq. ...

Pronunciation

In many parts of England, "borough" is pronounced as "Burrah" IPA: [bʌɹə] (listen (help· info)) as an independent word, and as /bɹə/ when forming a suffixal part of a place-name. As a suffix, "-brough" is usually pronounced /brə/. This is a concise version of the International Phonetic Alphabet for English sounds. ... Image File history File links En-borough. ...

In the United States, "borough" is pronounced as /ˈbɝoʊ/ (or as /ˈbʌɻoʊ/ in some areas, notably New York City). When appearing as the suffix "-burg(h)" in place-names, it's pronounced as [bɝg]. Flag Seal Nickname: The Big Apple, The Capital of the World[1], Gotham [2], Metropolis Location Location in the state of New York Government Counties (Boroughs) Bronx (The Bronx) New York (Manhattan) Queens (Queens) Kings (Brooklyn) Richmond (Staten Island) Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Geographical characteristics Area     City 1,214. ...

Present-day boroughs

Canada

In Quebec, the term borough is used as the formal translation into English of the French arrondissement, an administrative division of a major city. For the capital, see Quebec City. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... An arrondissement is an administrative division in some French- or Dutch-speaking countries: // France Municipal arrondissement Main article: Municipal arrondissement in France Paris Main article: Arrondissements of Paris The city of Paris, in France is divided into 20 arrondissements. ...

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the name "borough" is applied to various types of local government district.

For Scottish usage of a cognate term, see burgh. Motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (English: No one provokes me with impunity) Scotlands location within Europe Scotlands location within the United Kingdom Languages English, Gaelic, Scots Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area - Total - % water Ranked 2nd UK 78,782 km² 1. ... A sign in Linlithgow, Scotland. ...

In England, the metropolitan county areas are divided into metropolitan boroughs (or metropolitan districts), all of which have borough, town or city status. For example, there are 33 London boroughs, including the City of London and the City of Westminster (in England, a city is usually a town that has a cathedral instead of an ordinary parish church), which comprise the metropolitan county of Greater London. Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location (dark green) within the United Kingdom (light green), with the Republic of Ireland (blue) to its west Languages English Capital London Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population –mid-2004... The six metropolitan counties shown within England The metropolitan counties are a type of county-level subnational entity in current use in England. ... A Metropolitan Borough (or Metropolitan District) is a type of local government district in England, covering urban areas within metropolitan counties. ... The administrative area of Greater London contains 32 London Boroughs, of which 12 (plus the City of London) make up Inner London and 20 Outer London. ... Coat of arms The City of London is a small area in Greater London. ... The City of Westminster is a London borough with city status, situated to the west of the City of London and north of the River Thames. ... Greater London is the top level administrative subdivision covering London and forms one of the nine regions of England. ...

Elsewhere in England, and in Northern Ireland, a number of district and unitary authority councils are called "borough". Historically, "borough" was a status that denoted towns with a certain type of local government (a municipal corporation). Modernly, it's just a ceremonial style the area is entitled to use, which entitles it to have a mayor. Districts may apply to the Crown for the grant of borough status upon advice of the Privy Council. City status is theoretically seen as the next step, though that status has not yet been subsequently conferred upon these historic boroughs. Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location (dark green) within the United Kingdom (light green), with the Republic of Ireland (blue) to its west Languages English Capital London Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population –mid-2004... Dieu et mon droit (motto) (French for God and my right)2 Northern Irelands location within the UK Official Languages English, Irish, Ulster Scots Capital and largest city Belfast First Minister Office suspended Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Peter Hain MP Area  - Total Ranked 4th UK 13,843... The districts of England are a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government. ... A unitary authority is a type of local authority, which has a single tier and is responsible for all local government functions within its area. ... A Municipal Corporation is a legal defintion for a local governing body, including (but not necessarily limited to) cities, counties, and towns. ... In the United Kingdom, the office of Mayor or Lord Mayor (Provost and Lord Provost in Scotland) had long been ceremonial posts, with little or no duties attached to it. ... This article describes the British monarchy from the perspective of the United Kingdom. ... Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. ... Historically, city status was associated with the presence of a cathedral, such as York Minster. ...

The monarch has occasionally granted "royal borough" status to some boroughs - none more famously than to Bognor, which thus became "Bognor Regis," to signify it was a royal borough, not just one of your everyday communities. Map sources for Bognor Regis at grid reference SZ9399 Bognor Regis is a seaside resort town and civil parish in the Arun District of West Sussex, England. ...

Several unitary authorities in Wales are called county boroughs, but this, too, does not indicate any special status or difference in power. For an explanation of often confusing terms such as Great Britain, Britain, United Kingdom, England and Wales and England, see British Isles (terminology). ... County borough was a term introduced in 1889 in the United Kingdom to refer to a borough or a city independent of county administration. ...

The United States

The word has numerous meanings in American state and local government.

In Pennsylvania the term is used the way other states sometimes use the word "town," when that word is not used as a synonym for "city"; a borough is a self-governing municipality larger than a village but not populous enough to qualify for incorporation as a "city." Official language(s) None Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area  Ranked 33rd  - Total 46,055 sq mi (119,283 km²)  - Width 160 miles (255 km)  - Length 280 miles (455 km)  - % water 2. ...

Town center of West Chester, a "borough" in Pennsylvania.

In Connecticut, the term is used as states like Michigan and Wisconsin use the term "village." In most American uses of the term, a village is an incorporated, partially autonomous municipality which is subject to the supervisory authority of the township and county in which it is located. (Cities are invariably exempt from such supervisory authority in the United States.) Image File history File links 373868249_l. ... Image File history File links 373868249_l. ... Official language(s) None Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area  Ranked 33rd  - Total 46,055 sq mi (119,283 km²)  - Width 160 miles (255 km)  - Length 280 miles (455 km)  - % water 2. ... Official language(s) English Capital Hartford Largest city Bridgeport Area  Ranked 48th  - Total 5,549 sq. ... Official language(s) None (English, de-facto) Capital Lansing Largest city Detroit Area  Ranked 11th  - Total 97,990 sq mi (253,793 km²)  - Width 239 miles (385 km)  - Length 491 miles (790 km)  - % water 41. ... Official language(s) None Capital Madison Largest city Milwaukee Area  Ranked 23rd  - Total 65,498 sq. ... A civil township is a widely-used unit of local government in the United States, subordinate to a county. ... A county is generally a sub-unit of regional self-government within a sovereign jurisdiction. ...

In New Jersey, like Connecticut, boroughs are independent municipalities that may have been created within a Township or from portions of multiple municipalities. However, unlike Connecticut, boroughs are autonomous from the township that borders them or sometimes even surrounds them. Official language(s) None, English de facto Capital Trenton Largest city Newark Area  Ranked 47th  - Total 8,729 sq mi (22,608 km²)  - Width 70 miles (110 km)  - Length 150 miles (240 km)  - % water 14. ... A Borough (sometimes spelled Boro on road signage) in the context of New Jersey local government refers to one of five types and one of twelve forms of municipal government. ...

In some states, boroughs may be grouped together under a governing township. A civil township is a widely-used unit of local government in the United States, subordinate to a county. ...

The City of New York is administratively divided into five boroughs (New York City), each of which is coextensive with a New York county: Flag Seal Nickname: The Big Apple, The Capital of the World[1], Gotham [2], Metropolis Location Location in the state of New York Government Counties (Boroughs) Bronx (The Bronx) New York (Manhattan) Queens (Queens) Kings (Brooklyn) Richmond (Staten Island) Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Geographical characteristics Area     City 1,214. ... The Five Boroughs of New York City: 1: Manhattan 2: Brooklyn 3: Queens 4: Bronx 5: Staten Island In New York City, a borough is a unique form of government used to administer the five constituent counties that make up the city; it differs significantly from other borough forms of...

• The Bronx, with Bronx County
• Brooklyn, with Kings County
• Manhattan, with New York County
• Queens, with Queens County
• Staten Island, with Richmond County

There are no county governments within New York City for legislative or executive purposes, but there are borough governments composed of a borough president, members of the New York City Council who represent parts of the borough, and some others. The powers of the borough governments are inferior to the powers of the city-wide government. The boroughs of New York City are still treated as separate counties for judicial purposes, and for business and legal filings. The Bronx is one of the five Boroughs of New York City in the United States. ... A map of New York City, highlighting Brooklyn. ... The Borough of Manhattan, highlighted in yellow, lies between the East River and the Hudson River. ... Queens Borough in New York City, in yellow Queens is the largest in area and second most populous of the five boroughs of New York City. ... Staten Island, in yellow, lies to the southwest of the rest of New York City. ... Borough President is an elective office in New York City. ... New York City Hall The New York City Council is the lawmaking body of the City of New York. ...

In Alaska, the word "borough" is used instead of "county." (See List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska.) Like counties, boroughs are administrative divisions of the state, but whereas most states use a three-tiered system of decentralization - state/county/township - Alaska only has the first two tiers - state/borough. This is due to the size and nature of Alaska, especially its low population density. The framers of the Alaska Constitution created the borough system to avoid perceived deficiencies of Lower 48 local government. Official language(s) English Capital Juneau Largest city Anchorage Area  Ranked 1st  - Total 663,267 sq mi (1,717,854 km²)  - Width 808 miles (1,300 km)  - Length 1,479 miles (2,380 km)  - % water 13. ... Map of Alaska boroughs and census areas The U.S. state of Alaska does not have counties in the sense of counties in the rest of the country. ... // The Alaska Constitution is the constitution of the U.S. state of Alaska. ... The continental United States refers (except sometimes in U.S. federal law and regulations) to the largest part of the U.S. that is delimited by a continuous border. ...

Each borough in Alaska has a borough seat, which is the administrative centre for the borough. The Municipality of Anchorage is a consolidated city-borough, as are Sitka, Juneau, Haines and Yakutat. In generic terms, a consolidated city-borough would be considered a "regional municipality" as opposed to a "metropolitan municipality" (e.g., San Francisco, a city-county) because the area is more rural in character than urban. A borough seat is the capital city of a borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. ... Flag Nickname: The City of Lights and Flowers Location Location in the state of Alaska Government Borough Municipality of Anchorage Mayor Mark Begich Geographical characteristics Area    - City 1,961. ... Motto: Nickname: First City of Alaska Map Political Statistics Founded 1799 Incorporated December 2, 1971 Sitka Borough Mayor Marko Dapcevich Geographic Statistics Area  - Total  - Land  - Water 12,461. ... Motto: Nickname: Map Political Statistics Founded 1881 Incorporated 1900 Juneau City and Borough Mayor Bruce Botelho Geographic Statistics Area  - Total  - Land  - Water 8,430. ... Haines is a city located in Haines Borough, Alaska, United States. ... Yakutat City and Borough is a borough and a city located in Alaska. ... Flag Seal Nickname: The City by the Bay; The City That Knows How; Golden Mountain (historic Chinese name) Location Location of the City and County of San Francisco, California Coordinates , Government City-County San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom Geographical characteristics Area     City 600. ...

Most of the state's area, however, is part of the vast Unorganized Borough (q.v.), larger than France and Germany combined, which has no borough-level government at all. The United States Census Bureau has divided the Unorganized Borough into eleven census areas for statistical purposes. Map of Alaska boroughs and census areas The Unorganized Borough is that part of Alaska not contained in any of its 16 organized boroughs. ... The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census) is a part of the United States Department of Commerce. ... A census tract, census area, or census district is a particular community defined for the purpose of taking a census. ...

Australia

In Australia, the term borough is an occasionally used term for a local government area. There is only one borough in Australia; The Borough of Queenscliffe in Victoria. The Borough of Queenscliffe is a Local Government Area in Victoria, Australia. ... Emblems: Pink heath (floral) helmeted honeyeater (bird) Leadbeaters possum (faunal) Motto: Peace and Prosperity Slogan or Nickname: Garden State, The Place To Be, On The Move Other Australian states and territories Capital Melbourne Government Governor Premier Const. ...

Historical boroughs

In its original Anglo-Saxon connection with its modern meaning, a borough was a number of households or an extended household, surrounded by a defensive wall. This might have been a stockade or a walled town. In place-names therefore, it can refer to the walled enclosure of a lord's hall or to a walled town. When the Five Burghs of the Danelaw were given that name, this was people's view of them. By the late medieval period, a charter from the king and a civic organization became more significant in defining a borough than the wall was. The Five Burghs or more usually The Five Boroughs or The Five Boroughs of the Danelaw were the five main towns of Danish Mercia. ... Green: Danelaw The Danelaw (from the Old English Dena lagu) is an 11th century name for an area of northern and eastern England under the administrative control of the Vikings (or Danes, or Norsemen) from the late 9th century. ...

England

Municipal boroughs

In England, boroughs developed as a method of providing a corporate identity for a town, particularly in relation to rights obtained from local barons or from the English Crown. The formal status of borough came to be conferred by Royal Charter. A Royal Charter is a charter given by a monarch to legitimize an incorporated body, such as a city, company, university or such. ...

These boroughs were generally governed by a self-selecting corporation (i.e., when a member died or resigned his replacement would be by co-option). Sometimes boroughs were governed by bailiffs or headboroughs. A co-option or more often co-optation is an election where members of a committee (or similar group) vote in order to fill a vacancy on that committee or group. ... A Bailiff in a United States courtroom Bailiff (from Late Latin bajulivus, adjectival form of bajulus) is a governor or custodian; cf. ...

Debates on the Reform Bill (eventually the Reform Act 1832) had highlighted the variations in systems of governance of towns, and a Royal Commission was set up to investigate the issue. This resulted in a regularisation of municipal government (Municipal Corporations Act 1835), with all municipal corporations to be elected according to a standard franchise based on property ownership. At the same time, a procedure was established whereby a town could petition Parliament to be given borough status. The 178 reformed boroughs, and those that followed them, became known as municipal boroughs. A number of unreformed boroughs remained after 1835, these being finally abolished in 1886. In states that are Commonwealth Realms a Royal Commission is a major government public inquiry into an issue. ... The Municipal Reform Act 1835 required members of town councils (municipal corporations) to be elected by ratepayers and councils to publish their financial accounts. ... Look up Petition in Wiktionary, the free dictionary A petition is a request to an authority, most commonly a government official or public entity. ... Municipal boroughs were a type of local authority which existed in England and Wales between 1835 and 1974. ... Unreformed boroughs were those corporate towns in England and Wales which had not been reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. ... 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) // Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ...

The reform of county government in 1888 established the county borough, a city or town that had a corporation as any other borough, but with additional powers equivalent to those of a county council. The Local Government Act 1888 (51 & 52 Vict. ... County borough was a term introduced in 1889 in the United Kingdom to refer to a borough or a city independent of county administration. ... In the British Isles, a county council is a council that governs a county. ...

As part of a large-scale reform of local government in England in 1974, both county boroughs and municipal boroughs were abolished. However, the civic traditions of many boroughs were continued by the grant of a charter to their successor district councils. In smaller boroughs, a town council was formed for the area of the abolished borough, while charter trustees were formed in other former boroughs. In each case, the new body was allowed to use the regalia of the old corporation, and appoint ceremonial office holders such as sword and mace bearers as provided in their original charters. The council or trustees may apply for an Order in Council or Royal Licence to use the former borough coat of arms. The Local Government Act 1972 (1972 c. ... A Royal Charter is a charter given by a monarch to legitimize an incorporated body, such as a city, company, university or such. ... A parish council is a council of members of a particular parish or religious community who have a responsibility to administrate the affairs of that community. ... In the United Kingdom, Charter Trustees are set up to maintain the continuity of a town charter or city charter after a district with the status of a borough or city has been abolished, until such time as a parish council is established. ... An Order-in-Council is a type of legislation in the United Kingdom and in the Commonwealth which is formally made in the name of the Queen by the Privy Council (Queen-in-Council), or the Governor-General or Governor by the Executive Council (Governor-General-in-Council, Governor-in... A modern coat of arms is derived from the medi val practice of painting designs onto the shield and outer clothing of knights to enable them to be identified in battle, and later in tournaments. ...

Parliamentary boroughs

From 1265, two burgesses from each borough were summoned to the Parliament of England, alongside two knights from each county. Representation in the House of Commons was decided by the House itself, which resulted in many cases of a borough being represented in Parliament despite it having no corporation or mayor (or vice versa). For broader historical context, see 1260s and 13th century. ... The Parliament of England can trace its roots back to the early medieval period. ... A statue of an armoured knight of the Middle Ages For the chess piece, see knight (chess). ... A county is generally a sub-unit of regional self-government within a sovereign jurisdiction. ... British House of Commons Canadian House of Commons In some bicameral parliaments of a Westminster System, the House of Commons has historically been the name of the elected lower house. ...

By the 19th century the population changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution had created a situation in which a major conurbation might have no representation in Parliament, whilst towns which had declined in size to mere villages still retained their seat. Additionally, the electoral franchise varied from borough to borough, some of which had become rotten boroughs. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... A Watt steam engine in Madrid. ... The term rotten borough refers to a parliamentary borough or constituency in the Kingdom of England (pre-1707), the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707-1801), the Kingdom of Ireland (1536-1801) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (from 1801 until their final abolition in 1867) which due...

The Reform Act 1832 sought to rationalise this system to some extent, as well as eliminating corrupt practices. Many boroughs, some of which existed in little more than name, were disenfranchised, whilst some of the industrial towns which had developed in the North came to be represented in Parliament for the first time. The Reform Act of 1832 (known also as the Great Reform Act and The Parliamentary Reform Act 1832) introduced wide-ranging changes to electoral franchise legislation in the United Kingdom. ... The North of England , also the North country or simply The North, is a term which strictly refers to any part of Northern England north of a line from the Humber to the Dee estuaries. ...

Subsequent Reform Acts gave more parliamentary seats to the expanding boroughs, whilst disenfranchising the smaller ones. From 1884, voters in county and borough seats had the same franchise, so the distinction between the two was essentially eliminated; however, on the assumption that the smaller, urban boroughs would require less travelling for electoral candidates than in the larger, more rural county seats, the distinction between the two sorts of constituency was retained for the purposes of calculating maximum permitted electoral expenses. 1884 (MDCCCLXXXIV) is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Metropolitan boroughs

In 1899, as part of a reform of local government in the County of London, the various parishes in the county were reorganised as a new entity, the metropolitan borough. These became reorganised as London Boroughs in a subsequent reform, in 1965. 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... For other uses, see London (disambiguation). ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ...

As part of the 1974 reform of local government in England, six major urban areas were established as "metropolitan counties", divided into "metropolitan districts". A number of those districts over time were granted the dignity of "borough", and thus became known as a metropolitan borough. 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1974 calendar). ...

New Zealand

New Zealand formerly used the term borough to designate self-governing towns of more than 1,000 people. A borough of more than 20,000 people could become a city by proclamation. Boroughs and cities were collectively known as municipalities, and were enclaves separate from their surrounding counties. Night view of Taipei City. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

In the 1980s some boroughs and cities began to be merged with their surrounding counties to form districts with a mixed urban and rural population. In 1989 a nationwide reform of local government completed the process. Counties and boroughs were abolished and all boundaries were redrawn. Under the new system, most territorial authorities cover both urban and rural land. The more populated councils are classified as cities, and the more rural councils are classified as districts. Only Kawerau District, an enclave within Whakatane District, continues to follow the tradition of a small town council that does not include surrounding rural area. Local government areas called districts are used, or have been used, in several countries. ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Kawerau is a town in the Bay of Plenty region of the North Island of New Zealand. ... Whakatane Harbour at sunset Whakatane (pronounced Fah-kah-tah-neh) is a town in the Bay of Plenty region, in the North Island of New Zealand. ...

Borough as a place name

There is a neighbourhood in the London Borough of Southwark simply called The Borough, south of London Bridge across the Thames from the City. There are several villages in England, such as those in Cumbria and the East Riding of Yorkshire, called Brough, pronounced [bɹʌf]. The London Borough of Southwark is a London borough, located on the south side of the River Thames. ... The Borough or Southwark(e) (pronounced suthuk or suthark) is the area of London immediately south of London Bridge and part of the larger London Borough of Southwark. ... Coat of arms The City of London is a small area in Greater London. ... Cumbria is a county in the North West region of England. ... The East Riding of Yorkshire is a local government district in the United Kingdom. ...

El Burgo in Spain is across the river Ucero from the smaller City of Osma; also in Spain lies the city of Burgos. See also below under the places mentioned in the next section on Etymology. Coat of Arms of El Burgo de Osma Burgo de Osma-Ciudad de Osma is the third largest municipality in the province of Soria in Spain, with a population of about 5000. ... The cathedral Our Lady of Burgos. ...

Etymology

The word borough has cognates in other Germanic languages. For example, burgh in Scots, burg in German, berg in Low German, and borg in both Danish and Swedish; the equivalent word is also to be found in Frisian, Dutch, Norwegian, and Icelandic. Alternate forms and spellings in English include bury and burrow. A word is a unit of language that carries meaning and consists of one or more morphemes which are linked more or less tightly together. ... Cognates are words that have a common origin. ... The Germanic languages form one of the branches of the Indo-European (IE) language family. ... Scots or Lallans (Eng: Lowlands), sometimes called Lowland Scots to distinguish it from the Gaelic language of the Highlands, is a West Germanic language used in Scotland, parts of Northern Ireland, and border areas of the Republic of Ireland, where it is known in official circles as Ulster Scots or... Low German (also called Plattdeutsch, Plattdüütsch or Low Saxon, Old Saxon) is a name for the regional language varieties of the Low Germanic languages spoken mainly in northern Germany, and eastern Netherlands. ... Frisian is a Germanic group of closely related languages, spoken by around half a million members of an ethnic group living on the southern fringes of the North Sea in the Netherlands and Germany. ...

The English borough and the Scots burgh are derived from the Anglian word burh (with other dialectal variants including burg, beorh, beorg, and byrig). The word originally indicated a fortified town, and was related to the verb beorgan (cf. Dutch and German bergen), meaning "to keep, to save, to make secure". The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Scots or Lallans (Eng: Lowlands), sometimes called Lowland Scots to distinguish it from the Gaelic language of the Highlands, is a West Germanic language used in Scotland, parts of Northern Ireland, and border areas of the Republic of Ireland, where it is known in official circles as Ulster Scots or... A sign in Linlithgow, Scotland. ... Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon) is an early form of the English language that was spoken in parts of what is now England and southern Scotland between the mid-fifth century and the mid-twelfth century. ...

A number of other European languages have cognate words which were borrowed from the Germanic languages during the Middle Ages, including brog in Irish, bwr or bwrc, meaning "wall, rampart" in Welsh, bourg in French, borgo in Italian, and burgo in Spanish (hence the place-name Burgos). World map showing Europe Political map Europe is one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiographic one, leading to various perspectives about Europes borders. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ... The cathedral Our Lady of Burgos. ...

Also related are the words bourgeois and belfry (both from the French), and burglar; more distantly, it is related to words meaning "hill" or "mountain" in a number of languages (cf. the second element of iceberg). An iceberg off Antarctica An iceberg (a partial loan translation, probably from Dutch ijsberg (literally: mountain of ice),[1] cognate to German Eisberg) is a large piece of ice that has broken off from a snow-formed glacier or ice shelf and is floating in open water. ...

See also

• Boroughs incorporated in England and Wales 1835 - 1882
• Boroughs incorporated in England and Wales 1882 - 1974
• Boroughs in New York City
• Burgh
• List of burghs in Scotland

The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 reformed 178 existing boroughs. ... The following is a list of towns in England and Wales which were granted charters of incorporation conferring borough status under the Municipal Corporations Act 1882. ... Administrative divisions of New York State differ from those in certain other countries and most U.S. states, leading to misunderstandings regarding the governmental nature of an area. ... A sign in Linlithgow, Scotland. ... A burgh (pronounced burruh) is the Scots language equivalent of the English language borough. ...