NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Bosnian Genocide

The Bosnian Genocide is a term used by academics,^[1] human rights officials^[2] and by the ICTY in The Hague when referring to a case of genocide that took place in Srebrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina, during the Bosnian War from 1992 - 1995. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Burial of 505 identified Bosniak civilians (July 11, 2006) Burial of 610 identified Bosniak civilians (July 11, 2005 The Srebrenica Massacre, also known as Srebrenica Genocide,[1] was the July 1995 killing of an estimated 8,000 Bosniak males, ranging in age from young teens to the elderly, in the... Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people as defined by Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or... Combatants Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Predominantly Bosniak) Army of Republika Srpska, Yugoslav Peoples Army, various paramilitary units from Serbia and Montenegro (Serbian) Croatian Defence Council, Croatian Army (Croatian) Commanders Alija IzetbegoviÄ‡ (President of Bosnia and Herzegovina) Sefer HaliloviÄ‡ (Army chief of staff 1992-1993) Rasim... Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ... Srebrenica (Cyrillic: Ð¡Ñ€ÐµÐ±Ñ€ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ†Ð°; IPA: /srÉ›.brÉ›.ni. ... Combatants Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Predominantly Bosniak) Army of Republika Srpska, Yugoslav Peoples Army, various paramilitary units from Serbia and Montenegro (Serbian) Croatian Defence Council, Croatian Army (Croatian) Commanders Alija IzetbegoviÄ‡ (President of Bosnia and Herzegovina) Sefer HaliloviÄ‡ (Army chief of staff 1992-1993) Rasim... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Srebrenica massacre - where at least eight thousand Bosniak males were systematically killed by Army forces of Republika Srpska ^[3] - is the first legally established case of Genocide in Europe since the Holocaust, ruled as a case of genocide at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). Thus far the Srebrenica massacre has been the only case which the ICTY has officially defined as genocide in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The UN's top court, the Hague, ruled on February 26, 2007, that no genocide occurred in Bosnia during the war other than the incident at Srebrenica. Judge Higgins declared in the ruling that despite Bosnia's claim that there were other acts of genocide, "the evidence did not show that these terrible acts were accompanied by the specific intent to destroy a group that is the required proof of genocide".^[4] Burial of 505 identified Bosniak civilians (July 11, 2006) Burial of 610 identified Bosniak civilians (July 11, 2005 The Srebrenica Massacre, also known as Srebrenica Genocide,[1] was the July 1995 killing of an estimated 8,000 Bosniak males, ranging in age from young teens to the elderly, in the... Bosniaks (natively: Bošnjaci) are South Slavs descended from those who converted to Islam during the Ottoman period (15th-19th century). ... Anthem: BoÅ¾e Pravde2 (English: God of Justice) Patron Saint: Saint Stephen3 The location of Republika Srpska as part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people as defined by Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or... Concentration camp inmates during the Holocaust The Holocaust was Nazi Germanys systematic genocide (ethnic cleansing) of various ethnic, religious, national, and secular groups during World War II. Early elements include the Kristallnacht pogrom and the T-4 Euthanasia Program established by Hitler that killed some 200,000 people. ... The Tribunal building in The Hague. ... February 26 is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ...

In 1997, Germany handed down first Bosnian Genocide conviction. Serb soldier, Nikola Jorgic, was sentenced to four terms of life imprisonment for his involvement in Bosnian Genocide that took place in other regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ^[5] 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... In 1997, Germany handed down first Bosnian Genocide conviction. ... Life imprisonment is a sentence of imprisonment for a serious crime, nominally for the entire remaining life of the prisoner, but in fact for a period which varies between jurisdictions: many countries have a maximum possible period of time a prisoner may be incarcerated, or require the possibility of parole...

Controversy

There is a significant disagreement between the Bosnian and Bosnian Serb/Serbian side about the possibility or scope of genocide in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian War that has made this a controversial and contentious issue.

Despite the ruling in the Hague that genocide outside of Srebrenica is not supported by evidence, the Bosnian side claims maintains that Srebrenica massacre was just one instance of what was a broader criminal activity during the Bosnian War and associates Bosnian genocide to an intent by the "Serb side" to destroy in whole or in part non-Serb population of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ^[6] Bosnians point out the existence of up to 500 concentration camps run by Serbs where non-Serbs were tortured, raped and killed. The Bosnian side further claims that numerous individual war crimes including crimes against humanity, rapes and ethnic cleansing, committed against non-Serbs during the Bosnian War when viewed in its combined impact fall under genocide definition as described by the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in 1948. ^[6] The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide was adopted by the UN General Assembly in December 1948 and came into effect in January 1951. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ...

Many Serb groups on the other hand espoused denial of the genocide, claiming that the intentional mass murder of nearly 8,000 Bosniaks in case of Srebrenica massacre is grossly exaggerated and that Republika Srpska government had no extermination policy.^[7] Historical revisionism is the attempt to change commonly held ideas about the past. ... Mass murder (massacre) is the act of murdering a large number of people, typically at the same time, or over a relatively short period of time. ... Burial of 505 identified Bosniak civilians (July 11, 2006) Burial of 610 identified Bosniak civilians (July 11, 2005 The Srebrenica Massacre, also known as Srebrenica Genocide,[1] was the July 1995 killing of an estimated 8,000 Bosniak males, ranging in age from young teens to the elderly, in the...

Some others, who don't deny mass killings by the Republika Srpska have engaged in pointing out "immoral equivalencies" (e.g. the killings and the ethnic cleansing of Serbs in Croatia) and/or justifications for the executions (e.g. retaliation or punishment for sabotage, terrorism, or subversion).^[7] Some groups have manipulated the number of victims as an effective tool to cloud issues surrounding alleged Bosnian genocide particularly since there are vast discrepancies in original and more recent estimates on how many victims there were and which ethnic group suffered most casualties.^[8] Armenian civilians, being cleansed from their homeland during the Armenian Genocide. ... German supply train blown up by the Armia Krajowa during World War II Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening an enemy, oppressor or employer through subversion, obstruction, disruption, and/or destruction. ... Terrorist redirects here. ... Subversion is an overturning or uprooting. ...

There are several indictments relating to the Bosnian War currently at the ICTY including the Karadžić and Mladić indictments for genocide. Those genocide cases include instances where a significant number of Bosnian Croats were killed, particularly in Bosanska Krajina region which was under control of Army of Republika Srpska. While these cases are not yet finished they fall in the similar category of individual genocide accountability trials as was the landmark Srebrenica case prosecutor vs Krstic. Unlike Srebrenica case the scope of these ongoing trials is broader and allegations of genocide pertain to events in other regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina and crimes that were committed for instance in towns of Prijedor or Zvornik or concentration camps Omarska camp or Keraterm camp. In the common law legal system, an indictment (IPA: ) is a formal charge of having committed a most serious criminal offense. ... Combatants Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Predominantly Bosniak) Army of Republika Srpska, Yugoslav Peoples Army, various paramilitary units from Serbia and Montenegro (Serbian) Croatian Defence Council, Croatian Army (Croatian) Commanders Alija IzetbegoviÄ‡ (President of Bosnia and Herzegovina) Sefer HaliloviÄ‡ (Army chief of staff 1992-1993) Rasim... Radovan KaradÅ¾iÄ‡ during a visit to Moscow in 1994. ... General Ratko MladiÄ‡ during UN-mediated talks at Sarajevo airport in 1993. ... Croats (Croatian: Hrvati) are a south Slavic people mostly living in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (where theyre one of the constitutive nations). ... Bosanska Krajina Region Bosanska Krajina (lit Bosnian Frontier) is a geographical region of Bosnia and Herzegovina enclosed by three rivers - Sava, Una and Vrbas. ... Bosnian Serb Army, officially Army of the Republika Srpska (Serbian Ð’Ð¾Ñ˜ÑÐºÐ° Ð ÐµÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐµ Ð¡Ñ€Ð¿ÑÐºÐµ/Vojska Republike Srpske, Ð’Ð Ð¡/VRS) is the military of the Bosnian Serb political entity of Republika Srpska. ... Prijedor (Serbian Cyrillic: ÐŸÑ€Ð¸Ñ˜ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ñ€) is a town and municipality in northwestern Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, located on the Sana River, between Novi Grad and Banja Luka. ... Zvornik (Ð—Ð²Ð¾Ñ€Ð½Ð¸Ðº) is a city on the Drina river in northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, located southeast of Tuzla and north of Srebrenica. ... It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ... Omarska camp detainees Omarska camp was a detention camp (also refered to as prison and concentration camp) in Omarska mining town near Prijedor in northern Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian War from 1992 to 1995. ... Keraterm camp was a detention camp (also refered to as prison and concentration camp) near the town of Prijedor in northern Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian War from 1992 to 1995. ...

Opinions

US resolution 199

On June 27, 2005, the United States House of Representatives passed a resolution (H. Res. 199 sponsored by Congressman Christopher Smith and Congressman Benjamin Cardin) commemorating the 10th anniversary of the Srebrenica genocide. The resolution was passed with overwhelming majority of 370 - YES votes, 1 - NO vote, and 62 - ABSENT . ^[9] The resolution is a bipartisan measure commemorating July 11, 1995-2005, the tenth anniversary of the Srebrenica massacre. Image File history File links Omarska2. ... Image File history File links Omarska2. ... Omarska camp detainees Omarska camp was a detention camp (also refered to as prison and concentration camp) in Omarska mining town near Prijedor in northern Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian War from 1992 to 1995. ... June 27 is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 187 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Seal of the House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives (or simply the House) is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress, the other being the Senate. ... Christopher Henry Smith (born March 4, 1953 in Rahway, New Jersey) is a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives for the 4th District of New Jersey (map). ... Ben Cardin Benjamin Louis Cardin (born October 5, 1943) is a Jewish Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives, representing the 3rd district of the State of Maryland (map) since 1987. ... It has been suggested that Wedding anniversary be merged into this article or section. ... In policy debate, a resolution or topic is a normative statement which the affirmative team affirms and the negative team negates. ... July 11 is the 192nd day (193rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 173 days remaining. ... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Burial of 505 identified Bosniak civilians (July 11, 2006) Burial of 610 identified Bosniak civilians (July 11, 2005 The Srebrenica Massacre, also known as Srebrenica Genocide,[1] was the July 1995 killing of an estimated 8,000 Bosniak males, ranging in age from young teens to the elderly, in the...

The resolution states that "the policies of aggression and ethnic cleansing^1|2 as implemented by Serb forces in Bosnia-Herzegovina from 1992 and 1995 with the direct support of Serbian regime of Slobodan Milosevic and its followers ultimately led to the displacement of more than 2,000,000 people, an estimated 200,000 killed, tens of thousands raped or otherwise tortured and abused, and the innocent civilians of Sarajevo and other urban centers repeatedly subjected to shelling and sniper attacks; meet the terms defining the crime of genocide in Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, created in Paris on December 9, 1948, and entered into force on January 12, 1951." ^[10] Aggression is sometimes used to intimidate and coerce during extremely rigorous physical training. ... Armenian civilians, being cleansed from their homeland during the Armenian Genocide. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Srebrenica massacre. ... Anthem: Serbia() on the European continent() Capital (and largest city) Belgrade Official languages Serbian written with the Cyrillic alphabet1 Government Parliamentary republic - President Boris TadiÄ‡ - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Establishment - Formation 8th century - Independence c. ... Torture is defined by the United Nations Convention Against Torture as any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he... Abuse is a general term for the use or treatment of something (person, thing, idea, etc. ... A civilian is a person who is not a member of a military. ... Arkansas Army National Guard soldiers practice sniper marksmanship at their firing range near Baghdad, Iraq on February 15, 2005. ... The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide was adopted by the UN General Assembly in December 1948 and came into effect in January 1951. ... Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people as defined by Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or...

Ratko Mladic Recognized Genocide

Both highest ranking Bosnian Serb politicians, Radovan Karadzic and Momcilo Krajisnik, were warned by Bosnian Serb military commander General Ratko Mladic, also indicted on genocide charges, that their plans could not be committed without committing genocide.

People are not little stones, or keys in someone's pocket, that can be moved from one place to another just like that... Therefore, we cannot precisely arrange for only Serbs to stay in one part of the country while removing others painlessly. I do not know how Mr Krajisnik and Mr Karadzic will explain that to the world. That is genocide, said Mladic. ^[11]

Radovan Karadžić

Statement by Radovan Karadžić, co-founder of Republika Srpska and its first president, alluded to the origins of this ideology on March 4, 1992 to the Bosnian Parliament. This speech is most often quoted to imply that genocidal intent among Bosnian Serb leadership existed before the Bosnian War: Radovan KaradÅ¾iÄ‡ during a visit to Moscow in 1994. ... Anthem: BoÅ¾e Pravde2 (English: God of Justice) Patron Saint: Saint Stephen3 The location of Republika Srpska as part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ...

"I'm asking you once again, I'm not threatening, but asking you to take seriously the interpretation of the political will of the Serbian people who are represented here by the Serbian Democratic Party and the Serbian Renewal Movement and a couple of Serbs from other parties. I ask you to take seriously the fact that what you are doing is not good. Is this the road under which you want to direct Bosnia-Herzegovina? The same highway to hell and suffering that Slovenia and Croatia are travelling? Do not think that you will not lead Bosnia-Herzegovina to hell. And do not think that you will not perhaps lead the Muslim people into annihilation because the Muslim people cannot defend themselves if there is war. How will you prevent everyone from being killed in Bosnia-Herzegovina?"

Vladimir Srebrov

Srebrov, co-founder of the Serbian Democratic Party, claimed that the party intended to exterminate the Bosniak population of Bosnia after it had come to power.^[12] He was imprisoned by the Serb side during the war. Bosniaks (natively: Bošnjaci) are South Slavs descended from those who converted to Islam during the Ottoman period (15th-19th century). ...

Bosnian Genocide Case at the International Court of Justice

On February 26, 2007 the ICJ ruled that Serbia failed to prevent genocide committed by Army of Republika Srpska (VRS), but exonerated Serbia of direct responsibility for genocide. Serbia also failed to punish those who carried out the genocide, especially general Ratko Mladić. Despite the evidence of widespread killings, mass rapes, ethnic cleansing and torture by different Serb forces which also included JNA (VJ), elsewhere in Bosnia, especially in Prijedor, Banja Luka and Foča camps and detention centers, the judges ruled that the criteria for genocide were met only in Srebrenica or Eastern Bosnia.^[13] February 26 is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... The International Court of Justice (known colloquially as the World Court) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. ... Anthem: Serbia() on the European continent() Capital (and largest city) Belgrade Official languages Serbian written with the Cyrillic alphabet1 Government Parliamentary republic - President Boris TadiÄ‡ - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Establishment - Formation 8th century - Independence c. ... Bosnian Serb Army, officially Army of the Republika Srpska (Serbian Ð’Ð¾Ñ˜ÑÐºÐ° Ð ÐµÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐµ Ð¡Ñ€Ð¿ÑÐºÐµ/Vojska Republike Srpske, Ð’Ð Ð¡/VRS) is the military of the Bosnian Serb political entity of Republika Srpska. ... General Ratko MladiÄ‡ during UN-mediated talks at Sarajevo airport in 1993. ...

References

^ University of California Riverside,Bosnian Genocide In the Historical Perspective, [1]
^ Human Rights Watch, Milosevic to Face Bosnian Genocide Charges, 11 December 2001 [2]
^ http://www.srebrenica-zepa.ba/srebrenica/spisak.htm
^ http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,21294277-1702,00.html
^ Oberlandesgericht Dusseldorf, "Public Prosecutor v Jorgic", 26 September 1997 [3]
^ ^a ^b van den Biesen."Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, General Concluding Observation". International Court of Justice. 24 April 2006, para. 1-12. [4]
^ ^a ^b Ingrao, Charles. "Genocide and Aftermath: Rationalizing the Process of Truth and Reconciliation in Bosnia and Herzegovina". Academy of Bosnia and Herzegovina/Carnegie Council. 13 July 2005. [5]
^ Srebrenica Genocide Blog. "Srebrenica Massacre FAQ's: Facts vs Srebrenica Genocide Denial. 31 May 2006. para. 5 [6]
^ Washington Post. "Votes Database: Bill: H RES 199" 27 June 2005 [7]
^ US House of Representatives, "Resolution 199 (H. Res. 199): Srebrenica Genocide". 27 June 2005. [8]
^ Bosnia's Accidental Genocide, Bosnian Institute In UK. September 30, 2006.
^ Kulenovic, Adil. "Interview with Vladimir Srebrov, a founding member of the Serb Democratic Party". Vreme Magazine. 30 October 1995. [9]
^ Courte: Serbia failed to prevent genocide, UN court rules. Associated Press (2007-02-26).

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Contents

Controversy

Opinions

US resolution 199

Ratko Mladic Recognized Genocide

Radovan Karadžić

Vladimir Srebrov

Bosnian Genocide Case at the International Court of Justice

References

See also

External links

Contents

Controversy GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Opinions

US resolution 199

Ratko Mladic Recognized Genocide

Radovan Karadžić

Vladimir Srebrov

Bosnian Genocide Case at the International Court of Justice

References

See also

External links

Controversy