Part of the series on   Regional    architecture
African architecture
Europe
Bosnian architecture
British architecture
Serbian architecture
East Asia
Chinese architecture
Japanese architecture
South Asia
Bhutanese architecture
Cambodian architecture
Indian architecture
Singaporean architecture
Russian architecture
Middle East
Islamic architecture
Persian architecture
Western
Anasazi architecture
Bermudian architecture
Incan architecture
Hawaiian architecture
United States architecture
Architectural history

Architecture in Bosnia and Herzegovina is largely influenced by 4 major periods where political and social changes influenced the creation of distinct cultural and architectural habits of the population. Each period made its authentic influence on the overall picture and contributed to a greater diversity of cultures and architectural language in this region. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1536x2048, 200 KB) Eger minaret, Hungary Author: Wojsyl File links The following pages link to this file: Eger Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. ... Critical Regionalism is an approach to architecture that strives to counter the placelessness and lack of meaning in Modern Architecture by using contextual forces to give a sense of place and meaning. ... The architecture of Africa, like other aspects of the culture of Africa, is hugely diverse. ... The architecture of the United Kingdom has a long and diverse history from beyond Stonehenge to the designs of Norman Foster and the present day. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Chinese architecture refers to a style of architecture that has taken shape in Asia over the centuries. ... The need to rebuild Japan after World War II proved a great stimulus to Japanese architecture, and contemporary Japanese buildings rank with the finest in the world in terms of technology and formal conception. ... Dzong architecture is a distinctive type of fortress architecture found in the former and present Buddhist kingdoms of the Himalayas, most notably Bhutan. ... Angkor Wat Architecture of Cambodia has dated back to many centuries ago and has influenced Thai architecture. ... Indian architecture is that vast tapestry of production of the Indian Subcontinent that encompasses a multitude of expressions over space and time, transformed by the forces of history considered unique to the sub-continent, sometimes destroying, but most of the time absorbing. ... The architecture of Singapore has a long history with an unclear origin, as was the early history of the city-state itself. ... Saint Basils Cathedral (1555-61) is a showcase of medieval Russian architecture. ... Islamic architecture, a part of the Islamic studies, is the entire range of architecture that has evolved within Muslim culture in the course of the history of Islam. ... Naghsh-i Jahan Square, Isfahan, is the second largest square in the world and arguably the gem of Persian architectural masterpieces. ... Cliff Palace Cliff Palace is the largest cliff dwelling in North America. ... Bermuda has developed its own unique architecture, which helps it overcome two of its greatest adversities: hurricanes and the islands complete lack of natural fresh water supplies. ... View of Machu Picchu Incan architecture is the most significant pre-Columbian architecture in South America. ... Hawaiian architecture is a distinctive style of architectural arts developed and employed primarily in the Hawaiian Islands of the present-day United States — buildings and various other structures indicative of the people of Hawaii and the environment and culture in which they live. ... The United States has a history of architecture that includes a wide variety of styles. ... Architectural history studies the evolution and history of architecture across the world through a consideration of various influences- artistic, cultural, political, economic and technological. ...

Downtown Sarajevo

Photograph of downtown Sarajevo. ... Photograph of downtown Sarajevo. ... Sarajevo is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, located at 43°52N and 18°25E. According to a 1991 census, its population was 529,672; currently estimated at around 600,000. ...

Medieval period

Medieval period in Bosnia lasted until the invasion of Ottoman empire. The social organization of Bosnia of that time developed into what was called Zadruga. It was the community organized by few families of common interests situated usually in a cluster housing formation. Leaders of the community were selected according to their age and high ethical standards. Zadruga was primarily a rural, agrarian community greatly dependent on natural resources. As the community grew segments of families would collectively move to another area forming a new cluster or a village. Soon these multiple nuclei were linked stimulating trade and economy. Families lived in what was called a Dinaric house. It was a simple structure build of natural materials usually timber and wickerwork. Interior was organized around the hearth in family room with secluded private men’s and woman’s quarters. The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Ä°stanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanl... A zadruga refers to a type of village community common among South Slavs in Yugoslavian history. ...

Ottoman period

Ferhat-Pasha "Ferhadija" mosque in Banja Luka

In 15 century Ottoman Empire came to the Balkans. They addressed the need to develop urban areas and cities started emerging which basic form and organization is still distinctive today. Dušan Grabrijan, an architectural theoretician defined the primary organization of typical Bosnian cities. He recognized that cities had five authentic components defined by a set of "unwritten laws": surrounding hills defined the form of the city, the main road is the spine, “Čarsija” is the heart, vegetation are lungs, river is the spirit. Juraj Neidhard another theoretician described a typical Bosnian city in one of his books as following: File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

What is the charm of the Orient that starts in Sarajevo and which Westerners can’t resist? Here there are no planned actions that would come from rational thinking, it is all a matter of improvisation, the result of ad hoc ideas and temporary needs. Here you cannot find a clear axis and absolute symmetry. Here you can’t even find construction systems being built properly. Here everything displays the need to please humans. Composition, in the West, thought and built according to logic and plan, here becomes an agglomeration of parts, every time a result of different needs and every time improvised differently; but always in relation to the senses. Sarajevo is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, located at 43°52N and 18°25E. According to a 1991 census, its population was 529,672; currently estimated at around 600,000. ...

Stari most - old bridge in Mostar

The fact that people used river as a main element of urban life led to construction of Stari most in 1566 in Mostar in Herzegovina. At the time it was built it was the longest single span arch stone bridge in the world. Its meaning had however rather more profound power. It symbolized the connection between eastern and western civilization. In addition to Urban planning, architecture of Bosnia has emerged with a bit clearer architectural vocabulary. Architecture however was organized around a set of unwritten architectural laws including: human scale, unobstructed views, geometry, open and flexible spaces, simple furniture, spatial links to nature and use of local materials and traditional building techniques. In addition design philosophy favored heterogeneity of materials. In other words each material had a particular intrinsic function given to it by social perception of the people involved in the architectural process. Juraj Neidhard described this perception as following:” Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x768, 173 KB) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x768, 173 KB) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Stari Most (English translation: The Old Bridge) is a 16th century bridge in the city of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina that crosses the river Neretva and connects two parts of the city. ... Canton Herzegovina-Neretva Canton Mayor Ljubo Beslic Area  1,100 km² Population  - City (2004)  - Density 105,448 95. ... Herzegovina (natively Hercegovina/Херцеговина) is a historical region in the Dinaric Alps that composes the southern part of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Urban planning is concerned with the ordering and design of settlements, from the smallest towns to the worlds largest cities. ... The Parthenon on top of the Acropolis, Athens, Greece Architecture (from Latin, architectura and ultimately from Greek, αρχιτεκτων, a master builder, from αρχι- chief, leader and τεκτων, builder, carpenter) is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. ... Human scale means of a scale comparable to a human being. A number of characteristic physical quantities can be associated with the human body, the human mind, and the preservation of human life. ... Table of Geometry, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ...

Svrzina house in Sarajevo

The point is that Bosnian man has his style. He makes his pottery, space, city, according to himself, in human scale, he is not a mystic, but a realist and that is the source of all this realistic architecture, which is at the same time comfortable, humble and democratic. All roofs and doors of these houses are almost the same, we could call them homes for anyone, all of them [houses] in the human scale, all almost grown out of the land, all the decoration brought from their construction and structure - architecture built of the natural and the local. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1360x2048, 1393 KB)Svrzina house museum in Sarajevo File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1360x2048, 1393 KB)Svrzina house museum in Sarajevo File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

Hence foundations were built out of stone, ground floor out of clay, unburnt brick and wooden ties, first floor out of wooden frame and roof almost always out of wood. Organizationally, a typical Bosnian residence from 17th century consists of five main elements: fence that faced and defined the street that clearly differentiated private from public, courtyard usually built of pebble stone pattern for easier maintenance, Šadrvan – or fountain as a main element of hygiene as one entered the house, Hajat – or lower level Semi-public private space where family would gather and Divanhan – or upper level semi private, private space used for relaxation and enjoyment of framed views of Čarsija or scenic landscape. The Gay Head cliffs in Marthas Vineyard are made almost entirely of natural clays. ... A weathered brick wall. ...

Sezession and Pseudo-Moorish period

In 1878 Bosnia was up for another cultural diversification as Austro-Hungarian Empire (Austrian Empire) annexed the country. In the short time that Austrian Empire ruled Bosnia they had an immense influence in future urban planning and architecture. Some of the changes introduced by Austrian influence included introduction of new building code regulations such as, required building permits, life safety and fire protection requirements, regulated wall thickness and building heights. Some changes in urban planning involved classification of street types and consequent building regulations, requirement for harmonious design with immediate surroundings and compliance with overall regulation plan. There were also changes in a general design philosophy which emerged into two clear architectural styles: Sezession Architecture and Pseudo-Moorish style. Sezession Architecture emerged as political currents tended to secede Bosnian culture from its prior affiliations and assimilate it into a European mainstream. Official languages Latin, German, Hungarian Established church Roman Catholic Capital & Largest City Vienna pop. ... Arc de Triomf, Barcelona, 1888. ... Sezession was the name given to several artistic movements, primarily in Germany and Austria, which seceded from traditional art movements and embraced progressive styles. ...

National Library in Sarajevo

Pseudo Moorish architecture took rather different stand. It drew its influence from Moorish architecture during its presence in Spain. This included application of ornamentations and other Moorish design strategies neither of which had much to do with prior architectural direction of indigenous Bosnian architecture. Both architectural languages added to diversity of already complex urban composition in Bosnian cities. These and other changes caused certain other consequences in Bosnia. For example building life safety was improved however local building contractors and architects become obsolete due to new regulations and construction methodologies. This caused immigration of skilled labor from Western Europe that further doubled and diversified the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina which in the turn stimulated the economy. Finally, cities began changing its character. Majority of projects during the time of Austrian influence dealt with administrative building designs. Post office in Sarajevo for example follows distinct formal characteristics of design like clarity of form, symmetry, and proportion while the interior followed the same doctrine. Library in Sarajevo is an example of Pseudo Moorish architectural language using decorations and pointed arches while still integrating other formal elements into the design. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (3264x2448, 2617 KB) Sarajevo, old town hall, later library, now ruin. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (3264x2448, 2617 KB) Sarajevo, old town hall, later library, now ruin. ... For the terrain type see Moor Moors is used in this article to describe the medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus and the Maghreb, whose culture is often called Moorish. For other meanings look at Moors (Meaning) or Blackamoors. ... Sarajevo is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, located at 43°52N and 18°25E. According to a 1991 census, its population was 529,672; currently estimated at around 600,000. ...

Communist period

Momo and Uzeir towers in Sarajevo

At the end of World War II Bosnia and Herzegovina become a republic in Yugoslavian Federation. Political currents in Yugoslavia favored industrialization that required an emphasis on development of public housing to serve migration of population from rural to urban areas. To overcome cultural conflicts anti-historicism with modern architectural vocabulary became a prevalent design strategy for the majority of architectural projects. Hence homogeneity of materials replaced traditional heterogeneity and concrete became a material of choice for construction. Such practices, however, caused several problems. Industrialization caused pollution of cities but more importantly it caused flight from rural areas that further caused discrepancies in production, which damaged the economy. There was insufficiency of infrastructure, electricity, water and central heating to sustain new public housing development due to poor planning while residential skyscrapers inappropriately intermingled with existing architectural context. Poor construction methods and lack of quality due to lack of resources caused unhealthy living environments. All these issues led to diminishing cultural identity of Bosnia and Herzegovina while draining its natural and human resources. On the other hand there were few architectural projects that attempted to address issues of cultural diversity. Residential House “Dino” in Sarajevo built in 1987 by Amir Vuk and Mirko Maric was one of those attempts. It is the duplex residential house where one follows the oriental architectural vocabulary while the other has rather western European philosophy of the façade organization while they share a common entrance. Another example is Holliday Inn Hotel built in 1983 and “Unis” Twin Towers built in Sarajevo in 1986 and designed by Ivan Štraus. Twin towers, built of concrete frame and glass curtain walls, were commonly named in the city Momo (Serbian name) and Uzeir (Bosniak name). It was a common understanding that no one in the city really knew which tower is carried Serbian and which Bosnian name. This ambiguity of meaning accentuated the cultural equality as its primary architectural quality. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1360x2048, 1730 KB)Twin towers of Sarajevo known as Momo and Uzeir File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1360x2048, 1730 KB)Twin towers of Sarajevo known as Momo and Uzeir File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Combatants Allies: Poland, British Commonwealth, France/Free France, Soviet Union, United States, China, and others Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan, and others Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total dead: 50 million Military dead: 8 million Civilian dead: 4 million Total dead: 12 million World War II... Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in all south Slavic languages, Југославија in Serbian and Macedonian Cyrillic) is a term used for three separate but successive political entities that existed during most of the 20th century on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe. ... Glass curtain wall of the Bauhaus Dessau. ... Bosniaks (natively: Bošnjaci) are South Slavs descended from those who converted to Islam during the Ottoman period (15th-19th century). ...

Architecture during Bosnian war

Ferhadija mosque in Banja Luka shortly after destruction in 1993

In 1992 army of Republika Srpska besieged Sarajevo shelled both of the Ivan Štraus' twin towers until they both burned to its basic structure. During Bosnian War from 1992-1995 over 2000 mosques, Islamic and Catholic monasteries, and churches were destroyed. Among those are Ferhadija mosque built in 1578 in Banja Luka and destroyed 1993 and Stari most built in 1566 in Mostar mentioned earlier which is today ironically, divided to eastern part of the city controlled by Bosniak population, western part controlled by Croats. Permission granted by www. ... Permission granted by www. ... Official language Serbian, Bosnian and Croatian Note: The Constitution of Republika Srpska avoids naming the languages, and lists the languages of Serbs, Bosniaks, and Croats. ... The only airplane visible on Sarajevo airport, beyond repair since the beginning of the war. ... The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina (also refered to as: Bosnian Conflict, Aggression on Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bosnian Civil War) was an armed conflict which took place between March 1992 and November 1995. ... Ferhat-Pasha Ferhadija Mosque Ferhat-Pasha Mosque or more widely known as Ferhadija Mosque was a central building of the city of Banja Luka and one of the most successful achievements of the Islamic architecture of the 16th century Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Banja Luka (Cyrillic: Бања Лука) is the second largest city in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the capital and the largest city of the entity Republika Srpska as well as a major center of the region known as Bosanska Krajina. ... The Stari Most (English translation: The Old Bridge) is a 16th century bridge in the city of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina that crosses the river Neretva and connects two parts of the city. ...

Recent architectural directions

Cultural preservation is under way in Bosnia and Herzegovina which can be seen with the most recent reconstruction of Stari most in Mostar and many other structures of cultural and historical significance damaged or destroyed in the recent war. Others are still stiffled by political disputes and lack of funds such as reconstruction of Ferhadija mosque. The Stari Most (English translation: The Old Bridge) is a 16th century bridge in the city of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina that crosses the river Neretva and connects two parts of the city. ... Canton Herzegovina-Neretva Canton Mayor Ljubo Beslic Area  1,100 km² Population  - City (2004)  - Density 105,448 95. ... Ferhat-Pasha Ferhadija Mosque Ferhat-Pasha Mosque or more widely known as Ferhadija Mosque was a central building of the city of Banja Luka and one of the most successful achievements of the Islamic architecture of the 16th century Bosnia and Herzegovina. ...

The doctrine that is generally followed in preservation was summarized by Italo C. Angle:

1. The preservation of the city image, which includes preservation of specificity created by the overall relations between the natural and the constructed, colors, scents, sounds, forms, movements, overlapping of historical specificities, and the like;
2. The preservation of the city form, conducted through preservation of the built values of individual buildings and wholes;
3. and the preservation of the city structure, conducted through the preservation of the urban pattern and preservation of the specific distribution of meanings in the city.

Commercial construction in the years following the Bosnian War, has seen a boom in Sarajevo. Sarajevo is among the cities with the most construction in South-east Europe. The Unis Twin Towers, have been renovated completely. On the site of the Oslobodjenje Towers, the Avaz towers have now been constructed. In the Hrasno residential area, the Bosnian company Bosmal has constructed the "Bosmal City Center", one of the tallest twin towers in the Balkans at 120 meters each. Sarajevo is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, located at 43°52N and 18°25E. According to a 1991 census, its population was 529,672; currently estimated at around 600,000. ... World map showing Europe Political map Europe is one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiographic one, leading to various perspectives about Europes borders. ...

Since 2006 excavations have taken place on and near the hill Visočica located some 30km north of Sarajevo for what is believed to be a man made pyramid of collosal size. So called Bosnian pyramids is believed to be over 12,000 years old which would make it one of the oldest man made constructions and the very first pyramid ever constructed. Controversial theory is still ongoing research while facing scepticism by some local and European archeologists. Visočica overlooking Visoko A site known as Visočica hill (43°5920. ...

See also

• Constructions and reconstructions in Sarajevo after war
• Ferhadija
• Stari most
• Sites of interest in Sarajevo
• Vienna Secession
• Sezession

New Avaz Tower constructed on same site where the Oslobodjenje newspaper towers, which were destroyed in the war, once stood. ... Ferhat-Pasha Ferhadija Mosque Ferhat-Pasha Mosque or more widely known as Ferhadija Mosque was a central building of the city of Banja Luka and one of the most successful achievements of the Islamic architecture of the 16th century Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... The Stari Most (English translation: The Old Bridge) is a 16th century bridge in the city of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina that crosses the river Neretva and connects two parts of the city. ... Some sites of interest in Sarajevo include: Cultural sites of interest National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina Historical Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina Peoples Theatre Sarajevo Art Gallery Historical sites of interest Baščaršija Gazi Husrev-Begs Madrassa Goats Bridge Hotel Evropa Latin Bridge Morića Han Roman Bridge... The secession building at Vienna, built in 1897 by Joseph Maria Olbrich for exhibitions of the secession group another view The Vienna Secession or (also known as Secessionsstil, or Sezessionsstil in Austria) was part of that highly varied movement that is now covered by the general term Art Nouveau. ... Sezession was the name given to several artistic movements, primarily in Germany and Austria, which seceded from traditional art movements and embraced progressive styles. ...

External links

• "Principles and Methodological Procedure for Reconsolidation of Ferhat-Pasha Mosque in Banja Luka"- School of Architecture - Design and Research Center, Sarajevo

References

• Grabrijan, Dušan – "The Bosnian Oriental Architecture in Sarajevo - Architecture of Bosnia and the way [towards] modernity"

• Kurto, Nedžad - "Arhitektura Bosne i Hercegovine - Razvoj Bosanskog Stila (Architecture of Bosnia and Herzegovina – Development of Bosnian Style)"

• Štraus, Ivan – "Architecture of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1945-1995"

• Ravlić, Aleksandar – "Banjalučka Ferhadija – Ljepotica koju su ubili (Ferhadija of Banja Luka – A Destroyed Beauty)"

• Hadžimuhamedović, Amra - "Transnational Meaning of the Bosnia-Herzegovinian Architectural Heritage and its Post-War Reconstruction - Integrality of the Bosnia-Herzegovinian Architectural Heritage System"

• Alić, Dijana - "From Ottoman house to Bosnian style: Neidhardt’s design for workers’ housing in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1939 to 1942)"

• Grabrijan, Dušan and Neidhardt, Juraj - "Arhitektura Bosne i Put u Suvremeno (Architecture of Bosnia and the way [towards] modernity)"

• Pozderac, Damir - "Eco-cultural Approach Towards Sustainable Architecture and Urban Planning in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Case study on Integral Architecture"