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Encyclopedia > Bosnian pyramids

Coordinates: 43°59′33″N, 18°10′21″E Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...

Visočica overlooking Visoko, photo taken in 1973
Visočica overlooking Visoko, photo taken in 1973
Visočica overlooking Visoko, today
Visočica overlooking Visoko, today

A site known as Visočica hill (or Grad hill), in the Bosnia-Herzegovina town of Visoko, northwest of Sarajevo, became the focus of international attention in October 2005, following a news-media campaign promoting the idea that it is actually the largest of a group of ancient man-made pyramids, the so-called Bosnian pyramids. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1600x1136, 434 KB) Visoko is historical region where the first Bosnian state was formed. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1600x1136, 434 KB) Visoko is historical region where the first Bosnian state was formed. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 768 pixel, file size: 259 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 768 pixel, file size: 259 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Bosnia and Herzegovina (also variously written Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bosnia-Hercegovina) is a mountainous country in the western Balkans. ... Municipality of Bosnia and Herzegovina General Information Entity Federation Canton Zenica - Doboj Land area 232 km² Population (1991 census) 46,130 Population density Coordinates Area code +387 32 Mayor Munib Alibegović (SDA) Website http://www. ... Map of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo) Coordinates: , Country Entity Canton Sarajevo Canton Government  - Mayor Semiha Borovac (SDA) Area [1]  - City 141. ... 2005 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December- → Deaths in October 28: Richard Smalley 26: Emil Kyulev 24: José Azcona del Hoyo 24: Rosa Parks 23: Stella Obasanjo 22: Liam Lawlor 22: Shirley Horn 20: Endon Mahmood 17: Ba Jin 10: Milton Obote 7: Charles... For other meanings, see pyramid (disambiguation). ...


Scientific investigations of the site show there is no pyramid.[1][2][3] Additionally, scientists have criticised the Bosnian authorities for supporting the pyramid claim saying, "This scheme is a cruel hoax on an unsuspecting public and has no place in the world of genuine science."[4]


The 213 metre Visočica hill, upon which the Old town of Visoki was once sited, is roughly pyramid-shaped. The idea that it constitutes an ancient artificial edifice was publicised by Houston-based expatriate Bosnian author and metalworker Semir Osmanagić, whose subsequent excavations at the site have uncovered what he claims to be a paved entrance plateau and tunnels, as well as stone blocks and ancient mortar which he has suggested once covered the structure. Osmanagić has claimed that the dig involved an international team of archaeologists from Australia, Austria, Bosnia, Scotland and Slovenia.[5] However, many archaeologists he named have stated they had not agreed to participate and were never at the site.[6] The dig began in April 2006. This article is about the unit of length. ... Reconstruction of the Old Town of Visoki. ... “Houston” redirects here. ... Semir Osmanagić (born 1960 in Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina, SFR Yugoslavia) is a Houston (US) resident author and contractor in metalworking. ... This article is about the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... This article is about the country. ... April 2006 : ← - January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December- → Marcos Pontes, Brazils first astronaut, reaches the International Space Station. ...

Contents

Interpretation

Locations of the Pyramids of the Sun, Moon and (Bosnian) Dragon, according to the hypotheses of Semir Osmanagić

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (896x553, 160 KB) Bosnian pyramids from http://bs. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (896x553, 160 KB) Bosnian pyramids from http://bs. ...

Osmanagić's interpretation

Osmanagić has named Visočica hill the "Pyramid of the Sun", while two nearby hills, identified from satellite and aerial photography, have been dubbed the "Pyramid of the Moon" and the "Pyramid of the (Bosnian) Dragon" (and another two, one named the "Pyramid of the Earth", have been mentioned in reports). Newspaper reports have quoted Osmanagić as claiming that they were constructed by ancient Illyrian inhabitants of the Balkans as early as 12,000 BC. But in an interview with Philip Coppens in Nexus (April-May 2006), Osmanagić attempted to clarify his previous statements, stating he was misquoted: he does claim that they were most likely constructed by the Illyrians, who he claims lived in the area from 12,000 BC to 500 BC, and that the pyramid was therefore most likely constructed between those two dates - not in 12,000 BC. In an interview with Vesna Peric Zimonjic, appearing in the Belgian newspaper De Morgen, he refused to date the structures: Location of Illyria Illyria (Albanian Iliria Land of the Free; Ancient Greek ; Latin Illyria [1] (see also Illyricum) was in Classical antiquity a region in the western part of todays Balkan Peninsula, founded by the tribes and clans of Illyrians, an ancient people who spoke the Illyrian languages. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... (Redirected from 12,000 BC) The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic – lit. ... Philip Coppens (January 25, 1971-) started his career as an investigative journalist, with specialist subject the world of politics and intelligence agencies. ... For the wargaming magazine, see Task Force Games. ... De Morgen (English: The morning) is a Belgian newspaper. ...

"We have not yet found organic remains, bones, wood or coal. Such analysis will help us to date the structures."

Nevertheless, on the Bosnian pyramid website, he is quoted as saying:[7]

"The following year, 2007, will be marked by the astonishment of the world public how such colossal monuments could have been made before the end of the last Ice age."

and also Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st Century. ... Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400 000 years For the animated movie, see Ice Age (movie). ...

"Regarding the age, there is more and more evidence that the main pyramid complex were built right before the end of the last Ice age, indicating that there was world wide plan for building these monuments."

However, a report by his team, made in November last year after some initial diggings - therefore six months before the statement that no bones have been found - says:

"However, in the second (II) sequence of sandstone plates at the right hand side of the probing well we found two plates one over another at the angle of approximately 25 degrees. Between those two plates there was clay marl and a human skeleton in it. The skeleton was not complete. It consisted of a left leg bones and fractions of a skull placed in the area of pelvis. All sandstone plates in the III sequence were paved one over another under the same angle as it was done in the II sequence. In the II sequence of plates remains of a human skeleton were found again. The remains of this skeleton were photographed by an archaeologist and its orientation was defined. Then they were packed and sent to analysis in order to determine how old they were."

Currently Osmanagić states the excavation has produced evidence of building blocks one metre below the surface of the hill, as well as tunnels[8]. Earlier geological work has also indicated that human activity had shaped the hill.[9] Additionally Osmanagić has found tunnels in the hillside which he interprets as ventilation shafts. He plans to date the tunnels by analysis of stalactites found within them.[10]


Osmanagić believes his discoveries around Visoko will have further implications for world prehistory. By comparing the varying heights of the tallest pyramids in Mexico and Egypt with Visočica hill, he concluded that the pyramids may all have been built by the same people(s), with the Bosnian Pyramid being the last to be built.[11] However, upon further thought he has decided that this dating mechanism may not be reliable and has now announced Visočica hill could be "The mother of all Pyramids", a claim he says would be corroborated by the existence of sacred geometry and further numerological study of messages left in the pyramid for future generations.[12] Municipality of Bosnia and Herzegovina General Information Entity Federation Canton Zenica - Doboj Land area 232 km² Population (1991 census) 46,130 Population density Coordinates Area code +387 32 Mayor Munib Alibegović (SDA) Website http://www. ... Stonehenge, England, erected by Neolithic peoples ca. ... The Parthenons facade showing an interpretation of golden rectangles in its proportions. ... Numerology is any of many systems, traditions or beliefs in a mystical or esoteric relationship between numbers and physical objects or living things. ...


Osmanagić estimates that the Sun pyramid stands 722 feet (220m) high (or, depending upon the report, either 230 feet (70m) high or 328 feet (100m) high). If it is 722 feet, it would be one third taller than the Great Pyramid of Giza, making it the largest pyramidal structure on Earth. Great Pyramid of Giza from a 19th century stereopticon card photo. ...


The current target of the project is to complete excavation by 2012. This is in order to "break a cloud of negative energy, allowing the Earth to receive cosmic energy from the centre of the galaxy" according to Osmanagić.[13] It is also hoped that it will be listed as UNESCO World Heritage Site.[14] For other uses, see Galaxy (disambiguation). ... UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ...


Atlantean connections

Osmanagić, who has also published under the name Sam Osmanagich, is the author of a book entitled The World of the Maya that presents a global pseudohistory involving Atlantis and Lemuria, and concludes: Pseudohistory is a pejorative term applied to texts which purport to be historical in nature but which depart from standard historiographical conventions in a way which undermines their conclusions. ... For other uses, see Atlantis (disambiguation). ... Lemuria is the name of a hypothetical lost land variously located in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. ...

The Maya inherited knowledge from their ancestors at Atlantis and Lemuria (Mu). Cities were planned and built around the main square toward which the pyramids and temples were turned. They communicated with the movement of the Sun and the paths of other heavenly bodies... Many cultures around the world, from India, Sumeria, Egypt, Peru, the Indians of North and Central America, the Inca and the Maya, call themselves the 'Children of the Sun' or the 'children of light.' Their ancestors, the civilizations of Atlantis and Lemuria, erected the first temples on energy potent point of the Planet. Their most important function was to serve as a gateway to other worlds and dimensions.

Osmanagić's concept is similar to that popularized by William Perry and Grafton Elliot Smith in their book The Children of the Sun (1923). Smith and Perry suggested that all ancient civilizations could trace their history to ancient Egypt. Their work represented a school of thought known as diffusionism, also represented in the scholarship of Gustaf Kossinna. However, Osmanagić adds to this a belief in the lost continents of Atlantis and Lemuria. Smith and Perry's theories of hyperdiffusionism have been rejected on the basis of subsequent research and models concerning Atlantis and Lemuria are not taken seriously by the majority of professional archaeologists and historians. Secretary of Defense William Perry talks to reporters at Kigali Airport, Rwanda after his arrival to check on status of the relief operation, 1994. ... Grafton Elliot Smith, (August 15, 1871 in Grafton, New South Wales, - January 1, 1937) in London was an Australian anatomist and a famous proponent of the hyperdiffusionist view of prehistory. ... Diffusionism is the theory about the development of cultures and technologies, particularly in ancient history. ... Portrait of Kossinna with an example of excavated pottery Gustaf Kossinna (28 September 1858 in Tilsit - 20 December 1931 in Berlin) was a linguist and professor of German archaeology at the University of Berlin. ...


Expert interpretations

Semir Osmanagić's claims, widely reported in the mass media, have been challenged by a number of experts, who have accused him of promoting pseudo-scientific notions and damaging archaeological sites with his excavations. Penn State University Professor Garrett Fagan is quoted as saying "They should not be allowed to destroy genuine sites in the pursuit of these delusions[...] It’s as if someone were given permission to bulldoze Stonehenge to find secret chambers of lost ancient wisdom underneath."[15] The Pennsylvania State University The Pennsylvania State University (commonly known as Penn State) is a state-related land-grant university in Pennsylvania, with over 80,000 students at 24 campuses throughout the state. ... For other uses, see Stonehenge (disambiguation). ...


Boston University's Curtis Runnels, an expert in prehistoric Greece and the Balkans states that, "Between 27,000 and 12,000 years ago, the Balkans were locked in the last Glacial maximum, a period of very cold and dry climate with glaciers in some of the mountain ranges. The only occupants were Upper Paleolithic hunters and gatherers who left behind open-air camp sites and traces of occupation in caves. These remains consist of simple stone tools, hearths, and remains of animals and plants that were consumed for food. These people did not have the tools or skills to engage in the construction of monumental architecture."[16] For similarly-named academic institutions, see Boston (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...


Enver Imamovic of the University of Sarajevo, a former director of the National Museum of Sarajevo, concerned that the excavations will damage historic sites such as the medieval royal capital Visoki, said that the excavations would "irreversibly destroy a national treasure".[17] Main building of University of Sarajevo The University of Sarajevo (Bosnian Univerzitet u Sarajevu) is the first university in Bosnia-Herzegovina, established in 1949. ... Map of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo) Coordinates: , Country Entity Canton Sarajevo Canton Government  - Mayor Semiha Borovac (SDA) Area [1]  - City 141. ... View from Visočica hill showing todays Visoko and much of Visoko valley, excluding MoÅ¡tre Archaeological excavations proved that the Visoko Valley was the center of a medieval Bosnian state and later kingdom. ...


In a letter to the editor of The Times on 25 April 2006, Professor Anthony Harding, president of the European Association of Archaeologists, referred to Osmanagić's theories as "wacky" and "absurd" and expressed concern that insufficient safeguards were in place to protect Bosnia's "rich heritage" from "looting and unmonitored or unauthorised development".[18] After visiting the site himself, Harding reported, "...we saw areas of natural stone (a breccia), with fissures and cracks; but no sign of anything that looked like archaeology."[19] A letter to the editor [1] (sometimes abbreviated LTTE or LTE) is a letter sent to a publication about issues of concern to its readers. ... The Times is a national newspaper published daily in the United Kingdom since 1788. ... The European Association of Archaeologists is a pan-European organisation for professional archaeologists founded in 1994. ...


According to one source, on May 8, 2006, members of the Geological team investigating Visočica on behalf of the Archaeological Park: Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Foundation held a press conference in Tuzla to present the results of their research. The academics, from the Faculty of Mining and Geology[20] at the University of Tuzla[21] and led by Professor Dr. Sejfudin Vrabac,[22] concluded that the hill is a natural geological formation, made of classic sediments of layered composition and varying thickness, and that its shape is a consequence of endodynamical and egsodynamical processes in post-Miocene era. is the 128th day of the year (129th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... University of Tuzla (Bosnian:Univerzitet u Tuzli) is a public university located in the city of Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina. ...


According to Professor Vrabac, who specializes in paleogeology, there are dozens of like morphological formations in the Sarajevo-Zenica mining basin alone. The Geological team report on Visocica, based on the data collected in six drill holes at 3 to 17 metre depths, is supported by the Research and Teaching Council of the Faculty of Mining and Geology, as well as the Association of Geologists of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[23]


In June 2006, Zahi Hawass's name became linked to the excavations[24] as recommending an expert, Aly Abd Alla Barakat, to investigate the hills. Upon being contacted Hawass denied any involvement, accusing Osmanagić of "giving out false information".[25] Dr. Zahi Hawass signs an autograph (Aug. ...


The Archaeological Park: Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Foundation has said that Barakat inspected the hills and stated, "My opinion is that this is a type of pyramid, probably a primitive pyramid."[26][27] So far no report has appeared from the foundation confirming this. Osmanagić also invited geologist and alternative archaeologist Robert Schoch to visit the site. In a preliminary report he concluded that there were natural geological explanations for all the features claimed to be artificial by Osmanagić. In the case of the tunnels he further added: Dr Robert M. Schoch is an American geologist and academic with an especial interest in pyramid monuments around the world. ...

The much-touted “ancient inscriptions” seem not to be ancient at all. I was told by a reliable source that the inscriptions were not there when members of the “pyramid team” initially entered the tunnels less than two years ago. The “ancient inscriptions” had been added since, perhaps non-maliciously, or perhaps as a downright hoax.[28]

The foundation has described such comments as "ill-intentioned" referring to "irrelevant and completely incorrect facts".[29] In return Dr Schoch's website documents "extreme damage being done by the way the excavations are being performed," and accuses Osmanagić of launching "a deliberate smear campaign."[30]

References

  1. ^ Pyramid No More, Sub Rosa, Issue 6, Oct 2006.
  2. ^ The great Bosnian pyramid scheme by Anthony Harding, British Archaeology November/December 2006
  3. ^ John Bohannon, Mad About Pyramids, Science Magazine, 22 September 2006.
  4. ^ Declaration from the European Association of Archaeologists, 11 Dec 2006
  5. ^ Australian in Bosnia pyramid riddle, Sydney Morning Herald, 20 January, 2006
  6. ^ Mark Rose, Bosnian "Pyramids" Update, Archaeology Magazine Online, 14 June, 2006
  7. ^ Interview with Semir Osmanagic, Archaelogical Park: Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Foundation, December 2005 (questions 3 and 14)
  8. ^ First Building Blocks of the Pyramid See the Light of Day, BosnianPyramids.org, 18 April 2006
  9. ^ N. Nukić, Report on a Geological Survey of "Visočica" Elevation in Visoko, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Word document), Archaelogical Park: Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Foundation, November 2005
  10. ^ Tunnels Under the Pyramid of the Sun, BosnianPyramids.org, 18 April 2006
  11. ^ Visocica pyramid in central Bosnia is larger that the Great Pyramid in Egypt, BosnianPyramid.com, 2 December 2005
  12. ^ Osmanagic: Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Candidate for “Mother” of all Pyramids, FENA News, 20 April 2005
  13. ^ Energijsko središče sveta?, Misteriji. Accessed 13 July 2006. (Slovenian)
  14. ^ 5-year Plan of Research on Visoko’s Visocica 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2010, Archaeological Park: Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Foundation. Accessed 13 July 2006.
  15. ^ Nick Hawton, Indiana Jones of the Balkans and the mystery of a hidden pyramid, Times Online, 15 April 2006
  16. ^ Rose, Mark. "The Bosnia-Atlantis Connection". Archaeology Magazine Online. URL accessed 2006-04-29.
  17. ^ Lucian Harris, Amateur to dig on site of medieval capital in search of Bosnia's own Valley of the Kings, The Art Newspaper, 15 April 2006
  18. ^ Anthony Harding, Bosnia's rich heritage, Times Online, 25 April 2006
  19. ^ The great Bosnian pyramid scheme by Anthony Harding, British Archaeology November/December 2006
  20. ^ http://www.rggf.untz.ba/
  21. ^ http://www.untz.ba/index_en.htm
  22. ^ http://www.rggf.untz.ba/rggfosoblje/nosoblje_sejfudinv.htm
  23. ^ Stop Osmanagich NOW!, 08 May, 2006
  24. ^ Bosnian 'pyramid' created by nature, say European experts, Yahoo! AFP, June 9 2006.
  25. ^ Letter to Archaeology Magazine (PDF)
  26. ^ Mark Rose, Bosnian "Pyramids" Update, Archaeology Magazine Online, 14 June, 2006
  27. ^ Aida Cerkez-Robinson British Expert Nixes Bosnia Pyramid Claim, ABC News
  28. ^ The Bosnian Pyramid Phenomenon, The New Archaeology Review vol 1.8 pp 16-17], September 2006
  29. ^ Comments regarding the visit of Dr. Schoch and Dr. Dowell to Visoko, Sept 2006
  30. ^ Articles by Dr. Schoch & Dr. Dowell

... January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 165th day of the year (166th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 336th day of the year (337th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 110th day of the year (111th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 194th day of the year (195th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 194th day of the year (195th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Times is a national newspaper published daily in the United Kingdom. ... is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Times is a national newspaper published daily in the United Kingdom. ... May 8 is the 128th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (129th in leap years). ... is the 165th day of the year (166th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Images from the excavation sites

"Pyramid of the Sun"

Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 977 KB) Summary Excavations in sondage bunars around Visocica, alleged Bosnian pyramid Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Bosnian pyramids Metadata This file contains additional... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 1007 KB) Summary Excavations in sondage bunars around Visocica, alleged Bosnian pyramid Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Bosnian pyramids Metadata This file contains additional... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 970 KB) Summary Excavations in sondage bunars around Visocica, alleged Bosnian pyramid Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Bosnian pyramids Metadata This file contains additional... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 664 KB) Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Bosnian pyramids Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used...

"Pyramid of the Moon"

Image File history File linksMetadata MoonPyramid. ... Image File history File linksMetadata MoonPyramid2. ... Image File history File links Pm_s1_8. ... Image File history File links Pm_s1_5. ... Image File history File links DSCF7911. ...

See also

Xian, area of the majority of Chinese pyramids. ... All Giza Pyramids Map of Giza pyramid complex. ... One of the Pyramids of Güímar The Pyramids of Güímar are situated in the village of Güímar on the east coast of the isle of Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. ... // The Falicons pyramid The Falicons pyramid was build above the karstic Cave of the Bats (Occitan: Bauma des Ratapignata) on the surrounds of Nice, on the French Riviera. ... Most Ancient Mesoamerican civilisations built pyramid-shaped structures. ... Aerial view of the pyramids at Meroe. ... Editor: The name of the first andean civilization is Caral, and not Norte Chico. Caral civilization was defined for the first time by Ruth Shady in 1997, after the Sacred City of Caral. ... Archaeologists in Ukraine claim to have discovered an ancient pyramidal structure that predates those in Egypt by at least 300 years. ... A hoax is an attempt to trick an audience into believing that something false is real. ... Pseudoarchaeology is an aspect of pseudohistory. ... Pseudohistory is a pejorative term applied to texts which purport to be historical in nature but which depart from standard historiographical conventions in a way which undermines their conclusions. ... A typical 18th century phrenology chart. ... Pyramidology is a term used to refer to alternative scientific theories regaring pyramids. ... New Age describes a broad movement characterized by alternative approaches to traditional Western culture. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
  • Bosnian pyramid location: 1 2 — Google maps

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ...



 

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