A sculpture depicting Boudica, the warrior queen of the Iceni who led the revolt against the Romans in AD 61, and her daughters, commissioned by Prince Albert and executed by Thomas Thornycroft, stands near Westminster Pier, London

Boudica (also spelt Boudicca, formerly better known as Boadicea) (d. AD 60 or 61 ) was a queen of the Iceni people of Norfolk in Eastern Britain who led an uprising of the tribes against the occupying forces of the Roman Empire. Statue of Boudicca near Westminster Pier Taken by A. Brady on November 28, 2003. ... Statue of Boudicca near Westminster Pier Taken by A. Brady on November 28, 2003. ... Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha Prince Albert piercing Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence Prince Albert of Monaco Prince Albert, Saskatchewan Prince Albert National Park, Canada Prince Albert in a Can This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the... Thomas Thornycroft (1815—1885) was a British engineer and sculptor. ... Westminister Millennium Pier is a pier on the River Thames, in the City of Westminster. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... The Iceni or Eceni were a Brythonic tribe who inhabited an area of Britain corresponding roughly to the modern-day county of Norfolk between the 1st century BC and 1st century AD. The Cenimagni, who surrendered to Julius Caesar during his second expedition to Britain in 54 BC, may have... Norfolk (IPA: //) is a low-lying county in East Anglia in the east of southern England. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ...

Her husband, Prasutagus, an Icenian king who had ruled as a nominally independent ally of Rome, had left his kingdom jointly to his daughters and the Roman Emperor in his will, but when he died his will was ignored, possibly because the Romans, unlike the Britons, did not recognise daughters as heirs. The kingdom was annexed as if conquered, Boudica was flogged and her daughters raped, and Roman financiers called in their loans. Prasutagus was king of a British Celtic tribe called the Iceni, who inhabited roughly what is now Norfolk, in the 1st century AD. His wife was Boudicca. ... Ordinary Magistrates Extraordinary Magistrates Titles and Honors Emperor Politics and Law This article discusses the nature of the imperial dignity, and its dynastic development throughout the history of the Empire. ...

In AD 60 or 61, while the Roman governor, Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, was leading a campaign on the island of Anglesey in north Wales, Boudica led the Iceni, along with the Trinovantes and others, in revolt. They destroyed Camulodunum (Colchester), formerly the capital of the Trinovantes, but now a colonia (a settlement for discharged Roman soldiers) and the site of a temple to the former emperor Claudius, built and maintained at local expense, and routed a Roman legion, the IX Hispana, sent to relieve the settlement. Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, also spelled Paullinus, (flourished 1st century CE) was a Roman general. ... Anglesey (historically Anglesea; Welsh: , pronounced (IPA)) is a predominantly Welsh-speaking island off the northwest coast of Wales. ... This article is about the country. ... The Trinovantes or Trinobantes were one of the Celtic tribes that lived in pre-Roman Britain. ... This article is about the town in England. ... For other places with the same name, see Colchester (disambiguation). ... A Roman colonia (plural coloniae) was originally a Roman outpost established in conquered territory to secure it. ... For other persons named Claudius, see Claudius (disambiguation). ... Legio IX Hispana was a Roman legion probably levied by Julius Caesar before 58 BC, for his Gallic wars. ...

On hearing the news of the revolt, Suetonius hurried to Londinium (London), the twenty-year-old commercial settlement which was the rebels' next target, but concluding he did not have the numbers to defend it, evacuated and abandoned it. It was burnt to the ground, as was Verulamium (St Albans). An estimated 70,000-80,000 people were killed in the three cities. Suetonius, meanwhile, regrouped his forces in the West Midlands, and despite being heavily outnumbered, defeated Boudica in the Battle of Watling Street. The crisis had led the emperor Nero to consider withdrawing all Roman forces from the island, but Suetonius's eventual victory over Boudica secured Roman control of the province. Londinium may refer to: An ancient Roman name for London (see History of London) Londinium (movie) A song by Catatonia A fictional planet in the TV show Firefly, (see moons and planets in Firefly) Londinivm, a free MMORPG. Londinium (album), an album by the band Archive This is a disambiguation... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Remains of the city walls Verulamium was the third largest city in Roman Britain. ... , St Albans is the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans in southern Hertfordshire, England, around 22 miles (35km) north of central London. ... The West Midlands is an official Region of England, covering the western half of the Midlands. ... Combatants Roman Empire Iceni, Trinovantes, and other British tribes Commanders Gaius Suetonius Paulinus Boudica † Strength About 10,000 to 12,000 Estimated at 200,000 to 400,000 Casualties At least 400 Recorded at over 150,000 The Battle of Watling Street took place in AD 61 between an alliance... For other uses, see Nero (disambiguation). ...

The history of these events, as recorded by Tacitus^[1] and Cassius Dio,^[2] were rediscovered during the Renaissance and led to a resurgence of Boudica's legendary fame during the Victorian era, when Queen Victoria was portrayed as her "namesake". Boudica has since remained an important cultural symbol in the United Kingdom. For other uses, see Tacitus (disambiguation). ... Cassius Dio Cocceianus (ca. ... This article is about the European Renaissance of the 14th-17th centuries. ... The Victorian era of the United Kingdom marked the height of the British Industrial Revolution and the apex of the British Empire. ... Queen Victoria redirects here. ...

History

Boudica's name

Until the late twentieth century, Boudica was known as Boadicea, which is probably derived from a mistranscription when a manuscript of Tacitus was copied in the Middle Ages. Her name takes many forms in various manuscripts–Boadicea and Boudicea in Tacitus; Βουδουικα, Βουνδουικα, and Βοδουικα in Dio–but almost certainly, it was originally Boudicca or Boudica, and is the Proto-Celtic feminine adjective *boudīka victorious, derived from the Celtic word *bouda, victory (cf. Irish bua (Classical Irish buadh), Buaidheach, Welsh buddug). The name is attested in inscriptions as "Boudica" in Lusitania, "Boudiga" in Bordeaux, and "Bodicca" in Britain.^[3] Based on later development of Welsh and Irish, Kenneth Jackson concludes that the correct spelling of the name is Boudica, pronounced /bɒʊˈdiːka:/, although it is mispronounced by many as /ˈbuːdɪkə/.^[4] The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... The Proto-Celtic language, also called Common Celtic, is the putative ancestor of all the known Celtic languages. ... The Celtic languages are the languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, a branch of the greater Indo-European language family. ... Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ... In red is the province of Lusitania within the Roman Empire, 120 AD Lusitania was an ancient Roman province approximately including current Portugal, except for the area between the rivers Douro and Minho (part of Hispania Tarraconensis), and part of modern day western Spain, the present autonomous communities of Extremadura... For other uses, see Bordeaux (disambiguation). ... Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ... Kenneth Hurlstone Jackson was a linguist and phonologist and a translator who specialized in the Brythonic languages. ...

Background

Tacitus and Dio agree that Boudica was of royal descent. Dio says that she was "possessed of greater intelligence than often belongs to women", that she was tall, had long red hair down to her hips, a harsh voice and a piercing glare, and habitually wore a large golden necklace (perhaps a torc), a many-coloured tunic, and a thick cloak fastened by a brooch. A royal family is the extended family of a monarch. ... A torc, also spelled torq or torque (from Latin torqueo, to twist, because of the twisted shape of the collar) is a rigid circular necklace that is open-ended at the front. ... Evening cloak or manteau, from Costume Parisien, 1823 A cloak is a type of loose garment that is worn over indoor clothing and serves the same purpose as an overcoat—it protects the wearer from the cold, rain or wind for example, or it may form part of a fashionable... Aquamarine, platinum and diamond brooch/pendant worn by Mrs. ...

Location of modern Norfolk, once inhabited by the Iceni

Her husband, Prasutagus, was the king of Iceni, people who inhabited roughly what is now Norfolk. They initially were not part of the territory under direct Roman control, having voluntarily allied themselves to Rome following Claudius's conquest of AD 43. They were jealous of their independence and had revolted in AD 47 when the then-governor, Publius Ostorius Scapula, threatened to disarm them.^[5] Prasutagus lived a long life of conspicuous wealth, and, hoping to preserve his line, made the Roman emperor co-heir to his kingdom along with his wife and two daughters. map of admin county File links The following pages link to this file: Norfolk Norfolk North (UK Parliament constituency) Norwich North Great Yarmouth (UK Parliament constituency) Norwich South Norfolk South West (UK Parliament constituency) Norfolk North West (UK Parliament constituency) Norfolk Mid (UK Parliament constituency) Norfolk South (UK Parliament constituency... map of admin county File links The following pages link to this file: Norfolk Norfolk North (UK Parliament constituency) Norwich North Great Yarmouth (UK Parliament constituency) Norwich South Norfolk South West (UK Parliament constituency) Norfolk North West (UK Parliament constituency) Norfolk Mid (UK Parliament constituency) Norfolk South (UK Parliament constituency... Prasutagus was king of a British Celtic tribe called the Iceni, who inhabited roughly what is now Norfolk, in the 1st century AD. His wife was Boudicca. ... The Iceni or Eceni were a Brythonic tribe who inhabited an area of Britain corresponding roughly to the modern-day county of Norfolk between the 1st century BC and 1st century AD. The Cenimagni, who surrendered to Julius Caesar during his second expedition to Britain in 54 BC, may have... Norfolk (IPA: //) is a low-lying county in East Anglia in the east of southern England. ... For other persons named Claudius, see Claudius (disambiguation). ... Britain was the target of invasion by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire several times during its history. ... This is a partial list of Roman Governors of Britain under the Roman Empire. ... Publius Ostorius Scapula (died 52) was a Roman statesman and general. ... Ordinary Magistrates Extraordinary Magistrates Titles and Honors Emperor Politics and Law This article discusses the nature of the imperial dignity, and its dynastic development throughout the history of the Empire. ...

It was normal Roman practice to allow allied kingdoms their independence only for the lifetime of their client king, who would agree to leave his kingdom to Rome in his will: the provinces of Bithynia^[6] and Galatia,^[7] for example, were incorporated into the Empire in just this way. Roman law also allowed inheritance only through the male line. So when Prasutagus died his attempts to preserve his line were ignored and his kingdom was annexed as if it had been conquered. Lands and property were confiscated and nobles treated like slaves. According to Tacitus, Boudica was flogged and her daughters raped. Dio Cassius says that Roman financiers, including Seneca the Younger, chose this time to call in their loans. Tacitus does not mention this, but does single out the procurator, Catus Decianus, for criticism for his "avarice". Prasutagus, it seems, had lived well on borrowed Roman money, and on his death his subjects had become liable for the debt. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Satellite state. ... Bithynia was an ancient region, kingdom and Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor, adjoining the Propontis, the Thracian Bosporus and the Euxine (today Black Sea). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Using the term Roman law in a broader sense, one may say that Roman law is not only the legal system of ancient Rome but the law that was applied throughout most of Europe until the end of the 18th century. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Tacitus (disambiguation). ... Bust, traditionally thought to be Seneca, now identified by some as Hesiod. ... A procurator is the incumbent of any of several current and historical political or legal offices. ... Catus Decianus was the procurator of Roman Britain in 61 AD. Tacitus blames his rapacity in part for provoking the rebellion of Boudicca. ...

Boudica's uprising

In AD 60 or 61, while the current governor, Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, was leading a campaign against the island of Mona (modern Anglesey) in north Wales, which was a refuge for British rebels and a stronghold of the druids, the Iceni conspired with their neighbours the Trinovantes, amongst others, to revolt. Boudica was chosen as their leader. According to Tacitus, they drew inspiration from the example of Arminius, the prince of the Cherusci who had driven the Romans out of Germany in AD 9, and their own ancestors who had driven Julius Caesar from Britain.^[8] Dio says that at the outset Boudica employed a form of divination, releasing a hare from the folds of her dress and interpreting the direction in which it ran, and invoked Andraste, a British goddess of victory. Perhaps it is significant that Boudica's own name means "victory" (see above). Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, also spelled Paullinus, (flourished 1st century CE) was a Roman general. ... Anglesey (historically Anglesea; Welsh: , pronounced (IPA)) is a predominantly Welsh-speaking island off the northwest coast of Wales. ... This article is about the country. ... For other uses, see Druid (disambiguation). ... The Hermannsdenkmal Arminius (also Armin, 18 BC/17 BC - 21 AD) was a chieftain of the Cherusci who defeated a Roman army in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Julius Caesar (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Divination (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Hare (disambiguation). ... Andraste or Andate, according to Dio Cassius, was a Celtic goddess of victory invoked by Boudicca while fighting against the Roman occupation of Britain in AD 61. ... For the 1934 film, see The Goddess (1934 film). ... Victoria on the reverse of this coin by Constantine II. In Roman mythology, Victoria was the goddess of victory. ... A sculpture depicting Boudica, the warrior queen of the Iceni who led the revolt against the Romans in AD 61, and her daughters, commissioned by Prince Albert and executed by Thomas Thornycroft, stands near Westminster Pier, London Boudica (also spelt Boudicca, formerly better known as Boadicea) (d. ...

A statue of the emperor Claudius, to whom a temple had been raised in Camulodunum by the Romans at British expense

The rebels' first target was Camulodunum (Colchester), the former Trinovantian capital and now a Roman colonia. The Roman veterans who had been settled there mistreated the locals, and a temple to the former emperor Claudius had been erected there at local expense, making the city a focus for resentment. The Roman inhabitants of the city sought reinforcements from the procurator, Catus Decianus, but he sent only two hundred auxiliary troops. Boudica's army fell on the poorly defended city and destroyed it, besieging the last defenders in the temple for two days before it fell. Archaeology shows the city was methodically demolished.^[9] The future governor Quintus Petillius Cerialis, then commanding the Legio IX Hispana, attempted to relieve the city, but his forces were routed. His infantry was wiped out: only the commander and some of his cavalry escaped. Catus Decianus fled to Gaul. Image File history File linksMetadata Emperor_Claudius. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Emperor_Claudius. ... This article is about the town in England. ... For other places with the same name, see Colchester (disambiguation). ... A Roman colonia (plural coloniae) was originally a Roman outpost established in conquered territory to secure it. ... For other persons named Claudius, see Claudius (disambiguation). ... Italic text Auxiliaries (from Latin: auxilia = supports) formed the standing non-citizen corps of the Roman army of the Principate (30 BC - 284 AD), alongside the citizen legions. ... For referencing in Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Citing sources. ... Quintus Petilius Cerialis Caesius Rufus (born around 30 AD) was a Roman general of the 1st century. ... Legio IX Hispana was a Roman legion probably levied by Julius Caesar before 58 BC, for his Gallic wars. ... Gaul (Latin: ) was the name given, in ancient times, to the region of Western Europe comprising present-day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ...

When news of the rebellion reached him, Suetonius hurried along Watling Street through hostile territory to Londinium (London). Londinium was a relatively new town, founded after the conquest of 43 AD, but it had grown to be a thriving commercial centre with a population of travellers, traders, and probably, Roman officials. Suetonius considered giving battle there, but considering his lack of numbers and chastened by Petillius's defeat, decided to sacrifice the city to save the province. Londinium was abandoned to the rebels, who burnt it down, slaughtering anyone who had not evacuated with Suetonius. Archaeology shows a thick red layer of burnt debris covering coins and pottery dating before 60 AD within the bounds of the Roman city.^[10] Verulamium (St Albans) was next to be destroyed. The modern Watling Street crossing the Medway at Rochester near the Roman and Celt crossings Watling Street is the name given to an ancient trackway in England and Wales that was first used by the Celts mainly between the modern cities of Canterbury and St Albans. ... [[Media:Italic textLondon has a recorded history that goes back over 2,000 years. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Remains of the city walls Verulamium was the third largest city in Roman Britain. ... , St Albans is the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans in southern Hertfordshire, England, around 22 miles (35km) north of central London. ...

In the three cities destroyed, between seventy and eighty thousand people are said to have been killed. Tacitus says the Britons had no interest in taking or selling prisoners, only in slaughter by gibbet, fire, or cross. Dio's account gives more prurient detail: that the noblest women were impaled on spikes and had their breasts cut off and sewn to their mouths, "to the accompaniment of sacrifices, banquets, and wanton behaviour" in sacred places, particularly the groves of Andraste.

Romans rally

See also: Battle of Watling Street

Suetonius regrouped with the XIV Gemina, some vexillationes (detachments) of the XX Valeria Victrix, and any available auxiliaries. The prefect of Legio II Augusta, Poenius Postumus, ignored the call, but nonetheless the governor was able to call on almost ten thousand men. He took a stand at an unidentified location, probably in the West Midlands somewhere along the Roman road now known as Watling Street, in a defile with a wood behind him. But his men were heavily outnumbered. Dio says that, even if they were lined up one deep, they would not have extended the length of Boudica's line: by now the rebel forces numbered 230,000. However, this number should be treated with scepticism: Dio's account is known only from a late epitome, and ancient sources commonly exaggerate enemy numbers. Combatants Roman Empire Iceni, Trinovantes, and other British tribes Commanders Gaius Suetonius Paulinus Boudica † Strength About 10,000 to 12,000 Estimated at 200,000 to 400,000 Casualties At least 400 Recorded at over 150,000 The Battle of Watling Street took place in AD 61 between an alliance... Aureus minted by Septimius Severus to celebrate XIV Gemina Martia Victrix, the legion that proclamed him emperor. ... Legio XX Valeria Victrix was a Roman legion, probably raised by Augustus sometime after 31 BC. It served in Spain, Illyricum, and Germany before participating in the invasion of Britain in 43 AD, where it remained and was active until at least the beginning of the 4th century. ... A prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: make in front, i. ... Legio II Augusta, or Second Augustan Legion, was a Roman legion, levied by Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus in 43 BC, and still operative in Britannia in 4th century. ... Poenius Postumus was prefect of the Roman Legion Legio II Augusta, stationed in Britain during the rebellion of Boudicca in 61 AD. He ignored the call to join the governor, Suetonius Paulinus in putting down the rebellion. ... The West Midlands is an official Region of England, covering the western half of the Midlands. ... Not to be confused with Romans road. ... The modern Watling Street crossing the Medway at Rochester near the Roman and Celt crossings Watling Street is the name given to an ancient trackway in England and Wales that was first used by the Celts mainly between the modern cities of Canterbury and St Albans. ... Grand Canyon, Arizona A canyon, or gorge, is a valley walled by cliffs. ... An epitome (Greek epitemnein—to cut short) is a summary or miniature form, also used as a synonym for embodiment. ...

Boudica exhorted her troops from her chariot, her daughters beside her. Tacitus gives her a short speech in which she presents herself not as an aristocrat avenging her lost wealth, but as an ordinary person, avenging her lost freedom, her battered body, and the abused chastity of her daughters. Their cause was just, and the deities were on their side; the one legion that had dared to face them had been destroyed. She, a woman, was resolved to win or die; if the men wanted to live in slavery, that was their choice. For other uses, see Chariot (disambiguation). ... Aristocracy is a form of government in which rulership is in the hands of an upper class known as aristocrats. ...

However, the lack of maneuverability of the British forces, combined with lack of open-field tactics to command these numbers, put them at a disadvantage to the Romans, who were skilled at open combat due to their superior equipment and discipline, and the narrowness of the field meant that Boudica could only put forth as many troops as the Romans could at a given time.

First, the Romans stood their ground and used volleys of pila (heavy javelins) to kill thousands of Britons who were rushing toward the Roman lines. The Roman soldiers, who had now used up their pila, were then able to engage Boudica's second wave in the open. As the Romans advanced in a wedge formation, the Britons attempted to flee, but were impeded by the presence of their own families, whom they had stationed in a ring of wagons at the edge of the battlefield, and were slaughtered. This is not the first instance of this tactic. The women of the Cimbri, in the Battle of Vercellae against Gaius Marius, were stationed in a line of wagons and acted as a last line of defence;^[11] Ariovistus of the Suebi is reported to have done the same thing in his battle against Julius Caesar.^[12] Tacitus reports that "according to one report almost eighty thousand Britons fell" compared with only four hundred Romans. According to Tacitus, Boudica poisoned herself; Dio says she fell sick and died, and was given a lavish burial. Reconstruction of a post-Marian pilum A Roman coin showing Antoninianus of Carinus holding pilum and globe. ... The term Briton may have the following meanings: in a historical context: an inhabitant of Great Britain in pre-Roman times a descendant of Britons during a later period (e. ... A flying wedge is a charging technique in which troops are arrayed to form a wedge or V shape. ... The migrations of the Teutons and the Cimbri The Cimbri were a Celtic tribe who together with the Teutones and the Ambrones threatened the Roman Republic in the late 2nd century BC. The ancient sources located their home of origin in the northern Jutland. ... Combatants Cimbri Roman Republic Commanders King Boiorix † Marius Lutatius Catulus Sulla Strength 160,000 - over 200,000 50,000 (8 legions with cavalry and auxillaries) Casualties 100,000 - 140,000 killed 60,000 captured Insignificant, probably under 1,000 The Battle of Vercellae, also called The Battle of the Raudine... So-called “Marius”, Munich Glyptothek (Inv. ... Ariovistus was king of the germanic tribe of the Suebis, as described in Julius Caesars The Gallic Wars. ... Suebi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... For other uses, see Julius Caesar (disambiguation). ...

Postumus, on hearing of the Roman victory, fell on his sword. Catus Decianus, who had fled to Gaul, was replaced by Gaius Julius Alpinus Classicianus. Suetonius conducted punitive operations, but criticism by Classicianus led to an investigation headed by Nero's freedman Polyclitus. Fearing Suetonius' actions would provoke further rebellion, Nero replaced the governor with the more conciliatory Publius Petronius Turpilianus.^[13] The historian Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus tells us the crisis had almost persuaded Nero to abandon Britain.^[14] Catus Decianus was the procurator of Roman Britain in 61 AD. Tacitus blames his rapacity in part for provoking the rebellion of Boudicca. ... Gaius Julius Alpinus Classicianus was procurator of Roman Britain from 61 to his death in 65. ... For other uses, see Nero (disambiguation). ... poop. ... Polyclitus was an influential freedman in the court of the Roman emperor Nero. ... Publius Petronius Turpilianus was a Roman politician and general. ... Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus ( 69/75 - after 130), also known as Suetonius, was a prominent Roman historian and biographer. ...

Location of her defeat

The location of Boudica's defeat is unknown. Most historians favour a site in the West Midlands, somewhere along the Roman road now known as Watling Street. Kevin K. Carroll suggests a site close to High Cross in Leicestershire, on the junction of Watling Street and the Fosse Way, which would have allowed the Legio II Augusta, based at Exeter, to rendezvous with the rest of Suetonius's forces, had they not failed to do so.^[15] Manduessedum (Mancetter), near the modern day town of Atherstone in Warwickshire, has also been suggested.^[16] More recently a new discovery of Roman artifacts in Kings Norton close to Metchley Camp has suggested another possibility.^[17] The modern Watling Street crossing the Medway at Rochester near the Roman and Celt crossings Watling Street is the name given to an ancient trackway in England and Wales that was first used by the Celts mainly between the modern cities of Canterbury and St Albans. ... A Roman Station About two miles to the west of Little Claybrook, in the hundred of Luthlaxton, in Leicestershire, is a place called High Cross, which, according to some antiquarians, was the Benonce or Vennones of the Romans. ... Leicestershire ( IPA: (RP), IPA: (locally)), abbreviation Leics. ... The Fosse Way was a Roman road in England which linked Exeter (Isca Dumnoniorum) in South West England, to Lincoln (Lindum) in the East Midlands, via Bath (Aquae Sulis), Cirencester (Corinium) and Leicester (Ratae Coritanorum). ... Legio II Augusta, or Second Augustan Legion, was a Roman legion, levied by Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus in 43 BC, and still operative in Britannia in 4th century. ... The city of Exeter is the county town of Devon, in the southwest of England, also known as the West Country. ... Manduessedum was a Roman fort settlement in modern day Warwickshire in England. ... Mancetter is a village and civil parish in the North Warwickshire district of Warwickshire, England. ... , Atherstone is a town in Warwickshire, England. ... A detailed map Stratford-upon-Avon Kenilworth Castle Warwickshire (pronounced // or //) is a landlocked non-metropolitan county in central England. ... See also: Kings Norton, Leicestershire , Kings Norton is an area of Birmingham, England. ... Birminghams military history is extensive. ...

Historical sources

Tacitus, the most important Roman historian of this period, took a particular interest in Britain as Gnaeus Julius Agricola, his father-in-law and the subject of his first book, served there three times. Agricola was a military tribune under Suetonius Paulinus, which almost certainly gave Tacitus an eyewitness source for Boudica's revolt. Cassius Dio's account is only known from an epitome, and his sources are uncertain. He is generally agreed to have based his account on that of Tacitus, but he simplifies the sequence of events and adds details, such as the calling in of loans, that Tacitus does not mention. Gnaeus Julius Agricola (July 13, 40 - August 23, 93) was a Roman general responsible for much of the Roman conquest of Britain. ... Ordinary Magistrates Extraordinary Magistrates Titles and Honors Emperor Politics and Law Tribune (from the Latin: tribunus; Greek form tribounos) was a title shared by 2-3 elected magistracies and other governmental and/or (para)military offices of the Roman Republic and Empire. ... An epitome (Greek epitemnein—to cut short) is a summary or miniature form, also used as a synonym for embodiment. ... For other uses, see Loan (disambiguation). ...

It is possible that Gildas, in his 6th century polemic De Excidio Britanniae, alludes to Boudica in his typically oblique fashion as a "treacherous lioness", although his general lack of knowledge about the real history of the Roman conquest of Britain makes this far from certain.^[18] Gildas (c. ... Saint Gildas (c. ...

Cultural depictions

History and literature

By the Middle Ages Boudica was forgotten. She makes no appearance in Bede, the Historia Brittonum, the Mabinogion or Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain. But the rediscovery of the works of Tacitus during the Renaissance allowed Polydore Virgil to reintroduce her into British history as "Voadicea" in 1534.^[19] Raphael Holinshed also included her story in his Chronicles (1577), based on Tacitus and Dio,^[20] and inspired Shakespeare's younger contemporaries Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher to write a play, Bonduca, in 1610.^[21] William Cowper wrote a popular poem, Boadicea, an ode, in 1782.^[22] The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... For other uses, see Bede (disambiguation). ... The Historia Britonum, or The History of the Britons, is a historical work that was first written sometime shortly after AD 820, and exists in several recensions of varying difference. ... The Mabinogion is a collection of prose stories from medieval Welsh manuscripts. ... Geoffrey of Monmouth (in Welsh: Gruffudd ap Arthur or Sieffre o Fynwy) (c. ... Geoffrey of Monmouths Historia Regum Britanniæ (English: The History of the Kings of Britain) was written around 1136. ... This article is about the European Renaissance of the 14th-17th centuries. ... Polydore Vergil or Virgil (c. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Sketch of Francis Beaumont Francis Beaumont (1584 – March 6, 1616) was a dramatist in the English Renaissance theatre, most famous for his collaborations with John Fletcher. ... John Fletcher (1579-1625) was a Jacobean playwright. ... Portrait of William Cowper attributed to Romney. ...

It was in the Victorian era that Boudica's fame took on legendary proportions as Queen Victoria was seen to be Boudica's "namesake". Victoria's Poet Laureate, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, wrote a poem, Boadicea,^[23] and several ships were named after her. A great bronze statue of Boudica with her daughters in her war chariot (furnished with scythes after the Persian fashion) was commissioned by Prince Albert and executed by Thomas Thornycroft. It was completed in 1905 and stands next to Westminster Bridge and the Houses of Parliament, with the following lines from Cowper's poem, referring to the British Empire: The Victorian era of the United Kingdom marked the height of the British Industrial Revolution and the apex of the British Empire. ... Queen Victoria redirects here. ... A Poet Laureate is a poet officially appointed by a government and often expected to compose poems for State occasions and other government events. ... Lord Tennyson, Poet Laureate Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson (August 6, 1809 - October 6, 1892) is generally regarded as one of the greatest English poets. ... Name of various Royal Navy ships, including: HMS Boadicea (1797), appears in the Master and Commander books [1] Second ship of this name HMS Boadicea (1875), Bacchante class corvette, launched 16th October 1875, Sold 1905 [2] HMS Boadicea (1909), Boadicea class cruiser, WWI HMS Boadicea (H65), B class destroyer, WWII... The charge of the Persian scythed chariots at the battle of Gaugamela, by Andre Castaigne (1898-1899). ... Persia redirects here. ... Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (in full Francis Charles Augustus Albert Emmanuel) (26 August 1819 – 14 December 1861) was the husband and consort of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ... Thomas Thornycroft (1815—1885) was a British engineer and sculptor. ... Westminster Bridge and the Palace of Westminster, with a glimpse of Westminster Abbey behind the tower of Big Ben. ... “Houses of Parliament” redirects here. ...

Regions Caesar never knew
Thy posterity shall sway.

Ironically, the great anti-imperialist rebel was now identified with the head of the British Empire, and her statue stood guard over the city she razed to the ground.^[24] The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ...

Fiction

Boudica's story is the subject of several novels:

• J. F. Broxholme (a pseudonym of Duncan Kyle), The War Queen (1967, ISBN 0-09-001160-0)
• Rosemary Sutcliff, Song for a Dark Queen, a 1978 historical novel for children
• Pauline Gedge, The Eagle and the Raven (1978)
• Mary Mackie, The People of the Horse (W H Allen 1987, ISBN 0-491-03307-9)
• Joyce Doré's Hemlock (2002, ISBN 1-898030-19-7), in which Boudica and her two daughters are taken to Rome, where Nero makes her drink hemlock. Doré claims to be a psychic and to have based the book on her conversations with the historical characters.
• Manda Scott's series of novels, Dreaming the Eagle (2003), Dreaming the Bull (2004), Dreaming the Hound (2005), and Dreaming the Serpent Spear (2006)
• Alan Gold, Warrior Queen (2005)
• Diana L. Paxson, Ravens of Avalon (Viking, August 2007, ISBN 978-0670038701)

Short Stories: Duncan Kyle was the working name of UK thriller writer John Franklin Broxholme (b. ... Rosemary Sutcliff (December 14, 1920 - July 23, 1992) was a British novelist, best known as a writer of highly acclaimed historical fiction. ... A historical novel a novel in which the story is set among historical events, or more generally, in which the time of the action predates the lifetime of the author. ... Pauline Gedge (born 1945) is an award-winning and best-selling Canadian novelist who lives in Edgerton, Alberta. ... For other uses, see Nero (disambiguation). ... Species Conium chaerophylloides (Thunb. ... Edgar Cayce (1877 – 1945) was one of the best-known American psychics of the 20th century and made many highly publicized predictions. ... Manda Scott is a veterinary surgeon and writer. ... Alan Gold, (born Alan David Gold Leicester, UK, 1945) is a novelist, literary critic and human rights activist. ... Diana L. Paxson (born 1943) is a writer, primarily of fantasy and historical fiction novels and short stories. ...

• Lillian Stewart Carl The Test of Gold a part of Harry Turtledove's Alternate Generals (1998, ISBN 0-671-87886-7)

Lillian Stewart Carl (photo by Laura Domitz). ... Harry Norman Turtledove (born June 14, 1949) is an American historian and prolific novelist who has written historical fiction, fantasy, and science fiction works. ...

Films and television

Fictionalisations

Boudica has been the subject of two feature films:

• 1928: Boadicea, played by Phyllis Nielson-Terry^[25]
• 2003: Boudica (Warrior Queen in the USA), a UK TV film written by Andrew Davies and starring Alex Kingston as Boudica. ^[26]

A new film is planned for release in 2008 entitled Warrior, written by Brian Klugman and Lee Sternthal, directed by Gavin O'Connor, and produced by Mel Gibson.^[27] TV redirects here. ... Andrew Wynford Davies (born September 20, 1936 in Rhiwbina, Cardiff, Wales) is a British screenwriter. ... Alexandra Kingston (born March 11, 1963, in Epsom, Surrey) is an English actress best known for her role as Elizabeth Corday on the NBC medical drama ER. // Kingston grew up in Epsom, on the outskirts of London, the eldest of three daughters of a butcher and his German wife. ... Warrior is a film currently under production, directed by Gavin OConnor about the story of the warrior queen Boudicca (also known as Boadicea). ... director of film Pride and Glory ... Mel Columcille Gerard Gibson (born January 3, 1956) is an American-Australian actor, Academy Award winning director and producer. ...

Reference to Boudica has not been made, but a certain influence has been suggested in the form of "Nariko," the main character for PS3's "Heavenly Sword."

A British TV series, Warrior Queen, was made by Thames Television in 1978 starring Sian Phillips as Boudica and Nigel Hawthorne as Catus Decianus. Warrior Queen is a British television series made by Thames Television for ITV in 1978. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Siân Phillips, CBE is a Welsh actress who was born Jane Elizabeth Ailwên Phillips in Betws, Carmarthenshire, Wales, on May 14, 1934. ... Sir Nigel Hawthorne, CBE (5 April 1929 – 26 December 2001) was a renowned English actor. ...

Boudica was a character in an episode of the third season of Xena: Warrior Princess, called The Deliverer, where she was played by Jennifer Ward-Lealand. Xena. ... Jennifer Ward-Lealand is a New Zealand actress who has appeared on many films and television shows such as The Ugly and Shortland Street as well as the Australian comedy series Full Frontal. ...

She was also a character in an episode of the fourth season of The New Adventures of Robin Hood, called Heroes, where Robin gets back in time and meet her, played by Rachel Shelley. The New Adventures of Robin Hood was a 1997-1999 live action TV series on Turner Network Television. ... Rachel Shelley is a Swindon-born English actress. ...

The Royal Torque of Queen Boadicea was featured in an episode of Legends of the Hidden Temple. Legends of the Hidden Temple is a physical challenge game show hosted by Kirk Fogg that aired on Nickelodeon from 1993 to 1995. ...

Documentaries

Boudica and her revolt have been the subject of numerous documentaries, including:

• Warrior Women episode 5, Discovery Channel, hosted by Lucy Lawless
• History Bites: "Xena's Evil Sister".
• Warrior Queen Boudica (2006), History International Channel
• Battlefield Britain (2004) BBC
• On the BBC series Time Commanders the battle of Watling Street was featured a one of the battles
• Boudicca's Treasures: Revealed (17/07/07) Channel 5, Documentary following a dig to unearth Boudicca's treasures, inspired by recent discovery of her gold necklace.

Discovery Channel is a cable and satellite TV channel founded by John Hendricks which is distributed by Discovery Communications. ... Lucy Lawless (born Lucille Frances Ryan on March 29, 1968 in Mount Albert) is a New Zealand actress and singer best known for her role as Xena on the television series Xena: Warrior Princess from 1995 to 2001. ... History Bites was a television series on the History Television network that ran from 1998-2003. ... History International is a digital cable television channel that features historical documentaries with an international focus. ... Battlefield Britain was a 2004 BBC television documentary series about famous battles in the history of Great Britain. ... Time Commanders is a series of programmes made by Lion TV for BBC Two. ...

Comics

The Sláine series in the British comic 2000 AD included two runs, entitled "Demon Killer" and "Queen of Witches" (1993-1994), written by Pat Mills and illustrated by Glenn Fabry and Dermot Power, which featured a free interpretation of Boudica's story. For other characters with the same name, see Sláine. ... Cover of the first issue of 2000 AD, 26 February 1977. ... Pat Mills, nicknamed the godfather of British comics, is a comics writer and editor who, along with John Wagner, revitalised British boys comics in the 1970s, and has remained a leading light in British comics ever since. ... Preacher #56, cover by Glenn Fabry Glenn Fabry is a British comics artist known for his detailed, realistic work in both ink and painted colour. ... Dermot Power is an illustrator, comic book artist, and movie concept artist. ...

The 1990s comic book series Witchblade saw Boudicca as one of the original wielders of the Witchblade. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

In the 1990s, DC Comics' Green Lantern Corps included a member named Boodikka, portrayed as a fierce female warrior. DC Comics is an American comic book and related media company. ... The fictional Green Lantern Corps is an intergalactic police force featured in DC Comics, particularly series featuring the superhero Green Lantern, Earth’s member of the group. ...

In Alan Moore and Eddie Campbell's graphic novel From Hell, William Gull considers Boudica's defeat as the final defeat of female power by patriarchy. For other persons named Alan Moore, see Alan Moore (disambiguation). ... Alec: The King Canute Crowd by Eddie Campbell Eddie Campbell (born August 10, 1955) is a Scottish-born comics artist and cartoonist who now lives in Australia. ... From Hell is a graphic novel by writer Alan Moore and artist Eddie Campbell speculating upon the identity and motives of Jack the Ripper. ... Dr. William Withey Gull Sir William Withey Gull, 1st Baronet (December 31, 1816 – January 29, 1890) was an English physician. ...

Music

Henry Purcell's last major work, composed in 1695, was music for play entitled "Bonduca, or the British Heroine" (Z. 574). Selections include "To Arms", "Britons, Strike Home" and "O lead me to some peaceful gloom". Henry Purcell Henry Purcell (IPA: ;[1] September 10 (?),[2], 1659–November 21, 1695), was an English Baroque composer. ...

The Irish singer/songwriter Enya produced a song called "Boadicea" on her 1986 debut album "Enya", which was re-issued later in 1992 (after 1987's "Watermark" world wide success) under the title The Celts. This track was first sampled by Scarface as the intro to his 1993 release The World is Yours. Later, it was most famously sampled by the rap group The Fugees for their single "Ready or Not" (from 1996's The Score), and most recently by Mario Winans (featuring Sean "P. Diddy" Combs) on his song "I Don't Wanna Know" (2004). The track was also used in the soundtrack of the film Sleepwalkers. For the letter Ñ pronounced Enye, see Ñ. Enya (born Eithne Patricia Ní Bhraonáin[4] on 17 May 1961, Gaoth Dobhair, County Donegal, Ireland), sometimes presented in the media as Enya Brennan, is an Irish singer and songwriter. ... The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ... Brad Jordan,[1] better known by his stage name Scarface (born November 9, 1970 in New Jersey) is an American rapper raised in Houston, Texas. ... The World Is Yours is the sophomore effort from Houston Hip Hop artist Scarface. ... The Fugees are a critically acclaimed music band from the United States, popular during the mid-1990s, whose repertoire includes primarily hip hop, with elements of soul, and Caribbean music (particularly reggae). ... The Score is the second album by The Fugees, released in 1996, following their debut Blunted on Reality in 1994. ... Mario Winans is an R&B and gospel music producer, writer, and singer. ... Sean John Combs (born November 4, 1969 aka P. Diddy, Puff Daddy, Sean Puffy Combs) is an American record producer and CEO and founder of Bad Boy Entertainment, one of the driving forces in hip hop in the mid to late 1990s. ... In film formats, the soundtrack is the physical area of the film which records the synchronized sound. ... Sleepwalkers is a 1992 American horror film based on an unpublished Stephen King novel and adapted by Mick Garris. ...

The famous Dutch soprano singer/songwriter Petra Berger produced an[other] song called "Boadicea" (written by G.Romita) on her 2001 album "Eternal Woman".

Scottish singer/songwriter Steve McDonald composed a biographical song called "Boadicea" on his 1997 album Stone of Destiny, detailing her life and tragic death.^[28] Steven Shane McDonald (born May 24, 1967) is the bass player in the Los Angeles alternative rock/power pop band, Redd Kross in the 1980s and 1990s. ...

British rock band The Libertines refer to "Queen Boadicea" in their song "The Good Old Days", indicating a belief that her spirit still lives on in Britons today. This article is about the band The Libertines. ...

The British metal band Bal-Sagoth have written a song entitled "Blood Slakes the Sand at the Circus Maximus" (found on the band's album Battle Magic) which features an Iceni Warrior of Boudica's uprising being captured and brought back to Rome. Her name (always spelled "Boudicca") returns in the song "When Rides the Scion of the Storms" of the same album. me and helen 4 ever This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Faith and the Muse produced a song, "Boudiccea" for their most recent album, Burning Season. The song suggests that Boudiccea may have committed suicide by falling on her sword.^[29] Faith and the Muse is an underground band composed of two musicians, Monica Richards and William Faith. ...

The Song, "Boadicea" appears on the album "Eternal Women", which is a compilation of songs to 11 famous women by Dutch Singer, Petra Berger.

"Boadicea Uprising" is the name of a track of the new "[Dreams In The Witching House][1]" album called "Rodinia".

Other cultural references

There have been scattered reports that the restless spirit of Boudica has been seen in the county of Lincolnshire. These reports, dating back to the mid-19th century, claim Boudica rides her chariot, heading for some unknown destination, and many a traveller and motorist have claimed to have seen her. There has been some debate as to how long this has been going on. Some say that the queen's restless spirit has been appearing since her death, while other suggest that the revival of interest in Boudica's story in the 19th century might have summoned her spirit back to our world. As with all reports of ghostly activity, it is up to the individual to decide whether they are true or not.^[30] For other places with the same name, see Lincolnshire (disambiguation). ...

There is also a long-lived urban myth that she is buried under Platform 8, 9 or 10 of King's Cross railway station in London.[2] This originates from the village of Battle Bridge (previously on the station's site), which was said to be the site of her last battle, suicide and burial. This is now accepted as a fiction and a hoax, whose origins can be traced back to Lewis Spence's book 'Boadicea - Warrior Queen of the Britons (1937) (where it is given but unevidenced)^[31] or earlier.^[32] It is now thought that Battle Bridge was a corruption of 'Broad Ford Bridge'. Other such legends place her burial on Parliament Hill, Hampstead or in Suffolk. Kings Cross station (often spelt Kings Cross on platform signs) is a railway station in the district of the same name in northeast central London. ...

In 2003, an LTR retrotransposon from the genome of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni was named Boudica.^[33] Retrotransposons are genetic elements than can amplify themselves in a genome and are ubiquitous components of the DNA of many eukaryotic organisms. ... In biology the genome of an organism is the whole hereditary information of an organism that is encoded in the DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). ... A genus of trematodes, Schistosoma spp. ...

In the Ghosts of Albion series of web animations and books, created by Amber Benson and Christopher Golden, Boudica (called Bodicea in this instance) is represented as a ghost defender of Albion. Ghosts of Albion started as computer-animated web movie series on the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)s website. ... Amber Nicole Benson, born on January 8, 1977, is an American actress, writer, film director, and film producer. ... Christopher Golden is an American award-winning, bestselling author of such novels as Wildwood Road, The Boys Are Back in Town, The Ferryman, Strangewood, Of Saints and Shadows, and the Body of Evidence series of teen thrillers. ...

In 2005 Boudica and the Belgic revolt was added to the board game Britannia after twenty years, having been omitted from the original edition. The Boudica spelling had been suggested during development, but traditionalism prevailed. Box Art for Britannia Second Edition Britannia is a strategy board game produced by Fantasy Flight Games. ...

In Greg Weisman's Gargoyles franchise, Boudicca is the name of a gargoyle beast that is part of the Avalon Clan. This article is about gargoyles, the statues. ... The Avalon Clan is a fictional group of characters in the Disney animated television series Gargoyles. ...

In the videogame, Civilization II Boudica appears as a female Celtic leader while Civilization IV: Beyond the Sword, her traits are "Charismatic" and "Aggressive". Boudica appears as a second Celtic leader, after Brennus Sid Meiers Civilization II, a. ... Brennus, Gaul, leader of the army of Gauls who in 279 BC invaded Macedonia and northern Greece. ...

In the Anachronism card game, Boudica appears as a warrior in Set Two. Anachronism is a tabletop game with aspects of both miniatures and collectible card genres. ...

In the PC Game, Company of Heroes: Opposing Fronts, the British 2nd Army is referred to as "Boudica's Boys"

In the PC Game, Rise of Nations, the first tutorial is about Boudica's Uprising. Rise of Nations is a real-time strategy computer game, developed by Big Huge Games and published by Microsoft on May 20, 2003. ...

A local legend claims that Boudica's rebellion against the Romans ended in the Waltham Abbey area,when she poisoned herself with hemlock gathered from the banks of Cobbins Brook^[34] Waltham Abbey in Essex, England was founded in 1030 and a building was constructed on the site by Harold II of England thirty years later. ... Look up hemlock in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Cobbins Brook is a minor tributary of the River Lee. ...

The The Queen of the Iceni, a Wetherspoons outlet Riverside ,Norwich^[35] The Moon Under Water in Hounslow J. D. Wetherspoon plc (LSE: JDW) (commonly referred to as Wetherspoons or spoons) is a British pub chain founded by Tim Martin. ... Norwich (pronounced IPA: ) is a city in East Anglia, in Eastern England. ...

The Boudica Gallery at the Norwich Castle Museum and Art Gallery^[36] Norwich castle Norwich Castle ( ) was built in 1067 when William the Conqueror (c. ...

Queen Boadicea Great Western Railway steam locomotive 4040 GWR 4000 Class A Star class locomotive was a particular type of steam locomotive of the Great Western Railway. ...

References

For other uses, see Tacitus (disambiguation). ... The Agricola (full Latin title: De vita et moribus Iulii Agricolae) is a book by the Roman historian Tacitus, written c. ... The Annals, or, in Latin, Annales, is a history book by Tacitus covering the reign of the 4 Roman Emperors succeeding to Caesar Augustus. ... Cassius Dio Cocceianus (ca. ... Guy de la Bédoyère is a British historian, noted particularly for his expertise as an expert of the history of Roman Britain. ... is the 186th day of the year (187th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Kenneth Hurlstone Jackson was a linguist and phonologist and a translator who specialized in the Brythonic languages. ... Howard Hayes Scullard (1903-1983) was a British historian specializing in ancient history, notable for editing the Oxford Classical Dictionary and for his many books. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Florus, Roman historian, flourished in the time of Trajan and Hadrian. ... For other uses, see Julius Caesar (disambiguation). ... Commentarii de Bello Gallico (literally Commentaries on the Gallic War in Latin) is an account written by Julius Caesar (in the third person) about his nine years of war in Gaul. ... Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus ( 69/75 - after 130), also known as Suetonius, was a prominent Roman historian and biographer. ... Dr Sheppard Frere is a British historian and archaeologist studying the Roman Empire. ... Gildas (c. ... is the 186th day of the year (187th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Raphael Holinshed (died c. ... Sketch of Francis Beaumont Francis Beaumont (1584 – March 6, 1616) was a dramatist in the English Renaissance theatre, most famous for his collaborations with John Fletcher. ... John Fletcher (1579-1625) was a Jacobean playwright. ... Portrait of William Cowper attributed to Romney. ... Lord Tennyson, Poet Laureate Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson (August 6, 1809 - October 6, 1892) is generally regarded as one of the greatest English poets. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) [1] is an online database of information about actors, movies, television shows, television stars and video games. ... November 9 is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 52 days remaining. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... November 9 is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 52 days remaining. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...

Further reading

• Guy de la Bédoyère, 'Bleeding from the Roman Rods: Boudica' in Defying Rome. The Rebels of Roman Britain, Tempus, Stroud, 2003
• Vanessa Collingridge; Boudica, Ebury, London, 2004
• Richard Hingley & Christina Unwin, Boudica: Iron Age Warrior Queen, 2004
• Manfred Böckl: Die letzte Königin der Kelten. (The last Queen of the Celts). Novel telling the life of the Iceni-Queen Boadicea in German language. (Rights: Aufbau Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 2005.)

Guy de la Bédoyère is a British historian, noted particularly for his expertise as an expert of the history of Roman Britain. ... Vanessa Collingridge is a Scottish author and broadcaster. ...

See also

• List of women warriors in folklore, literature, and popular culture

This article is about examples of woman warriors in a number of contexts. ...

External links

• James Grout: Boudica, part of the Encyclopædia Romana
• Trying to Rule Britannia; BBC; 6 August 2004
• Iceni at Roman-Britain.org
• Iceni at Romans in Britain
• Boadicea may have had her chips on site of McDonald's by Nick Britten
• PBS Boudica / Warrior Queen website
• Warrior queens and blind critics - article on the 2004 film King Arthur which discusses Boudica
• 24 Hour Museum trail

is the 218th day of the year (219th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... King Arthur is a film first released in the United States on June 28, 2004, dubbed as The Untold True Story That Inspired The Legend by Touchstone Pictures. ...