Boudicca ('BOW-dicca' [as in bow-and-arrow], mispronnounced by many as [bū-dĭk'ə]; her name means 'Victorous' [Modern Gaelic Buaidheach]) (also written Boudica, Boadicea, Buduica, Bonduca) (d. 60/61) was a queen of the Iceni of early Roman Britain who led her people and a number of others, including the neighbouring Trinovantes, in a major uprising against the occupying Roman forces during the reign of the emperor Nero. These events are told by two historians, Tacitus (in his Annals and Agricola) and Dio Cassius (in his Roman History). For other uses, see number 60. ... For other uses, see number 61. ... The Iceni or Eceni were a Brythonic tribe who inhabited roughly modern-day Norfolk circa 1st century BC to 1st century AD. The territory of the Iceni approximated to the borders of modern-day Norfolk. ... Principal sites in Roman Britain Roman Britain is the term applied to that part of Britain lying within the Roman Empire (which never extended to the whole island). ... The Trinovantes or Trinobantes were one of the Celtic tribes that dwelt in pre-Roman Britain. ... The Roman Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Ancient Roman polity in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Octavian (better known as Caesar Augustus), until its radical reformation in what was later to be known as the Byzantine Empire. ... Nero Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (December 15, 37–June 9, 68), born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called (50–54) Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus, was the fifth and last Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. ... Gaius Cornelius Tacitus Publius or Gaius Cornelius Tacitus (ca. ... The Annals, or, in Latin, Annales, is a history book by Tacitus covering the reign of the 4 Roman Emperors succeeding to Caesar Augustus. ... The Agricola (Latin title: De vita et moribus Iulii Agricolae) is a book by Tacitus, written c. ... Dio Cassius Cocceianus (155–after 229), known in English as Dio Cassius or Cassius Dio, was a noted Roman historian and public servant. ...

Statue of Boudicca near Westminster Pier

Statue of Boudicca near Westminster Pier Taken by A. Brady on November 28, 2003. ... Statue of Boudicca near Westminster Pier Taken by A. Brady on November 28, 2003. ...

History

Boudicca's husband, Prasutagus, was king of the Iceni, who inhabited roughly what is now Norfolk. The Iceni were not at this stage part of the territory under direct Roman control, having voluntarily allied themselves to Rome following Claudius's conquest of 43. They were jealous of their independence, and had revolted once before in 47 when the then governor, Publius Ostorius Scapula, threatened to disarm them. It is possible that Prasutagus was installed as a pro-Roman ruler following the suppression of this uprising. He lived a long life of conspicuous wealth, and, hoping to preserve his line, made the Roman emperor co-heir to his kingdom, along with his two daughters. Prasutagus was king of a British Celtic tribe called the Iceni, who inhabited roughly what is now Norfolk, in the 1st century AD. His wife was Boudicca. ... The Iceni or Eceni were a Brythonic tribe who inhabited roughly modern-day Norfolk circa 1st century BC to 1st century AD. The territory of the Iceni approximated to the borders of modern-day Norfolk. ... For alternative meanings see: Norfolk (disambiguation) Norfolk (pronounced NOR-fk) is a low-lying county in East Anglia in the east of southern England. ... A statue of Emperor Claudius Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 1, 10 BC–October 13, 54), previously Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus, was the fourth Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from January 24, 41 to his death in 54. ... Roman invasion of Britain: Britain was the target of invasion by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire several times during its history. ... For alternate uses, see Number 43. ... Events Romans build a fortification that will later grow out to be the city of Utrecht. ... This is a partial list of Roman Governors of Britain under the Roman Empire. ... Publius Ostorius Scapula (died 52) was a Roman statesman and general. ... Roman Emperor is the title historians use to refer to rulers of the Roman Empire, after the epoch conventionally named the Roman Republic. ...

It was normal Roman practice to allow allied kingdoms their independence only for the lifetime of their client king, who would agree to leave his kingdom to Rome in his will: the provinces of Bithynia and Galatia, for example, were incorporated into the Empire in just this way. Roman law also allowed inheritance only through the male line. So when Prasutagus died his attempts to preserve his line were ignored and his kingdom was annexed, arrogantly and high-handedly, as if it had been conquered. Lands and property were confiscated and nobles treated like slaves. According to Tacitus, Boudicca was flogged and her daughters raped. Dio Cassius says that Roman financiers, including Seneca the Younger, chose this point to call in their loans. Tacitus does not mention this, but does single out the procurator, Catus Decianus, for criticism for his "avarice". Prasutagus, it seems, had lived well on borrowed Roman money, and on his death his subjects had become liable for the debt. This article contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Ancient Galatia was an area in the highlands of central Anatolia (now Turkey). ... Roman Law is the legal system of ancient Rome. ... For other uses, see inheritance (disambiguation). ... Seneca the Younger Lucius Annaeus Seneca (often known simply as Seneca, or Seneca the Younger) (ca. ... A promagistrate is a person who acts in and with the authority and capacity of a magistrate, but without holding a magisterial office. ... Catus Decianus was the procurator of Roman Britain in 61 AD. Tacitus blames his rapacity in part for provoking the rebellion of Boudicca. ...

In 60 or 61, while the current governor, Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, was leading a campaign against the druids on the island of Anglesey in north Wales, the Iceni rebelled, along with their neighbours the Trinovantes, under Boudicca's leadership. Their first target was Camulodunum (Colchester), the former Trinovantian capital and now a Roman colonia. The Roman veterans who had been settled there mistreated the locals, and a temple to the former emperor Claudius had been erected there at local expense, making the city a focus for resentment. The city was poorly defended and the rebels destroyed it, besieging the last defenders in the temple for two days before it fell. The future governor Quintus Petillius Cerialis, then commanding the Legio IX Hispana, attempted to relieve the city, but his forces were routed. For other uses, see number 60. ... For other uses, see number 61. ... Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, also spelled Paullinus, (flourished 1st century CE) was a Roman general. ... Druidry or Druidism was the religion of the ancient druids, the priestly class in ancient Celtic and Gallic societies through much of Western Europe north of the Alps and in the British Isles. ... Anglesey (Welsh: Ynys Môn, pronounced (IPA), roughly unniss mawn), is an island and county at the north western extremity of north Wales. ... National motto: Cymru am byth (Welsh: Wales for ever) Waless location within the UK Official languages English, Welsh Capital Cardiff Largest city Cardiff First Minister Rhodri Morgan Area  - Total Ranked 3rd UK 20,779 km² Population  - Total (2001)  - Density Ranked 3rd UK 2,903,085 140/km² Ethnicity: 97. ... Colchester town centre Colchester is an historic town in the north of the English county of Essex, with a population of about 160,000. ... A colonia was a Roman outpost, usually established by veterans of a Roman Legion, who received land as a part of their retirement from the Legions. ... A statue of Emperor Claudius Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 1, 10 BC–October 13, 54), previously Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus, was the fourth Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from January 24, 41 to his death in 54. ... Quintus Petilius Cerialis Caesius Rufus (born around 30 AD) was a Roman general of the 1st century. ... Legio IX Hispana was a Roman fucking legion probably levied by Julius sucking Caesar before 58 BC, for his Gallic asshole wars. ...

When news of the rebellion reached him, Suetonius hurried along Watling Street through hostile territory to Londinium (London). Londinium was a relatively new town, founded after the conquest of 43, but had grown to be a thriving commercial centre with a population of travellers, traders, and probably Roman officials. The procurator, Catus Decianus, likely had his office there. Suetonius considered giving battle there, but considering his lack of numbers and chastened by Petilius's defeat, decided to sacrifice the city to save the province. Londinium was abandoned to the rebels, who burnt it down (archaeology shows a thick layer of burnt debris covering coins and pottery dating before 60), slaughtering anyone who had not evacuated with Suetonius. Verulamium (St Albans) was next to be destroyed. In the three cities destroyed, between seventy and eighty thousand people are said to have been killed. Watling Street was a Roman road which went from Dover on the southeast coast of England and is generally believed to have terminated at Viroconium (now Wroxeter in Shropshire). ... Londinium may refer to: Places Londinium, the ancient Roman name for London (see History of London). ... Part of the London skyline viewed from the South Bank London is the most populous city in the European Union, with an estimated population on 1 January 2005 of 7,421,328 and a metropolitan area population of between 12 and 14 million. ... For alternate uses, see Number 43. ... Importance and applicability Most of human history is not described by any written records. ... For other uses, see number 60. ... Remains of the city walls Verulamium was the third largest city in Roman Britain. ... St Albans (thus spelt, no apostrophe or dot) is the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans in southern Hertfordshire, England, around 22 miles (35. ...

Suetonius regrouped with the XIV Gemina, some vexillationes (detachments) of the XX Valeria Victrix, and any available auxiliaries. The prefect of Legio II Augusta, Poenius Postumus, ignored the call, but nonetheless the governor was able to call on almost ten thousand men. He took a stand at an unidentified location, probably in the West Midlands somewhere along Watling Street, in a defile with a wood behind him. They were greatly outnumbered by the British rebels (who were 230,000 strong by now according to Dio Cassius) but superior Roman tactics and training won the day at the Battle of Watling Street. The Britons attempted to flee, but were impeded by the presence of their own families, whom they had stationed in a ring of wagons at the edge of the battlefield, and were slaughtered. (The German king Ariovistus is reported to have made the same mistake in Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars). Tacitus reports that "according to one report almost eighty thousand Britons fell" compared with only four hundred Romans. According to Tacitus, Boudicca poisoned herself; Dio Cassius says she fell sick and died, and was given a lavish burial. Legio XIV Gemina Martia Victrix was a legion of the Roman Empire created by Octavian. ... Legio XX Valeria Victrix was a Roman legion, probably raised by Augustus sometime after 31 BC. It served in Spain, Illyricum, and Germany before participating in the invasion of Britain in 43 AD, where it remained and was active until at least the beginning of the 4th century. ... A prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficio, to make in front, i. ... Legio II Augusta was a Roman legion, levied by Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus in 43 BC, and still operative in Britannia in 4th century. ... Poenius Postumus was prefect of the Roman Legion Legio II Augusta, stationed in Britain during the rebellion of Boudicca in 61 AD. He ignored the call to join the governor, Suetonius Paulinus in putting down the rebellion. ... The West Midlands is a geographical term describing the western half of central England, known as the Midlands. ... Watling Street was a Roman road which went from Dover on the southeast coast of England and is generally believed to have terminated at Viroconium (now Wroxeter in Shropshire). ... Grand Canyon, Arizona A canyon, or gorge, is a valley walled by cliffs. ... The Battle of Watling Street took place in AD 61 between an alliance of Briton tribes and the Romans. ... The term Briton may have the following meanings: in a historical context: an inhabitant of Great Britain in pre-Roman times a descendant of Britons during a later period (e. ... Ariovistus was king of the germanic tribe of the Suebis, as described in Julius Caesars The Gallic Wars. ... Gaius Julius Caesar (Classical Latin: IMP·C·IVLIVS·CAESAR·DIVVS) (b. ... Map of Gaul circa 58 BC The Gallic Wars were a series of wars fought between the Romans and the people of Gaul during the mid-first century BC, culminating in the Battle of Alesia in 52 BC which resulted in the expansion of the Roman Republic across Gaul. ...

The site of Boudicca's defeat is unknown. According to London legend it was at Kings Cross in London (a nearby street is named Battle Bridge Road), and that Boudicca herself is buried under one of the platforms at Kings Cross Station (different sources list platforms eight, nine or ten as her supposed resting place) but, based on Tacitus, it is unlikely Suetonius returned to London. Most historians favour a site in the West Midlands: Manduessedum near the modern day town of Atherstone in Warwickshire has been suggested. Kings Cross is an place in the London Borough of Camden. ... This GNER train serving Kings Cross is named White Rose after the traditional symbol of Yorkshire. ... Manduessedum was a Roman fort settlement in modern day Warwickshire in England. ... Map sources for Atherstone at grid reference SP3197 Atherstone is a town in Warwickshire, England, with a population of 8,293 (2001 census). ... Warwickshire (pronounced either /ˈwɔːɹɪkˌʃə/ or /ˈwɔːɹɪkˌʃɪə/) is a landlocked non-metropolitan county in central England. ...

Postumus, on hearing of the Roman victory, fell on his sword. Catus Decianus fled to Gaul and was replaced as procurator by Gaius Julius Alpinus Classicianus. Suetonius conducted punitive operations, but criticism by Classicianus led to an investigation headed by Nero's freedman Polyclitus, and Suetonius was removed as governor, to be replaced by Publius Petronius Turpilianus. Suetonius tells us the crisis had almost persuaded Nero to abandon Britain. Gaius Julius Alpinus Classicianus was procurator of Roman Britain from 61 to his death in 65. ... A freedman is a former slave who has been manumitted or emancipated. ... Polyclitus was an influential freedman in the court of the Roman emperor Nero. ... Publius Petronius Turpilianus was a Roman politician and general. ... Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus (69/70 AD - After 130 AD) or known as Suetonius is a prominent Roman Writer. ...

Historical sources

Tacitus, the most important Roman historian of this period, took a particular interest in Britain as Gnaeus Julius Agricola, his father-in-law and the subject of his first book, served there three times. He was a military tribune under Suetonius Paulinus, which almost certainly gave Tacitus an eyewitness source for Boudicca's revolt. Gnaeus Julius Agricola (July 13, 40 - August 23, 93) was a Roman general responsible for much of the Roman conquest of Britain. ... Tribune (from the Latin: tribunus; Greek form tribounos) was a title shared by several elected magistracies and other governmental and/or (para)military offices of the Roman Republic and Empire. ...

Dio Cassius's sources are less certain. He is generally agreed to have based his account on that of Tacitus, but he simplifies the sequence of events and adds details, such as the calling in of loans, that Tacitus does not mention. He says of Boudicca:

"Boudicca was tall, terrible to look on and gifted with a powerful voice. A flood of bright red hair ran down to her knees; she wore a golden necklet made up of ornate pieces, a multi-coloured robe and over it a thick cloak held together by a brooch. She took up a long spear to cause dread in all who set eyes on her."

He reports that she committed all sorts of atrocities in the name of a goddess called Andraste, who he claims is the British equivalent of Victoria, the Roman goddess of victory. Boudicca's own name means "victory". Andraste or Andate, according to Dio Cassius, was a Celtic goddess of victory invoked by Boudicca while fighting against the Roman occupation of Britain in AD 61. ... Victoria on the reverse of this coin by Constantine II. In Roman mythology, Victoria was the goddess of victory. ...

It is generally thought that Gildas, in his 6th century polemic De Excidio Britanniae, alludes to Boudicca in his typically oblique fashion as a "treacherous lioness", although his general lack of knowledge about the real history of the Roman conquest of Britain makes this far from certain. Gildas (c. ... This Buddhist stela from China, Northern Wei period, was built in the early 6th century. ...

Boudicca or Boadicea?

Until relatively recently Boudicca was better known as Boadicea, a name which probably derives from a mistranscription when a manuscript of Tacitus was copied in the Middle Ages. Her name takes many forms in various manuscripts, but was almost certainly originally Boudicca or Boudica, derived from the Celtic word *bouda, victory (cf. Irish bua, Welsh buddug). The name is attested in inscriptions as "Boudica" in Lusitania, "Boudiga" in Bordeaux and "Bodicca" in Britain. [1] The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... The Celtic languages are the languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, spoken by ancient and modern Celts alike. ... Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ... Roman province of Lusitania, 120 AD Lusitania, an ancient Roman province approximately including current Portugal and part of western current Spain (specifically the present autonomous community Extremadura), named after the Lusitani or Lusitanian people. ... City motto: Lilia sola regunt lunam undas castra leonem. ...

Cultural impact

History and literature

By the Middle Ages Boudicca was forgotten. She makes no appearance in Bede, the Historia Brittonum, the Mabinogion or Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain. But the rediscovery of the works of Tacitus and Dio Cassius during the Renaissance allowed Polydore Virgil to reintroduce her into British history in 1534. However he misinterpreted the "Voadicea" he found in Tacitus and the "Bunduica" in Dio Cassius as two separate women. The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Bede depicted in an early medieval manuscript Depiction of Bede from the Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493 Bede (Latin Beda), also known as Saint Bede or, more commonly, the Venerable Bede (ca. ... The Historia Britonum, or The History of the Britons, is a historical work that was first written sometime shortly after AD 820, and exists in several recensions of varying difference. ... The Mabinogion is a collection of prose stories from medieval Welsh manuscripts. ... Geoffrey of Monmouth was a clergyman and one of the major figures in the development of British history. ... Geoffrey of Monmouths Historia Regum Britanniæ (English: The History of the Kings of Britain) was written around 1136. ... By region Italian Renaissance Spanish Renaissance Northern Renaissance French Renaissance German Renaissance English Renaissance The Renaissance, also known as Il Rinascimento (in Italian), was an influential cultural movement which brought about a period of scientific revolution and artistic transformation, at the dawn of modern European history. ... Polydore Vergil or Virgil (c. ... Events February 27 - Group of Anabaptists of Jan Matthys seize Münster and declare it The New Jerusalem - they begin to exile dissenters and forcible baptize all others May 10 - Jacques Cartier explores Newfoundland while searching for the Northwest Passage. ...

Boudicca's story was included in Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles and inspired Shakespeare's younger contemporaries Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher to write a play, Bonduca, in 1610. William Cowper wrote a popular poem, Boadicea, an ode, in 1782. Raphael Holinshed (died c. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Francis Beaumont (1584 – 1616), was an English dramatist most famous for his collaborations with John Fletcher. ... John Fletcher was born December, 1579 (baptized December 20) in Rye, Sussex, and died of the plague in August 1625 (buried August 29 in St. ... // Events January 7 - Galileo Galilei discovers the Galilean moons of Jupiter. ... Portrait of William Cowper attributed to Romney. ... 1782 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

It was in the Victorian era that Boudicca's fame took on legendary proportions. Queen Victoria was seen as her "namesake". Victoria's Poet Laureate, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, wrote a poem, Boadicea. A great bronze statue of Boudicca in her war chariot (furnished with scythes after Persian fashion), together with her daughters, was commissioned by Prince Albert and executed by Thomas Thornycroft. It was completed in 1905 and stands next to Westminster Bridge and the Houses of Parliament. Ironically, the great anti-imperialist rebel was now identified with the head of the British Empire. Queen Victoria (shown here on the morning of her Accession to the Throne, 20 June 1837) gave her name to the historic era The Victorian era of Great Britain is considered the height of the British industrial revolution and the apex of the British Empire. ... Victoria Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria) (24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837, and Empress of India from 1 January 1877 until her death. ... A Poet Laureate is a poet officially appointed by a government and often expected to compose poems for state occasions and other government events. ... Lord Tennyson, Poet Laureate Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson (August 6, 1809 - October 6, 1892) is generally regarded as one of the greatest English poets. ... Chariot was the name of a WW2 naval weapon, the British manned torpedo. ... The scythed chariot was a modified war chariot invented by the Persian emperor Cyrus by at least 401 BC. A scythed chariot was simply a war chariot with a blade mounted on both ends of the axle. ... The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... Prince Albert Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha ( 26 August 1819 – 14 December 1861 ) was the husband and consort of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Westminster Bridge and the Palace of Westminster, with a glimpse of Westminster Abbey behind the tower of Big Ben. ... This may refer to the: British Houses of Parliament. ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps The British Empire was the worlds first global power and the largest empire in human history, a product of the European Age of Discovery that began with the global maritime empires of...

Modern fiction

Rosemary Sutcliff wrote Song for a Dark Queen, a historical novel for children based on Boudicca's life, in 1979. Rosemary Sutcliff (1920-1992) was a British novelist, best known as a writer of childrens historical fiction. ... A historical novel is a novel in which the story is set among historical events, or more generally, in which the time of the action predates the lifetime of the author. ... This page refers to the year 1979. ...

Joyce Doré wrote Hemlock, (ISBN 1898030197), a fictional account of the life of Boudicca published in 2002, in which Boudicca and her two daughters are taken to Rome, before Nero, who made her drink hemlock. Doré claims to be a psychic and to have based the book on her conversations with the historical characters. 2002 (MMII) is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nero Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (December 15, 37–June 9, 68), born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called (50–54) Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus, was the fifth and last Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. ... Several poisonous plants in the Parsley family, Apiaceae (formerly Umbelliferae) are called hemlock: This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... Parapsychology is the study of the evidence involving phenomena where a person seems to affect or gain information about something through a means not currently explainable within the framework of mainstream, conventional science. ...

An obscure and indirect reference to Boudicca is made by J. K. Rowling in the Harry Potter series of books. In the stories, the Hogwarts Express train—used by students to get to the school—is boarded at Platform "Nine-and-three quarters" at King's Cross Station in London. Rowling based this location on the legend that the body of Boudicca is buried under platform ten. Joanne Rowling, OBE (Joanne Kathleen Rowling is not her legal name; see below for the explanation) (born 31 July 1965), commonly known as J. K. Rowling (pronunciation: rolling, as in rolling stone) is an English fiction writer. ... Cover of the original novel in the series, Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone. ... Rubeus Hagrid meets the Hogwarts Express at Hogsmeade station in the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone. ...

Manda Scott has written a series of novels based on Boudicca, beginning with Dreaming the Eagle and continuing with Dreaming the Bull, Dreaming the Hound and the forthcoming Dreaming the Serpent Spears. Manda Scott is a veterinary surgeon and writer. ...

Films and television

Boudicca has been the subject of two feature films, 1928's Boadicea [2], starring Phyllis Nielson-Terry, and 2003's Boudica [3], a TV film written by Andrew Davies and starring Alex Kingston. A British TV series, Warrior Queen, was made by Thames Television in 1978 starring Sian Phillips as Boudicca and Nigel Hawthorne as Catus Decianus. 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 2003 (MMIII) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Television is a telecommunication system for broadcasting and receiving moving pictures and sound over a distance. ... Andrew Davies (born 1936 in Cardiff, Wales) is a British screenwriter. ... Alex Kingston Alex Kingston (born March 11, 1963 in London) is a British actress best known for her role as Elizabeth Corday in ER. Kingston has appeared in a number of television dramas, including Crocodile Shoes, Moll Flanders and The Knock. ... The classic Thames Television logo (1969 - 1989), featuring a geographically incorrect montage of London landmarks. ... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1978 calendar). ... Siân Phillips CBE, is a Welsh-speaking, British actress. ... Sir Nigel Hawthorne, CBE (5 April 1929–26 December 2001) was a renowned British actor. ...

A new film is planned for release in 2006 entitled Warrior [4], written by Brian Klugman and Lee Sternthal, directed by Gavin O'Connor, and produced by Mel Gibson. 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mel Gibson. ...

Music

The Irish singer/songwriter Enya produced a song called "Boadicea" on her 1992 album The Celts. This track was most famously sampled by the rap group The Fugees for their single "Ready or Not" (from 1996's The Score), and most recently by Mario Winans (featuring Sean "P. Diddy" Combs) on his song "I Don't Wanna Know" (2004). The track was also used in the soundtrack of the film Sleepwalkers. Enya (born 17 May 1961), birth name Eithne Ní Bhraonáin (sometimes seen as the Anglicized Enya Brennan), is Irelands best-selling solo musician. ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ... The Score album cover. ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) is a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... The Score is a 1996 album released by The Fugees. ... Mario Winans is an R&B and gospel music producer, writer, and singer. ... Sean John Combs (born November 4, 1969 aka P. Diddy, Puff Daddy, Sean Puffy Combs) is an American record producer and CEO and founder of Bad Boy Entertainment, one of the driving forces in hip hop in the mid to late 1990s. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Soundtrack refers to the recorded sound accompanying a visual medium such as a motion picture, television show, or video game. ... Sleepwalkers is a 1992 American horror film based on an unpublished Stephen King novel and adapted by Mick Garris. ...

Scottish singer/songwriter Steve McDonald composed a biographical song called "Boadicea" on his 1997 album Stone of Destiny, detailing her life and tragic death. [5] Steve McDonald is the bass player in the Los Angeles alternative rock/power pop band, Redd Kross in the 1980s and 1990s. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

British rock band The Libertines refer to "Queen Boadicea" in their song "The Good Old Days", indicating a belief that her spirit still lives on in Britons today. [6] The Libertines were a critically acclaimed British rock and roll band noted for their chaotic live outings, often seemingly ramshackle touring schedule and quintessentially English take on punk rock. ...

The British metal band Bal-Sagoth have written a song entitled "Blood Slakes the Sand at the Circus Maximus" (found on the band's album Battle Magic) which featured an Iceni Warrior of Boudicca's uprising being captured and brought back to Rome. [7] Bal-Sagoth are a battle metal band from Yorkshire, England. ...

Other cultural references

There have been scattered reports that the restless spirit of Boudicca has been seen in the county of Lincolnshire. These reports, dating back to the mid-19th century, claim Boudicca rides her chariot, heading for some unknown destination, and many a traveller and motorist have claimed to have seen her. There has been some debate as to how long this has been going on. Some say that the queen's restless spirit has been appearing since her death, while other suggest that the revival of interest in Boudicca's story in the 19th century might have summoned her spirit back to our world. As with all reports of ghostly activity, it is up to the individual to decide whether they are true or not. Lincolnshire (abbreviated Lincs) is a county in the East Midlands of England. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In 1984, Judy Grahn, in her book Another Mother Tongue, claimed that Boudicca was the origin of the present day English word "bull dyke" (a vulgar term for a lesbian); this is thought to be dubious. This page is about the year 1984. ... Judy Grahn is an American poet. ... Lesbian describes a homosexual woman. ...

In the 1990s, DC Comics' Green Lantern Corps included a member named Boodikka, portrayed as a fierce female warrior. The 1990s in its most obvious sense refers to the years 1990 to 1999. ... The current DC Comics logo, adopted in May 2005. ... The Green Lantern Corps The Green Lantern Corps is a fictional, intergalactic police force of Green Lanterns that existed in the pages of DC Comics, chosen to patrol the vast reaches of the Universe, fighting evil wherever it could be found. ...

References

• Tacitus, Agricola 14-17
• Tacitus, Annals 14:29-39
• Dio Cassius, Roman History 62:1-12
• Gildas, The Ruin of Britain and other documents, ed & trans Michael Winterbottom, Phillimore 1978
• Graham Webster (1978), Boudica: The British Revolt against Rome AD 60
• John Morris (1982), Londinium: London in the Roman Empire
• Fabio P. Barbieri (2002), 'History of Britain, 407-597', Book 1, Chapter 2, retrieved 5 July 2005
• Dan Asfar (2003), Haunted Highways: Ghost Stories and Strange Tales
• Richard Hingley & Christina Unwin (2004), Boudica: Iron age Warrior Queen
• Vanessa Collingridge; Boudica; Ebury, London; 2004

[note that the last two references were reviewed, with the novel by Manda Scott, Boudica: dreaming the hound (Bantam Press, 2004), by Mary Beard at page 5 of the Times Literary Supplement, 24 June 2005] Gaius Cornelius Tacitus Publius or Gaius Cornelius Tacitus (ca. ... The Agricola (Latin title: De vita et moribus Iulii Agricolae) is a book by Tacitus, written c. ... Gaius Cornelius Tacitus Publius or Gaius Cornelius Tacitus (ca. ... The Annals, or, in Latin, Annales, is a history book by Tacitus covering the reign of the 4 Roman Emperors succeeding to Caesar Augustus. ... Dio Cassius Cocceianus (155–after 229), known in English as Dio Cassius or Cassius Dio, was a noted Roman historian and public servant. ... Gildas (c. ...

• Guy de la Bédoyère, 'The Roman Army in Britain', retrieved 5 July 2005

External links

• James Grout: Boudica, part of the Encyclopædia Romana
• Trying to Rule Britannia; BBC; 6 August, 2004
• Iceni at Roman-Britain.org
• Iceni at Romans in Britain
• Find-A-Grave profile for Boudicca