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Born in Rennes, Boulanger entered the army in 1856 and served in Algeria, Italy, Cochin-China and the Franco-Prussian War, earning a reputation.
He was made a brigadier-general in 1880 and in 1882 was appointed director of infantry at the war office, enabling him to make a name as a military reformer, and in 1884 he was appointed to command the army occupying Tunis, but was recalled owing to his differences of opinion with Cambon, the political resident.
Boulanger himself, having been tried and condemned in absentia for treason, went to live in Jersey before returning to the Ixelles Cemetery in Brussels in September 1891 to commit suicide by a bullet to the head on the grave of his mistress, Madame de Bonnemains (née Marguerite Crouzet) who had died in the preceding July.