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For other uses, see Boycott (disambiguation).

A boycott is to abstain from using, buying, or dealing with someone or some organization as an expression of protest or as a means of coercion. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wiktionary is a Wikimedia Foundation project intended to be a free wiki dictionary (hence: Wiktionary) (including thesaurus and lexicon) in every language. ... Boycott as a word has many uses: The word boycott is used to describe a form of protest. ...

The word boycott entered the English language during the Irish "Land War" and is derived from the name of Captain Charles Boycott, the estate agent of an absentee landlord, the Earl Erne, in County Mayo, Ireland who was subject to social ostracism organized by the Irish Land League in 1880. In September that year protesting tenants demanded from Boycott a substantial reduction in their rents. He not only refused but also ejected them from the land. The Irish Land League proposed that, rather than resorting to violence, everyone in the locality should refuse to deal with him. Despite the short-term economic hardship to those undertaking this action, Boycott soon found himself isolated — his workers stopped work in the fields, stables as well as the house. Local businessmen stopped trading with him and the local postman refused to deliver post. The Land War in Irish History was a period of agrarian agitation in rural Ireland in the 1870s, 1880s and 1890s. ... Captain Charles Cunningham Boycott (1823-1897) was a British land agent whose ostracism by his local community in Ireland as part of a political campaign in 1880 gave the English language the verb to boycott, meaning to ostracise. Charles Boycott was born in Norfolk in 1823. ... Earl of Erne, of Crom Castle, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. ... Statistics Province: Connacht County Town: Castlebar Code: MO Area: 5,397 km² Population (2006) 123,648 Website: www. ... Ostracism was a procedure under the Athenian democracy in which a prominent citizen could be expelled from the city-state of Athens for ten years. ... The Irish painter Henry Jones Thaddeus enlisted the conscience of the propertied classes with the sentimental realism of La retour du bracconier (The Wounded Poacher), exhibited in the Paris Salon of 1881, at the height of the Irish Land War The Irish Land League was an Irish political organization of...

The concerted action taken against him meant that Boycott was unable to hire anyone to harvest the crops in his charge. Eventually 50 Orangemen from Cavan and Monaghan volunteered to harvest his crops. They were escorted to and from Claremorris by one thousand policemen and soldiers – this despite the fact that Boycott's complete social ostracism meant that he was actually in no danger of being harmed. Moreover, this protection ended up costing far more than the harvest was worth. After the harvest, the "boycott" was successfully continued. Within weeks Boycott's name was everywhere. It was used by The Times in November 1880 as a term of organized isolation. According to an account in the book “The Fall of Feudalism in Ireland” by Michael Davitt, the term was coined by Fr. John O' Malley from County Mayo to “signify ostracism applied to a landlord or agent like Boycott”. The Times of London first reported on November 20, 1880: “The people of New Pallas have resolved to 'boycott' them and refused to supply them with food or drink.” The Daily News wrote on December 13, 1880: “Already the stoutest-hearted are yielding on every side to the dread of being 'Boycotted'.” By January of the following year, the word was being used figuratively: "Dame Nature arose....She 'Boycotted' London from Kew to Mile End" (The Spectator, January 22, 1881). Hay bales after harvest in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany In agriculture, harvesting is the process of gathering mature crops from the fields. ... The Orange Order is a Protestant fraternal organisation largely based in the province of Northern Ireland and in western Scotland but which has a worldwide membership. ... Statistics Province: Ulster County Town: Cavan Code: CN Area: 1,931 km² Population (2002) 56,546 Website: www. ... Statistics Province: Ulster County Town: Monaghan Code: MN Area: 1,294 km² Population (2006) 55,816 Website: www. ... Claremorris (Clár Clainne Mhuiris in Irish) is a town in County Mayo in the west of Ireland. ... The Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) was one of Irelands two police forces in the early twentieth century, alongside the Dublin Metropolitan Police. ... Ostracism was a procedure under the Athenian democracy in which a prominent citizen could be expelled from the city-state of Athens for ten years. ... The Times is a national newspaper published daily in the United Kingdom since 1785, and under its current name since 1788. ...

On December 1, 1880 Captain Boycott left his post and withdrew to England, with his family. December 1 is the 335th (in leap years the 336th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification    - by Athelstan AD927  Area    - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK)   50,346 sq mi   - Water (%) Population...

Historical Milestones (Chronological)

• 1769, in opposition of "taxation without representation," Colonial boycott of British trade goods.
• 1830 - boycott of slave-produced goods.
• the boycott of Captain Charles Cunningham Boycott, an English land agent in Ireland who was subject to a boycott organized by the Irish Land League, 1880
• Boycott of Japanese products in China after the May Fourth Movement.
• the boycott of British goods in December 1921 by Mahatma Gandhi, known as the swadeshi policy. Gandhi also urged people to boycott British educational institutions and law courts, to resign from government employment, and to forsake British titles and honours.
• by African Americans during the U.S. civil rights movement, late 1950s and 1960s
• the United Farm Workers union's grape and lettuce boycotts
• the Arab League boycott of Israel and companies trading with Israel
• the boycott of South Africa by a large part of the world's countries during its apartheid period

Boycotts of Japanese products have been conducted by numerous Chinese civilian and governmental organisations, always in response to real or perceived Japanese aggression, whether military, political or economic. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Swadeshi is the Indian term for the boycott of British goods. ...

Earlier practice

The 1976, 1980 and 1984 olympic boycotts

Although the term itself was not coined until 1880, the practice dates back to at least 1830, when the National Negro Convention encouraged a boycott of slave-produced goods. Other instances of boycotts are their use by African Americans during the US civil rights movement; the United Farm Workers union grape and lettuce boycotts; the American boycott of British goods at the time of the American Revolution; the Indian boycott of British goods organized by Mohandas Gandhi; and the Arab League boycott of Israel and companies trading with Israel. In 1973, the Arab countries enacted a crude oil embargo against the West, see 1973 oil crisis. Other examples includes the United States boycott (under President Jimmy Carter) to participate in the 1980 Summer Olympics, held in Moscow that year (to protest the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan), the retaliatory boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles by Soviet Union and following 14 Eastern bloc countries, and the movement that advocated "disinvestment" in South Africa during the 1980s in opposition to that country's apartheid regime. The first Olympic boycott was in 1956 Summer Olympics for the Soviet invasion of Hungary. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1357x633, 48 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Olympic Games 1976 Summer Olympics 1984 Summer Olympics Boycott American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics Cold War (1979-1985) ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1357x633, 48 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Olympic Games 1976 Summer Olympics 1984 Summer Olympics Boycott American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics Cold War (1979-1985) ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... The civil rights movement in the United States has been a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all citizens of United States. ... The United Farm Workers of America (UFW) are a labor union that evolved from unions founded in 1962 by César Chávez and Dolores Huerta. ... The American Revolution was a political movement by 13 American colonies that declared independence and fought off British military efforts to regain control. ... Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (October 2, 1869 – January 30, 1948) (Devanagari: मोहनदास करमचन्द गांधी), called Mahatma Gandhi, was the charismatic leader who brought the cause of Indias independence from British colonial rule to world attention. ... Flag of the League of Arab States The Arab League or League of Arab States (Arabic: جامعة الدول العربية), is an organization of Arab states (compare Arab world). ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ) are predominantly speakers of the Arabic language, rather than a pure ethnic group, mainly found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ... Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Sarnia, Ontario Petroleum (from Greek petra – rock and elaion – oil or Latin oleum – oil ) or crude oil is a thick, dark brown or greenish liquid. ... -1... This article or section may be confusing or unclear for some readers, and should be edited to rectify this. ... James Earl Jimmy Carter, Jr. ... Badge, released in the USSR The 1980 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad, were held in Moscow, USSR. Another candidate in the bid to organize the Olympics was Los Angeles. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... Audio samples composed by John Williams: Olympic Fanfare (1985) ( file info) 1984 Summer Olympics, Los Angeles Olympic Theme (1985) ( file info) 1984 Summer Olympics, Los Angeles Problems playing the files? See media help. ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Angels Location Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates , Government State County California Los Angeles County Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 1,290. ... A map of the Eastern Bloc. ... Disinvestment was a term first used in the 1980s, most commonly in the United States, to refer to the use of a concerted economic boycott designed to pressure the government of South Africa into abolishing its policy of apartheid, which was still in force at that time. ... A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982. ... The Games of the XVI Olympiad were held in 1956 in Melbourne, Australia, although the equestrian events could not be held in Australia due to quarantine regulations. ...

American track star Lacey O'Neal coined the term 'girlcott' in the context of the protests by male African American athletes during the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City. Speaking for Black women athletes, she advised that the group would not "girlcott" the Olympic Games as they were still focused on being recognized. "Girlcott" appeared in Time magazine in 1970, and then later was used by retired tennis player Billie Jean King in The Times in reference to Wimbledon to emphasize her argument regarding equal pay for women players. The term girlcott was coined in 1968 by American track star Lacey ONeal during the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City, in the context of protests by male African American athletes. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... The five Olympic rings were designed in 1913, adopted in 1914 and debuted at the Games at Antwerp, 1920. ... Mexico City (Spanish: Ciudad de México, México D.F. or simply México, pronounced /mexiko/ in IPA) is the capital and largest city of the nation of Mexico. ... A pocket watch, a device used to measure time. ... A tennis net Tennis is a sport played between either two players (Singles) or two teams of two players (doubles). Players use a stringed racquet to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over a net into the opponents court. ... Billie Jean Moffitt King (born November 22, 1943 in Long Beach, California) is a retired tennis player from the United States. ... The Times is a national newspaper published daily in the United Kingdom since 1785, and under its current name since 1788. ... Wimbledon (pronounced ) is a suburb of London, part of the London Borough of Merton and located seven miles (11. ...

Application and uses

A boycott is normally considered a one-time affair designed to correct an outstanding single wrong. When extended for a long period of time, or as part of an overall program of awareness-raising or reforms to laws or regimes, a boycott is part of moral purchasing, and those economic or political terms are to be preferred. Ethical consumerism is the practice of boycotting products which a consumer believes to be associated with unnecessary exploitation or other unethical behaviour. ...

Most organized consumer boycotts today are focused on long-term change of buying habits, and so fit into part of a larger political program, with many techniques that require a longer structural commitment, e.g. reform to commodity markets, or government commitment to moral purchasing, e.g. the longstanding boycott of South African businesses to protest apartheid already alluded to. These stretch the meaning of a "boycott." This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ... Ethical consumerism is the practice of boycotting products which a consumer believes to be associated with unnecessary exploitation or other unethical behaviour. ... A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982. ...

Boycotts are now much easier to successfully initiate due to the Internet. Examples include the gay and lesbian boycott of advertisers of the "Dr. Laura" talk show, gun owners' similar boycott of advertisers of Rosie O'Donnell's talk show and (later) magazine, and gun owners' boycott of Smith & Wesson following that company's March 2000 settlement with the Clinton administration. They may be initiated very easily using either Web sites (the Dr. Laura boycott), newsgroups (the Rosie O'Donnell boycotts), or even mailing lists. Internet-initiated boycotts "snowball" very quickly compared to other forms of organization. The word homosexuality has acquired multiple meanings over time. ... Laura Schlessinger, Ph. ... A talk show (U.S.) or chat show (Brit. ... Roseann Teresa ODonnell (born March 21, 1962) is a noted American comedian, talk show host, homosexual advocate, and actress. ... A Modern Smith & Wesson Revolver (Model 629) Smith & Wesson (AMEX:SWB), the largest manufacturer of handguns in the United States, has its corporate headquarters in Springfield, Massachusetts. ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ...

Another form of consumer boycotting is substitution for an equivalent product; for example Mecca Cola or Qibla Cola, and also the call to avoid Costco, Walmart, or the diverse products of Philip Morris. Mecca-Cola is a cola-flavoured carbonated beverage. ... Qibla Cola was a cola-flavoured carbonated beverage. ... Costco Wholesale Corporation (NASDAQ: COST) is a membership warehouse club chain and headquartered in Issaquah, Washington, United States, with its flagship warehouse #1 in nearby Seattle. ... Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. ... Altria Group, Inc. ...

Today a prime target of boycotts is consumerism itself, e.g. "International Buy Nothing Day" celebrated globally on the Friday after Thanksgiving Day in the United States. Another example of a modern boycott is the blacklisting of the country band The Dixie Chicks after one of the members made a derogatory political comment about President Bush. Many country music stations in the U.S., most of which are Clear Channel affiliates, now refuse to play their music as a result. Consumerism is a term used to describe the effects of equating personal happiness with purchasing material possessions and consumption. ... Buy Nothing Day is an informal annual day of protest against consumerism observed by social activists, a day when participants refrain from purchasing anything during one day. ... For thanksgiving (lowercase t) as a religious or theological idea, see gratitude. ... A blacklist is a list or register of entities who, for one reason or another, are being denied a particular privilege, service, or mobility. ... The Dixie Chicks: Martie, Natalie and Emily The Dixie Chicks is a country music group, formed in 1989 in Dallas, Texas. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American businessman and politician, was elected in 2000 as the 43rd President of the United States of America, re-elected in 2004, and is currently serving his second term in that office. ... country music, see Country music (disambiguation) In popular music, country music, also called country and western music or country-western, is an amalgam of popular musical forms developed in the Southern United States, with roots in traditional folk music, Celtic music, blues, gospel music, and old-time music that began... For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). ... Clear Channel Communications (NYSE: CCU) is a media company based in the United States of America. ...

The ongoing mergers and acquisitions, leading to forming oligopolies and monopolies, effectively control the supply chain, and there is a plethora of various product names from the same company where the manufacturer is not immediately obvious, leads to substantial limitations of consumer choice. For example, there are many restaurants worldwide where the choice of soft drinks is effectively limited only to products of Coca Cola Company, making the boycott of this subject rather impractical. The phrase mergers and acquisitions or M&A refers to the aspect of corporate finance strategy and management dealing with the merging and acquiring of different companies as well as assets. ... // Engineering In engineering, the term acquisition has the following meanings: In satellite communications, the process of locking tracking equipment on a signal from a communications satellite. ... An oligopoly is a market form in which a market is dominated by a small number of sellers (oligopolists). ... In economics, a monopoly (from the Latin word monopolium - Greek language monos, one + polein, to sell) is defined as a persistent market situation where there is only one provider of a product or service. ... A soft drink is a drink that contains no alcohol. ... The Coca-Cola Company (NYSE: KO) is the largest manufacturer, distributor and marketer of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups in the world. ...

Legality

While boycotts are generally legal in developed countries, some restrictions may apply. For instance, it may be unlawful for a union to order the boycott of companies that supply items to the organization.

For United States citizens, the antiboycott provisions of the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) apply to all "U.S. persons," defined to include individuals and companies located in the United States and their foreign affiliates. These persons are subject to the law when their activities relate to the sale, purchase, or transfer of goods or services (including information) within the United States or between the U.S. and a foreign country. This covers U.S. exports and imports, financing, forwarding and shipping, and certain other transactions that may take place wholly offshore.^[1]

See also

• Economic secession
• Embargo
• List of boycotts
• Moral purchasing
• Montgomery bus boycott
• 1973 oil crisis
• Nestlé boycott
• Non-violent resistance
• Primary boycott
• Secondary boycott
• Stop Esso campaign
• Support Denmark Movement
• Tax resistance

Economic secession is a term that John T. Kennedy introduced to refer to a libertarian/anarchist activist technique. ... This article is about the economic term. ... This is a list of boycotts. ... Ethical consumerism is the practice of boycotting products which a consumer believes to be associated with unnecessary exploitation or other unethical behaviour. ... Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man. ... -1... The Nestlé boycott is a boycott launched on July 4, 1977 in the United States against the Swiss based Nestlé corporation. ... Nonviolent resistance (or nonviolent action) is the practice of applying power to achieve socio-political goals through symbolic protests, economic or political noncooperation, civil disobedience and other methods, without the use of physical violence. ... Primary boycott. ... A secondary boycott is an attempt by labor to convince others to stop doing business with a particular firm because that firm does business with another firm that is the subject of a strike and/or a primary boycott. ... Greenpeace protest against Esso The Stop Esso campaign is a campaign by Greenpeace, Friends of the Earth and People and Planet aimed at boycotting the oil company Esso because they believe it is doing damage to the environment. ... An example of one of the banners being posted across the web to encourage support for Danish goods. ... A tax resister resists or refuses payment of a tax because of opposition to the institution collecting the tax, or to some of that institution’s policies. ...

External links

• Boycott Aruba--Justice for Natalee Holloway
• Academic Boycott Resource Center
• boycott resources
• List of boycotts at EthicalConsumer.org
• PandGkills Proctor & Gamble boycott
• Baby Milk Action, the secretariat for the International Nestlé Boycott Committee
• The boycott of Israeli universities
• From Budrus to Bil'in to Boycott - The Other Israel
• Protesting Coca-Cola's support for murder in Colombia
• Digital grassroots movement against big oil and gas price gouging
• Othercott - A Christian boycott of the film The Da Vinci Code
• Smart Boycotts

The Da Vinci Code is a 2006 feature film based on the bestselling 2003 novel The Da Vinci Code, by author Dan Brown. ...

Citations

1. ^ U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security. Office of Antiboycott Compliance. Retrieved on March 20, 2006.

• Boycott Israel Campaign. Innovative Minds. Retrieved on February 18, 2006.