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Brachypodium distachyon, commonly called Purple False Brome, is a grass species native to southern Europe, northern Africa and southwestern Asia east to India. It is related to the major cereal grain species wheat, barley, oats, maize, rice, rye, sorghum, and millet. It has many qualities that make it an excellent model organism for functional genomics research in temperate grasses and cereals, including small genome (~355Mbp) diploid accessions, a series of polyploid accessions, a small physical stature, self-fertility, a short lifecycle, simple growth requirements, and an efficient transformation system. Image File history File links IBI_Bd_image. ...
Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. ...
Divisions Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta - liverworts Anthocerotophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adderstongues Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering plants Adiantum pedatum (a fern...
Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also angiosperms or Magnoliophyta) are one of the major groups of modern plants, comprising those that produce seeds in specialized reproductive organs called flowers, where the ovulary or carpel is enclosed. ...
Orders Base Monocots: Acorus Alismatales Asparagales Dioscoreales Liliales Pandanales Family Petrosaviaceae Commelinids: Arecales Commelinales Poales Zingiberales Family Dasypogonaceae Monocotyledons or monocots are a group of flowering plants usually ranked as a class and once called the Monocotyledoneae. ...
Families (APG) Anarthriaceae Bromeliaceae Centrolepidaceae Cyperaceae Ecdeiocoleaceae Eriocaulaceae Flagellariaceae Hydatellaceae Joinvilleaceae Juncaceae Mayacaceae Poaceae Rapateaceae Restionaceae Sparganiaceae Thurniaceae Typhaceae Xyridaceae The Poales is a cosmopolitan order of monocotyledonous flowering plants. ...
Subfamilies There are 7 subfamilies: Subfamily Arundinoideae Subfamily Bambusoideae Subfamily Centothecoideae Subfamily Chloridoideae Subfamily Panicoideae Subfamily Pooideae Subfamily Stipoideae The true grasses are monocotyledonous plants (Class Liliopsida) in the Family Poaceae, also known as Gramineae. ...
In biology, binomial nomenclature is the formal method of naming species. ...
Carolus Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as ▶ (help· info), and in English usually under the Latinized name Carolus Linnaeus (May 23, 1707 – January 10, 1778), the name with which his publications were signed, was a Swedish botanist and physician who laid the foundations for the modern scheme...
A grassy swamp. ...
In biology, a species is the basic unit of biodiversity. ...
World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one. ...
A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. ...
See also: Asian and Eurasian World map showing Asia. ...
Cereal crops are mostly grasses cultivated for their edible seeds (actually a fruit called a grain, technically a caryopsis). ...
Species T. boeoticum T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta References: ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 Wheat (Triticum spp. ...
Binomial name Hordeum vulgare L. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is a major food and animal feed crop, a member of the grass family Poaceae. ...
Species References ITIS 41455 2002-09-22 Oats are the seeds of any of several cereal grains in the genus Avena. ...
Binomial name Zea mays L. Maize (Zea mays ssp. ...
Species Oryza glaberrima Oryza sativa Rice refers to two species (Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima) of grass, native to tropical and subtropical southeastern Asia and to Africa, which together provide more than one fifth of the calories consumed by humans. ...
Binomial name Secale cereale M.Bieb. ...
Species About 20 species, including: Sorghum almum Sorghum bicolor Sorghum caffrorum Sorghum caudatum Sorghum cernuum Sorghum halepense Sorghum nervosum Sorghum nigricans Sorghum nitidum Sorghum propinquum Sorghum roxburghii Hybrids Sorghum × almum Sorghum × drummondii Sorghum is a genus of about 20 species of grasses, native to tropical and subtropical regions of Eastern...
Pearl millet in the field Ripe head of proso millet The millets are a group of small-seeded species of cereal crops, widely grown around the world for food and fodder. ...
A model organism is a species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the model organism will provide insight into the workings of other organisms. ...
Functional genomics is a field of molecular biology that is attempting to make use of the vast wealth of data produced by genome sequencing projects to describe genome function. ...
Genera See: List of Poaceae genera The true grasses are monocot (class Liliopsida) plants of the family Poaceae (formerly Graminae). ...
Cereal crops are mostly grasses cultivated for their edible seeds (actually a fruit called a grain, technically a caryopsis). ...
In biology the genome of an organism is the whole hereditary information of an organism that is encoded in the DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). ...
Diploid (meaning double in Greek) cells have two copies (homologs) of each chromosome (both sex- and non-sex determining chromosomes), usually one from the mother and one from the father. ...
Polyploid (in Greek: πολλαπλόν - multiple) cells or organisms contain more than one copy (ploidy) of their chromosomes. ...
Model organism
Although Brachypodium distachyon has little or no direct agricultural significance, it has several advantages as an experimental model organism for understanding the genetic, cellular and molecular biology of temperate grasses. The relatively small size of its genome makes it useful for genetic mapping and sequencing. At about 355 million base pairs and with five chromosomes, it has a small genome for a grass species. Brachypodium distachyon's small size and rapid life cycle are also advantages. For early-flowering accessions it takes about three weeks from germination to flower. The small size of some accessions makes it convenient for cultivation in a small space. As an invasive plant (weed) it grows easily without specialized growing conditions. A model organism is a species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the model organism will provide insight into the workings of other organisms. ...
Genetics (from the Greek genno γεννώ= give birth) is the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms. ...
Cellular redirects here. ...
Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. ...
Genera See: List of Poaceae genera The true grasses are monocot (class Liliopsida) plants of the family Poaceae (formerly Graminae). ...
In biology the genome of an organism is the whole hereditary information of an organism that is encoded in the DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). ...
In genetics and biochemistry, sequencing means to determine the primary structure (or primary sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer. ...
In genetics, two nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands that are connected via hydrogen bonds are called a base pair (often abbreviated bp). ...
Figure 1: Chromosome. ...
Invasive plants are defined by their ability to invade and disrupt an ecosystem. ...
A weed is an unwanted plant. ...
Brachypodium is emerging as a powerful model with a growing research community. The International Brachypodium Initiative (IBI) held its first genomics meeting and workshop at the PAG XIV conference in San Diego, California in January 2006. The goal of the IBI is to promote the development of B. distachyon as a model system and will develop and distribute genomic, genetic, and bioinformatics resources such as reference genotypes, BAC libraries, genetic markers, mapping populations, and a genome sequence database. Besides researchers already working with B. distachyon, other plant research communities will benefit from the availability of these resources. Nickname: Americas Finest City Motto: Official website: http://www. ...
Bioinformatics or computational biology is the use of techniques from applied mathematics, informatics, statistics, and computer science to solve biological problems. ...
The genotype is the specific genetic makeup (the specific genome) of an individual, usually in the form of DNA. It codes for the phenotype of that individual. ...
External links - Germplasm Resources Information Network: Brachypodium distachyon
- BRACHYPODIUM.ORG - The Brachypodium distachyon Information Resource
- THE INTERNATIONAL BRACHYPODIUM INITIATIVE
- Brachypodium distachyon Genomics Workshop
- Inbred Brachypodium distachyon Lines and Genetic Resources
References - John P. Vogel, David F. Garvin, Oymon M. Leong, Daniel M. Hayden. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and inbred line development in the model grass Brachypodium distachyon. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 11 January, 2006.
- Christiansen P, Andersen CH, Didion T, Folling M, Nielsen KK. A rapid and efficient transformation protocol for the grass Brachypodium distachyon. Plant Cell Rep. 2005 Mar 23(10-11): 751-8. Epub 2004 Oct 19.
- Kjeld C. Engvild. Mutagenesis of the Model Grass Brachypodium distachyon with Sodium Azide. Riso National Laboratory, March 2005.
- Hasterok R, Draper J, Jenkins G. (2004). Laying the cytotaxonomic foundations of a new model grass, Brachypodium distachyon (L.) Beauv. Chromosome Res. 12 (4): 397-403.
- Routledge, APM, Shelley, G, Smith, JV, Talbot, NJ, Draper, J & Mur, LAJ (2004). Magnaporthe grisea interactions with the model grass Brachypodium distachyon closely resemble those with rice (Oryza sativa). Molecular Plant Pathology 5 (4): 253-265.
- Mur LAJ, XU R, Casson SA, Stoddart WM, Routledge APM AND Draper J. Characterization of a proteinase inhibitor from Brachypodium distachyon suggests the conservation of defence signalling pathways between dicotyledonous plants and grasses. Molecular Plant Pathology 5 (4): 267-280.
- Draper J, Mur LA, Jenkins G, Ghosh-Biswas GC, Bablak P, Hasterok R, Routledge AP. (2001). Brachypodium distachyon. A new model system for functional genomics in grasses. Plant Physiol. 127 (4): 1539-55.
- Catalán P and Olmstead RG. (2000). Phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus Brachypodium P. Beauv. (Poaceae) from combined sequences of chloroplast ndhF gene and nuclear ITS. Plant Systematics and Evolution 220: 1-19.
- Catalan P, Shi Y, Armstrong L., Draper J, Stace CA. (1995). Molecular phylogeny of the grass genus Brachypodium p-beauv based on RFLP and RAPD analysis. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 117: 263-280.
- Bablak P, Draper J, Davey MR., Lynch, PT. (1995). Plant regeneration and micropropagation of Brachypodium distachyon. Plant Cell and organ culture 97: 107.
- Hsiao C, Chatterton NJ, Asay KH, Jensen KB. (1994). Phylogenetic relationships of 10 grass species: an assessment of phylogenetic utility of the internal transcribed spacer region in nuclear ribosomal DNA in monocots. Genome 37 (1): 112-20.
- Shi Y, Draper J, & Stace C. (1993). Ribosomal DNA variation and its phylogenetic implication in the genus Brachypodium (Poaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 188: 125-138.
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