Itaipu

Brazilian science and technology has achieved in the last decades a significant position in the international arena. Download high resolution version (1024x768, 451 KB)Itaipu power plant. ... Download high resolution version (1024x768, 451 KB)Itaipu power plant. ...

History

Brazilian science effectively began only in the first decades of the 19th century, when the Portuguese royal family, headed by D. João VI, arrived in Rio de Janeiro, escaping from the invasion of Napoleon's army in 1807. Until then, Brazil was not much more than a poor colony, without universities, printing presses, libraries, museums, etc., in stark contrast to the former colonies of Spain, which had universities since the 16th century. This was a deliberate policy of the Portuguese colonial power, because they feared that the appearance of educated Brazilian classes would boost nationalism and aspirations toward political independence, as it had happened in the USA and several Latin American former Spanish colonies. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... John VI, King of Portugal (13 May 1767 – 26 March 1826) KG KGF (Portuguese João, pron. ... This article is about the Brazilian city. ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... Year 1807 (MDCCCVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ... This article is about a type of political territory. ... Representation of a university class, 1350s. ... The printing press is a mechanical device for printing many copies of a text on rectangular sheets of paper. ... For other uses, see Library (disambiguation). ... The Louvre Museum in Paris, one of the largest and most famous museums in the world. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ... Brazilian War of Independence in 1821-1825 was fought between colonial Brazil and Portugal. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ...

Some feeble attempts of having a Brazilian science establishment were made around 1783, with the expedition of Portuguese naturalist Alexandre Rodrigues, who was sent by Portugal's prime minister, the Marquis of Pombal, to explore and identify Brazilian fauna, flora and geology. His collections, however, were lost to the French, when Napoleon invaded, and were transported to Paris by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. In 1772, the first learned society, the Sociedade Scientifica, was founded in Rio de Janeiro, but lasted only until 1794. Also, in 1797, the first botanic institute was founded in Salvador, Bahia. 1783 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Marquis of Pombal, or Marquês de Pombal, (13 May 1699 - 15 May 1782) was a Portuguese politician and statesman, prime minister of king Joseph I of Portugal throughout his reign. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... An engraving of Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. ... Year 1772 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1794 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1797 (MDCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 11-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Salvador and Baía de Todos os Santos from space, April 1997 Salvador (in full, São Salvador da Baía de Todos os Santos, or in literal translation: Holy Savior of All Saints Bay) is a city on the northeast coast of Brazil and the capital of the northeastern... Flag of Bahia See other Brazilian States Capital Salvador Largest City Salvador Area 564 273 km² Population   - Total   - Density 13 070 250 23. ...

D. João IV gave impetus to all these accoutrements of European civilization to Brazil. In a short period (between 1808 and 1810, the government founded the Royal Naval Academy and the Royal Military Academy (both military schools), the Biblioteca Nacional, the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden, the Medico-Chirurgical School of Bahia, currently known as Faculdade de Medicina under harbour of Universidade Federal da Bahia and the Medico-Chirurgical School of Rio de Janeiro (Faculdade de Medicina of Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro). For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Year 1808 (MDCCCVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The Biblioteca Nacional (National Library in Portuguese) is the depository of the bibliographic and documentary heritage of Brazil. ... Jardim Botânico The Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden was founded in 1808 by John VI of Portugal. ... Flag of Bahia See other Brazilian States Capital Salvador Largest City Salvador Area 564 273 km² Population   - Total   - Density 13 070 250 23. ... The Universidade Federal da Bahia (Federal University of Bahia or UFBA) is a public university located in Salvador, state of Bahia, Brazil. ... The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Portuguese: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ) is the largest federal university of Brazil, where state-owned colleges are the best and most qualified institutions. ...

The First Empire

After independence from Portugal, declared by the King's son, D. Pedro I (who became the new country's first Emperor), his policies concerning higher learning, science and technology came to a relative standstill. In the first two decades of the century, science in Brazil was mostly carried out by temporary scientific expeditions by European naturalists, such as Charles Darwin, Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied, Carl von Martius, Johann Baptist von Spix, Alexander Humboldt, Augustin Saint-Hilaire, Baron Grigori Ivanovitch Langsdorff, Friedrich Sellow, Fritz Müller, Hermann von Ihering, Émil Goeldi and others. This science was mostly descriptive of the fantastic Brazilian biodiversity of its flora and fauna, and also its geology, geography and anthropology, and until the creation of the National Museum, the specimens were mostly removed to European institutions. Brazilian expeditions were rare, the most significant one being that of Martim Francisco de Andrada e Silva and José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva, in 1819. Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil (pron. ... An emperor is a (male) monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. ... Table of natural history, 1728 Cyclopaedia Natural history is an umbrella term for what are now often viewed as several distinct scientific disciplines of integrative organismal biology. ... For other people of the same surname, and places and things named after Charles Darwin, see Darwin. ... Prince Alexander Philipp Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied (1782 - 1867) was a German explorer. ... Carl F.P. von Martius Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (April 17, 1794–December 13, 1868) was a German botanist and explorer. ... Johann Baptist von Spix (February 9, 1781 - March 14, 1826) was a German naturalist. ... Friedrich Heinrich Alexander, Baron von Humboldt, (September 14, 1769, Berlin–May 6, 1859, Berlin), was a German naturalist and explorer, and the younger brother of the Prussian minister, philosopher and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt. ... Augustin François César Prouvençal de Saint-Hilaire (1799-1853), French botanist and traveller, was born at Orleans on October 4, 1799. ... Georg Heinrich von Langsdorff, Baron de Langsdorff (b. ... Friedrich Sellow (var. ... Johann Friedrich Theodor Müller PhD (March 31, 1821–May 21, 1897), always known as Fritz, was a German biologist who emigrated to Brazil, where he studied the natural history of the Amazon rainforest and was an early advocate of evolutionary theory. ... Hermann von Ihering Hermann von Ihering (1850 - 1930) was a German-Brazilian zoologist. ... Émil August Goeldi (var. ... Rainforests are among the most biodiverse ecosystems on earth Biodiversity is the variation of taxonomic life forms within a given ecosystem, biome or for the entire Earth. ... In Botany a Flora (or Floræ) is a collective term for plant life and can also refer to a descriptive catalogue of the plants of any geographical area, geological period, etc. ... Fauna is a collective term for animal life. ... This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Anthropology (from Greek: ἀνθρωπος, anthropos, human being; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the study of humanity. ... José Bonifácio de Andrade e Silva (June 13, 1763 – April 6, 1838), Brazilian statesman and naturalist, was born at Santos, São Paulo. ... 1819 common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

In the educational area, the first law schools were founded in 1827 in Recife and São Paulo, but for decades to come, most Brazilian lawyers still studied at European universities, such as the famous University of Coimbra. // A law school is an institution where future lawyers obtain legal degrees. ... Year 1827 (MDCCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Nickname: Motto: Ut luceat omnibus Latin: That it may shine on all (Matthew 5:15) Location in Brazil Country Region State Pernambuco Founded March 12, 1537 Incorporated (as village) 1709 Incorporated (as city) 1823 Government  - Mayor João Paulo Lima e Silva (PT) Area  - City 218 km²  (84. ... This article is about the city. ... The University of Coimbra (Portuguese: Universidade de Coimbra) is a Portuguese public university in Coimbra, Portugal. ...

The Second Empire

Things started to change after 1841, when the eldest son of D. Pedro I, Emperor D. Pedro II came to the throne when he was 15 years old. He already had 34 wives and 16 children. In the next 50 years, Brazil enjoyed a stable constitutional monarchy. D. Pedro II was an enlightened monarch who favored the arts, literature, science and technology and had extensive international contacts in these areas. The mainstay of Brazilian science and the seat of its first research laboratories was the National Museum Museu Nacional) in Rio de Janeiro, in existence until today. D. Pedro developed a strong personal interest and selected and invited many august European scientific personalities, such as von Ihering and Goeldi, to work in Brazil. Romania was then established. He and his ministers, courtesans and senators often attended scientific conferences in the Museum. There, the first laboratory of physiology was founded in 1880, under João Baptista de Lacerda and Louis Couty. Unfortunately, the creation of research universities and institutes would only occur on the beginning of the 20th century - a long delay for the education, science and technology in Brazil. 1841 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Dom Pedro II (pron. ... Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A constitutional monarchy is a form of government established under a constitutional system which acknowledges an elected or hereditary monarch as head of state, as opposed to an absolute monarchy, where the monarch is not bound by a... For other uses, see Monarch (disambiguation). ... This article is about the philosophical concept of Art. ... Old book bindings at the Merton College library. ... Part of a scientific laboratory at the University of Cologne. ... By the mid 20th century humans had achieved a mastery of technology sufficient to leave the surface of the Earth for the first time and explore space. ... The Museu Nacional main historical building The Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro is a centenarian museum and research institution, located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Year 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... João Batista de Lacerda (12th July 1846, Campos dos Goytacazes; 6th August 1915, Rio de Janeiro), was a physician and one of the pioneer Brazilian biomedical scientists in the fields of experimental physiology and pharmacology. ... Louis Couty Louis Couty (b. ... A university is an institution of higher education and of research, which grants academic degrees. ... A research institute is a establishment endowed for doing research. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...

Organization

Brazil has today a well developed organization of science and technology.

Basic research is largely carried out in public universities and research centers and institutes, and some in private institutions, particularly in non-profit non-governmental organizations. Thanks to governmental regulations and incentives, however, since the 1990s is has been growing in the private universities and companies, as well. Accordingly, more than 90% of funding for basic research comes from governmental sources. Representation of a university class, 1350s. ... A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an organization which is not a part of a government. ... For the band, see 1990s (band). ...

Applied research, technology and engineering is also largely carried out in the university and research centers system, contrary-wise to more developed countries such as the United States, South Korea, Germany, Japan, etc. The reasons for these are many, but the main ones are:

• Few Brazilian private companies are competitive and rich enough for having their own R&D&I, they usually develop products by means of technology transfer from other companies, usually foreign ones;
• The high-technology private sector in Brazil is dominated by large multinational companies, which usually have their R&D&I centers overseas, and, with a few exceptions, do not invest in their Brazilian branches.

However, there is a significant trend reversing this now. Companies such as Motorola, Samsung, Nokia and IBM have established large R&D&I centers in Brazil, starting with IBM, which had established an IBM Research Center in Brazil since the 1970s. One of the incentive factors for this, besides the relatively lower cost and high sophistication and skills of Brazilian technical manpower, has been the so-called Informatics Law, which exempts from certain taxes up to 5% of the gross revenue of high technology manufacturing companies in the fields of telecommunications, computers, digital electronics, etc. The Law has attracted annually more than 1,5 billion dollars of investment in Brazilian R&D&I. Multinational companies have also discovered that some products and technologies designed and developed by Brazilians have a nice competitivity and are appreciated by other countries, such as automobiles, aircraft, software, fiber optics, electric appliances, and so on. The phrase research and development (also R and D or R&D) has a special commercial significance apart from its conventional coupling of scientific research and technological development. ... Motorola Inc. ... Samsung Group is one of the largest South Korean business groupings. ... This article is about the telecommunications corporation. ... For other uses, see IBM (disambiguation) and Big Blue. ... Telecommunication involves the transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication. ... This article is about the machine. ... A digital circuit that acts as a binary clock, hand-wired on a series of breadboards Digital electronics are electronics systems that use digital signals. ... “Car” and “Cars” redirect here. ... “Flying Machine” redirects here. ... Computer software (or simply software) refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of a computer for some purpose. ... Fiber Optic strands An optical fiber in American English or fibre in British English is a transparent thin fiber for transmitting light. ...

During the 1980s, Brazil pursued a policy of protectionism in computing. Companies and administrations were required to use Brazilian software and hardware, with imports subject to governmental authorization. This encouraged the growth of Brazilian companies but, in spite of their development of products like MSX clones and SOX Unix, the Brazilian consumers of computing were suffering of lesser offer comparing to foreign competitors. The government little by little authorized more and more imports until the barriers were removed. Brazil's IT industry has achieved some remarkable feats, particularly in the area of software. In 2002, Brazil staged the world's first 100% electronic election with over 90% of results in within 2 hours. The system is particularly suited to a country with relatively high illiteracy rates since it flashes up a photograph of the candidate before a vote is confirmed. Citizens could download a desktop module that relayed the votes to their homes in realtime faster than the news networks could get them out. President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva recently (2005)launched a "people's computer" to foster digital inclusion, with government finance available and a fixed minimum configuration. Having rejected the Microsoft operating system (Windows XP Starter Edition), it is being shipped with a Brazilian-configured Linux system offering basic functions such as word processing and internet browsing. Plans to make cheap internet access available have not yet come to fruition. Protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between nations, through methods such as high tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, a variety of restrictive government regulations designed to discourage imports, and anti-dumping laws in an attempt to protect domestic industries in a particular nation from foreign take-over... Sony MSX 1, Model HitBit-10-P MSX was the name of a standardized home computer architecture in the 1980s. ... SOX was a name of a UNIX clone developed from scratch in Brazil in late 1980s by Computadores e Sistemas Brasileiros SA (now Cobra Tecnologia), under the leadership of Ivan da Costa Marques. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... A typical Windows XP desktop. ...

Funding

Brazilian funding for research, development and innovation comes from six main sources:

1. Government (federal, state and municipal) sources. There are a number of state organizations which were created mostly in the 1950s specifically for directly promoting and funding R&D&I, such as the National Research Council (CNPq), which is now named Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and the National Agency for Financing Studies and Researches (FINEP), both a part of the Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT). MCT is a relatively novel ministry, having being created in 1990. Before this, CNPq was the only research granting institution at federal level, working directly under the Presidency of Republic. At state level, almost all states have founded their own public foundations for support of R&D&I, following the pioneering (and highly successful) example of São Paulo state, which created the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) in 1962. Usually these foundations are guaranteed by changes in the state constitutions, along the 1980s and 1990s.
2. Indirect funding through the budgets of public and private universities, institutes and centers. Some universities, such as UNICAMP, have their own internal agencies, foundations and funds set apart and managed with the purpose of supporting R&D&I by their faculties and students.
3. Public companies, such as Embrapa (Brazilian Enterprise for Agricultural Research). Their source of revenue are the government itself (via budgetary allocations by ministries and state secretaries) and investment of a part of products and services sold.
4. Industrial, commercial and services private companies, usually for their own R&D&I centers, or via some fiscal benefit (tax exemption laws), such as the Informatics Law.
5. National private and non-for-profit associations and foundations, via statutory mechanisms or donations by private individuals or companies. An example is the Banco do Brasil Foundation
6. Funding by other nations, international organizations and multilateral institutions, such as Rockefeller Foundation, Ford Foundation, Inter-American Development Bank, World Bank, UNESCO, UNDP, World Health Organization, World Wildlife Foundation, Kellog's Foundation, Melinda and Bill Gates Foundation, US National Science Foundation, Volkswagen Foundation, just to name a few of the more important ones in the history of Brazilian science and technology.

The 1950s decade refers to the years 1950 to 1959 inclusive. ... The Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (National Council of Scientific and Technological Development -- CNPq) is a organization of the Brazilian federal government under the Ministry of Science of Technology, devoted to funding of science and technology in the country. ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... Flag of São Paulo See other Brazilian States Capital São Paulo Largest City São Paulo City Area 248,176. ... Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (Foundation for Research Support of the State of São Paulo, or FAPESP) is a public foundation located in São Paulo, Brazil, with the aim of providing grants, funds and programs to support research, education and innovation of... Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The State University of Campinas (Universidade Estadual de Campinas, shorlty Unicamp) is one of the public universities of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. ... The Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Brazilian Enterprise of Agropecuary Research) is a state-owned company affiliated to the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, which is devoted to pure and applied research on agriculture. ... The Rockefeller Foundation (RF) is a prominent philanthropic organization based at 420 Fifth Avenue, New York City. ... The Ford Foundation is a charitable foundation based in New York City created to fund programs that promote democracy, reduce poverty, promote international understanding, and advance human achievement. ... The Inter-American Development Bank (preferred abbreviation: IDB; but frequently given as IADB), was established in 1959 to support Latin American and Caribbean economic/social development and regional integration by lending mainly to public institutions. ... ‹ The template below is being considered for deletion. ... UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ... The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the largest multilateral source of grant technical assistance in the world. ... “WHO” redirects here. ... The logo of the National Science Foundation The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent United States government agency that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering. ...

Timeline

• 1916: Creation of the Brazilian Society of Sciences, today Brazilian Academy of Sciences (ABC)
• 1917: Beginning of the publication of the Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
• 1920: Foundation of the University of Brazil, current Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)
• 1923: Creation of the Brazilian Society of Chemistry (SBCh)
• 1923: Foundation of the Radio Society of Rio de Janeiro, the first radio broadcasting station still working under the name Rádio MEC in Rio de Janeiro
• 1924: Creation of the Brazilian Association of Education
• 1925: Institution of the Einstein Prize, in reason of his visit to Brazil
• 1930: Creation of the National Institute of Weights and Standards, today National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality (Inmetro)
• 1934: Creation of the University of São Paulo (USP)
• 1948: Creation of the Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science (SBPC)
• 1949: Creation of the Brazilian Center for Physics Research (CBPF)
• 1951: Creation of the National Research Council (CNPq)
• 1952: Creation of the National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA)
• 1953: Foundation of the Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology (CTA)
• 1956: Creation of the National Commission of Nuclear Energy (CNEN)
• 1961: Creation of the National Institute for Space Research (INPE)
• 1962: Creation of the São Paulo State Foundation for Research Support (FAPESP)
• 1962: Creation of the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP)
• 1967: Creation of National Agency for Financing Research and Projects (FINEP)

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... The Brazilian Academy of Sciences (Portuguese: Academia Brasileira de Ciências or ABC) is the national academy of Brazil. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Portuguese: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ) is the largest federal university of Brazil, where state-owned colleges are the best and most qualified institutions. ... Year 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Radio broadcasting can be done via cable FM, local wire networks, satellite and the Internet. ... Year 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Central plaza at USPs main campus at São Paulo City, showing the Clock Tower The University of São Paulo (in Portuguese Universidade de São Paulo; USP) is one of the three public universities funded by the State of São Paulo. ... Year 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência (Portuguese for Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science) is a Brazilian scientific society created in 1948 by several prominent scientists, with the aim of promoting science, culture and education in the country by means of publications, conferences and political actions on... Year 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Brazilian Center for Physics Research (Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas or CBPF) is a physics research center sponsored by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), linked to the Ministry of Science and Technology. ... Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology (Comando-Geral de Tecnologia Aerospacial - CTA) is the national military research center for aviation and space flight of the Federative Republic of Brazil and subordinated to the Brazilian Air Force. ... Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The National Institute for Space Research (INPE) is a search unit of the Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT), whose main goals lie in fostering scientific research and technological applications and in qualifying personnel in the fields of Space and Atmospheric Sciences and Applications and Space Engineering and Space... Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The State University of Campinas (Universidade Estadual de Campinas, shorlty Unicamp) is one of the public universities of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. ... Year 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ...

Important universities

Public universities, institutes and colleges

• IME - Instituto Militar de Engenharia (Military Institute of Engineering)
• ITA - Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (Aeronautics Technological Institute)
• UERJ - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (State University of Rio de Janeiro)
• UFBA - Universidade Federal da Bahia (Federal University of Bahia)
• UFES - Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (Federal University of Espírito Santo)
• UFF - Universidade Federal Fluminense (Federal University of Fluminense)
• UFMG - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Federal University of Minas Gerais)
• UFPE - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (Federal University of Pernambuco)
• UFPR - Universidade Federal do Paraná (Federal University of Paraná)
• UFRGS - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul)
• UFRJ - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro)
• UFRN - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte)
• UFSC - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (Federal University of Santa Catarina)
• UFSCAR - Universidade Federal de São Carlos (Federal University of São Carlos)
• UFV - Universidade Federal de Viçosa (Federal University of Viçosa)
• UnB - Universidade de Brasília (University of Brasília)
• UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista (São Paulo State University)
• UNICAMP - Universidade Estadual de Campinas (State University of Campinas)
• UNIFESP - Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Federal University of São Paulo)
• USP - Universidade de São Paulo (University of São Paulo)

The Instituto Tecnólogico de Aeronáutica (Aeronautics Technological Institute - ITA) is an engineering college maintained by the Brazilian federal government with the support of the Brazilian Air Force. ... The Universidade Federal da Bahia (Federal University of Bahia or UFBA) is a public university located in Salvador, state of Bahia, Brazil. ... The Fluminense Federal University (Universidade Federal Fluminense, UFF) is one of the three federally-funded public universities in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ... The Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Federal University of Minas Gerais or UFMG) is a public university (and therefore it does not charge any tuition for the enrolled students) located in Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. ... The Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), in English Federal University of Pernambuco, is located in Recife and was estabilished in 1946. ... UFPR - Campus Santos Andrade The Universidade Federal do Paraná (Federal University of Paraná) was founded in 19 December of 1912, in Curitiba. ... The Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (Portuguese Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS in shorthand) is among the largest federal universities of Brazil, where public universities are often among the most qualified institutions. ... The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Portuguese: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ) is the largest federal university of Brazil, where state-owned colleges are the best and most qualified institutions. ... Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) is a public Brazilian university funded by the Brazilian federal government, located in the city of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. ... Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina is a public university located at Florianópolis, the capital city of Santa Catarina State in southern Brazil. ... The Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) was created in 1970 and is located in São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil. ... Universidade Federal de Viçosa (Federal University of Viçosa) - UFV - is a public federal university located in the city of Viçosa, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. ... The University of Brasília (in Portuguese: Universidade de Brasília, known simply as UnB), is one of the largest and one of the most respected public Federally-sponsored universities in Brazil, located in the countrys capital, Brasília. ... The University which spans the whole State of São Paulo - UNESP RECTORY (São Paulo City) By its multicampus nature, UNESP promotes education, research and services to the community statewide. ... Main entrance of the Campinas campus Universidade Estadual de Campinas (State University of Campinas), shortly Unicamp, is one of the public universities of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. ... Unifesp (Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Federal University of São Paulo; also Escola Paulista de Medicina - School of Medicine of São Paulo), is a university in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, offering courses of life sciences. ... The University of São Paulo (Universidade de São Paulo, USP) is one of the three public universities funded by the State of São Paulo. ...

Private universities

• PUC-PR - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná)
• PUC-SP - Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo)
• PUCCamp - Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas)
• PUC-RJ - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro)
• UCB - Universidade Católica de Brasília - (Catholic University of Brasília)
• PUC-MG - Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais)
• PUC-RS - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul)
• ULBRA - Universidade Luterana do Brasil (Lutheran University of Brazil)
• Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie (Mackenzie Presbyterian University)

The Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, PUC-SP) is one of the largest private universities in the State of São Paulo. ... Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (Pontificial Catholic University of Campinas) is a denominational university based in the city of Campinas, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... The Catholic University of Brasília is located in Brasília, capital of Brazil, and is administered by UBEC (Brasiliense Association for education and culture), founded at 1972 by the Maristas, Lassalistas, Salesianos and Estigmatinos. ... The Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, PUC-MG) is a private and non-profit Catholic university. ... The Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (Portuguese Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS in shorthand) is the largest private university of Brazil, and is the first university founded by the order of the Marist Brothers[4]. Its main campus is located in... The Universidade Luterana do Brasil (Lutheran University of Brazil, also known as Ulbra) is a university located in the city of Canoas, in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. ... Mackenzie Presbyterian University is a private university in São Paulo, Brazil. ...

Research and development institutes

• Instituto Butantan - São Paulo
• Eldorado Institute - Campinas
• Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Rio de Janeiro
• Instituto Adolfo Lutz - São Paulo
• Instituto Agronômico de Campinas - Campinas
• Edumed Institute for Education in Medicine and Health - Campinas
• Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi - Belém
• Centro de Pesquisas Renato Archer - Campinas
• Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Telecomunicações - Campinas
• INPE - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - São José dos Campos
• Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology (CTA) - São José dos Campos
• Instituto de Pesquisas em Energia Nuclear - São Paulo
• Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron - Campinas
• Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Brasília
• Instituto de Pesquisas da Amazônia - Manaus
• Instituto Evandro Chagas - Belém
• Instituto Atlântico - Fortaleza

Instituto Butantan is a Brazilian biomedical research center affiliated to the São Paulo State Secretary of Health. ... The Eldorado Research Institute (In Portuguese: Instituto de Pesquisas Eldorado) is a non-profit research, development and innovation institution located in Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. ... Instituto Oswaldo Cruz is a scientific institution for research and development in biomedical sciences located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ... The Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (Agronomical Institute of Campinas -- IAC) is a research and development institution affiliated to the Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios (São Paulo Agency of Agrobusiness Technology), of the Secretary of Agriculture of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, with headquarters... Categories: Stub ... The main building of the Museum, photographed in 1917 Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi is a Brazilian research institution and museum located in the city of Belém, state of Pará. It was founded in 1866 as the Pará Museum of Natural History and Ethnography, and later named in honour... The Centro de Pesquisas Renato Archer (CenPRA) is a research and development center of the Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT), previously named Fundação Centro Tecnológico para Informática (CTI), which was founded 1982. ... The Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Telecomunicações (CPqD) is a Brazilian research and development institution in telecommunications. ... The National Institute for Space Research (INPE) is a search unit of the Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT), whose main goals lie in fostering scientific research and technological applications and in qualifying personnel in the fields of Space and Atmospheric Sciences and Applications and Space Engineering and Space... The Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology (Comando-Geral de Tecnologia Aerospacial - CTA) is the national military research center for aviation and space flight of the Federative Republic of Brazil and subordinated to the Brazilian Air Force. ... Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron (LNLS) is the Brazilian National Laboratory of Synchrotron Light, a research institution on physics located in the subdistrict of Barão Geraldo of the city of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil. ... The Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Brazilian Enterprise of Agropecuary Research) is a state-owned company affiliated to the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, which is devoted to pure and applied research on agriculture. ... The National Institute of Amazonian Research (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia or INPA) is a public educational and research Institution in Manaus, Brazil. ...

Scientific societies

• Brazilian Academy of Sciences
• Brazilian Society for Health Informatics
• Academia Nacional de Medicina
• Brazilian Computer Society
• Federação das Sociedades de Biologia Experimental
• Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência
• Brazilian Telecommunications Society
• Brazilian Power Electronics Society - SOBRAEP

The Brazilian Academy of Sciences (Portuguese: Academia Brasileira de Ciências or ABC) is the national academy of Brazil. ... Created in November 1983 in Campinas, during the First Brazilian Congress on Health Informatics, this professional society has the mission of promoting the development and the interchange of ideas and results in the fields devoted to the information technologies applied to the health sciences (Medical informatics, Telemedicine, Bioinformatics, etc. ... Academia Nacional de Medicina is the Brazilian National Academy of Medicine, a body composed by the most august representatives of Brazilian medicine. ... The Brazilian Computer Society (Portuguese: ) was established in 1978, as a scientific and educational organization dedicated to the advancement of Computer Science in Brazil and the associated technologies and applications. ... Poster of FeSBE 2005 Annual Meeting The Federação das Sociedades de Biologia Experimental (Federation of Experimental Biology Societies, in Portuguese language, acronym is FeSBE) is a Brazilian scientific association which federates a number of the mainstream specialized societies in experimental biology and medicine. ... Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência (Portuguese for Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science) is a Brazilian scientific society created in 1948 by several prominent scientists, with the aim of promoting science, culture and education in the country by means of publications, conferences and political actions on... The Brazilian Telecommunications Society (Portuguese: Sociedade Brasileira de Telecomunicações or SBrT) is a scientific academy of Brazil. ...

Important Brazilian scientists and technologists

• Aziz Ab'Saber - geographer
• Carlos Chagas - physician, discoverer of the Chagas disease
• César Lattes - physicist, codiscoverer of the pion (pi-meson)
• Eduardo Krieger - physician and physiologist, president of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences
• Fritz Köberle - physician and pathologist, discoverer of the neural mechanism of the Chagas disease
• Jacob Palis - mathematician
• Jayme Tiomno - physicist
• José Humberto Sobral - atmosferic and space science researcher
• José Leite Lopes - physicist
• José Reis - virologist
• Marcelo Damy de Souza Santos - physicist
• Mário Schenberg - astrophysicist
• Maurício Rocha e Silva - physician and pharmacologist, codiscoverer of bradykinin
• Miguel Rolando Covian - physician and physiologist, father of Brazilian neurophysiology
• Milton Santos - geographer
• Newton da Costa - mathematician
• Oscar Sala - nuclear physicist
• Oswaldo Cruz - physician and epidemiologist
• Paulo Freire - educator
• Renato Sabbatini - one of the founders of medical informatics in Brazil
• Roberto Salmeron - nuclear physicist
• Sérgio Henrique Ferreira - physician and pharmacologist
• Vital Brazil - physician and immunologist, discoverer of snake antivenoms
• Warwick Estevam Kerr - biologist and geneticist

Aziz Nacib AbSaber (pron. ... Carlos Justiniano Ribeiro Chagas (born July 9, 1879, Oliveira, Minas Gerais, Brazil; died November 8, 1934, Rio de Janeiro), was a Brazilian physician. ... César Lattes in 1987 Cesare Mansueto Giulio Lattes (b. ... In particle physics, pion (short for pi meson) is the collective name for three subatomic particles: Ï€0, Ï€+ and π−. Pions are the lightest mesons and play an important role in explaining low-energy properties of the strong nuclear force. ... Eduardo M. Krieger Eduardo Moacyr Krieger (b. ... Fritz Köberle (b. ... Jacob Palis, Jr. ... Jayme Tiomno (b. ... José Leite Lopes (b. ... José Reis (b. ... Marcelo Damy de Souza Santos (b. ... Mário Schenberg, (b. ... Maurício Oscar da Rocha e Silva (b. ... Spacefilling model of bradykinin Bradykinin is a physiologically and pharmacologically active peptide of the kinin group of proteins, consisting of nine amino acids. ... Miguel R. Covian Miguel Rolando Covian (1913-1992), was an Argentinian/Brazilian physiologist and medical educator and writer. ... Milton Santos (born May 3, 1926 in Brotas de Macaúbas, Bahia, Brazil, died June 24, 2001) was a geographer but your formation is a lawyer. ... Newton Carneiro Affonso da Costa (born on 16 September in 1929 in Curitiba, Brazil), Professor Emeritus, is a Brazilian mathematician, logician, and philosopher of international reputation. ... Oscar Sala (b. ... Oswaldo Gonçalves Cruz (b. ... Paulo Freire (Recife, Brazil September 19, 1921 - São Paulo, Brazil May 2, 1997) was a Brazilian educator and is a highly influential theorist of education. ... Renato M.E. Sabbatini Renato Marcos Endrizzi Sabbatini, Brazilian biomedical and computer scientist, educator, science writer, entrepreneur and administrator, born in Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil, on 20 February 1947. ... Roberto Salmeron (b. ... Sérgio Henrique Ferreira (b. ... Vital Brazil Mineiro da Campanha (b. ... Antivenom (or antivenin, or antivenene) is a biological product used in the treatment of venomous bites or stings. ... Warwick Estevam Kerr. ...

External links

• The Museu Nacional and its European employees. Jens Andermann
• The Museu Nacional at Rio de Janeiro. Jens Andermann
• The Brazilian Centre of Physical Research.

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