NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Brezhnev

Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons. Please see its description page there. To play the audio file do not click on the -image. Look for a Listen-link near this icon. Click on the back button of your browser to go back to the article and try again...

listen^? ( Russian (русский язык) Spoken in: The Russian Federation ( Russian (русский язык) Spoken in: Russia and many other countries Region: Eastern Europe and Asia Total speakers: 280 million Ranking: 4-7 Genetic classification... Russian: Леони́д Ильи́ч Бре́жнев) ( December 19 is the 353rd day of the year (354th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 12 days remaining. December Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19... December 19, Years: 1903 1904 1905 - 1906 - 1907 1908 1909 Decades: 1870s 1880s 1890s - 1900s - 1910s 1920s 1930s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1906 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1906 – November 10 is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 51 days remaining. November Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20... November 10, 1982 is a number and represents a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar Years: 1979 1980 1981 - 1982 - 1983 1984 1985 Decades: 1950s 1960s 1970s - 1980s - 1990s 2000s 2010s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1982 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and... 1982) was effective ruler of the Soviet redirects here. For other uses, see Soviet (disambiguation). The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) .( Russian (русский язык) Spoken in: Russia and many other countries Region: Eastern Europe and Asia Total speakers: 280 million Ranking: 4-7 Genetic classification: Indo... Soviet Union from Years: 1961 1962 1963 - 1964 - 1965 1966 1967 Decades: 1930s 1940s 1950s - 1960s - 1970s 1980s 1990s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1964 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1964 to 1982 is a number and represents a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar Years: 1979 1980 1981 - 1982 - 1983 1984 1985 Decades: 1950s 1960s 1970s - 1980s - 1990s 2000s 2010s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1982 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and... 1982, though at first in partnership with others. He was The General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (sometimes called First Secretary) was the title synonymous with leader of the Soviet Union after Lenins death in 1924. The position was originally an administrative one when it was created in 1922 with Stalin being the first to... General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from Years: 1961 1962 1963 - 1964 - 1965 1966 1967 Decades: 1930s 1940s 1950s - 1960s - 1970s 1980s 1990s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1964 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1964 to 1982 is a number and represents a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar Years: 1979 1980 1981 - 1982 - 1983 1984 1985 Decades: 1950s 1960s 1970s - 1980s - 1990s 2000s 2010s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1982 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and... 1982, and was twice Chairman of the Presidium of the The Supreme Soviet (Верховный Совет, Verhovniy Sovet, literally the Supreme Council) comprised the highest legislative body in the Soviet redirects here. For other uses, see Soviet (disambiguation). The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) .( Russian (рус... Supreme Soviet (head of state), from Years: 1957 1958 1959 - 1960 - 1961 1962 1963 Decades: 1930s 1940s 1950s - 1960s - 1970s 1980s 1990s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1960 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1960 to Years: 1961 1962 1963 - 1964 - 1965 1966 1967 Decades: 1930s 1940s 1950s - 1960s - 1970s 1980s 1990s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1964 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1964 and from For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). Years: 1974 1975 1976 - 1977 - 1978 1979 1980 Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1977 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics... 1977 to 1982 is a number and represents a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar Years: 1979 1980 1981 - 1982 - 1983 1984 1985 Decades: 1950s 1960s 1970s - 1980s - 1990s 2000s 2010s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1982 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and... 1982.

Rise to power

Brezhnev was born in Kamenskoye (now Dniprodzerzhyns'k) in Ukraine (Україна, Ukrayina in Ukrainian; Украина in Russian) is a republic in eastern Europe which borders Russia to the east, Belarus to the north, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest and... Ukraine, the son of a steel worker. His real surname is Brezhnyov (Брежнёв) and he was known as such until Years: 1953 1954 1955 - 1956 - 1957 1958 1959 Decades: 1920s 1930s 1940s - 1950s - 1960s 1970s 1980s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1956 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1956. Despite his birthplace he was an ethnic Russian, but retained specific Ukrainian Pronunciation refers to: the way a word or a language is usually spoken; the manner in which someone utters a word. Introduction A word can be spoken in different ways by different individuals, depending on many factors, such as the time in which they grew up, the area in which... pronunciation and manners for his whole life. Like many working class youth in the years after the [edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:History_of_Russia&action=edit)] History of Russia Early East Slavs Khazars Kievan Rus Volga Bulgaria Mongol invasion Golden Horde Muscovy Crimean Khanate Imperial Russia Revolution of 1905 Revolution of 1917 Civil War Soviet Union Russian Federation The Russian Revolution... Russian Revolution, he received a technical education, at first in land management and then in metallurgy. He graduated from the Dneprodzerzhinsk Metallurgical Institute and became an engineer in the iron and steel industries of eastern Ukraine. He joined the For other usage of the initials CPSU see CPSU can refer to: Communist Party of the Soviet Union Community and Public Sector Union in Australia This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. If an article link referred... Communist Party youth organisation, the Komsomol (Комсомол) is a syllabic abbreviation word, from the Russian (русский язык) Spoken in: Russia and many other countries Region: Eastern Europe and Asia Total speakers: 280 million Ranking: 4-7 Genetic classification: Indo... Komsomol in Years: 1920 1921 1922 - 1923 - 1924 1925 1926 Decades: 1890s 1900s 1910s - 1920s - 1930s 1940s 1950s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1923 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1923 and the Party itself in 1931 is a common year starting on Thursday. Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s Years: 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1931 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics... 1931.

In Years: 1932 1933 1934 - 1935 - 1936 1937 1938 Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s - 1930s - 1940s 1950s 1960s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1935 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1935- Years: 1933 1934 1935 - 1936 - 1937 1938 1939 Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s - 1930s - 1940s 1950s 1960s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1936 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 36 Brezhnev was drafted for obligatory army service, and after taking courses at a tank school he served as a A political commissar is an officer appointed by a communist party to oversee a unit of the military. They were first used in the Red Army by Leon Trotsky, who faced the task of integrating Czarist officers and troops into the new Red Army, while ensuring their loyalty. The political... political commissar in a tank company. Later in Years: 1933 1934 1935 - 1936 - 1937 1938 1939 Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s - 1930s - 1940s 1950s 1960s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1936 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1936 he became director of the Dneprodzerzhinsk Metallurgical Technical College. In 1936 he was transferred to the regional centre of REDIRECT Dnipropetrovsk ... Dnepropetrovsk and in Years: 1936 1937 1938 - 1939 - 1940 1941 1942 Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s - 1930s - 1940s 1950s 1960s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1939 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1939 he became Party Secretary in Dnepropetrovsk, in charge of the city's important defence industries.

Brezhnev belonged to the first generation of Soviet Communists who had no adult memories of Russia before the revolution, and who were too young to have participated in the leadership struggles in the Communist Party which followed Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Russian: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Ле́нин), original surname Ulyanov (Улья́нов) (April 22 (April 10 (O.S.)), 1870 – January 21, 1924), was... Lenin's death in Years: 1921 1922 1923 - 1924 - 1925 1926 1927 Decades: 1890s 1900s 1910s - 1920s - 1930s 1940s 1950s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1924 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1924. By the time Brezhnev joined the Party, Joseph Stalin Iosif (Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვილი... Joseph Stalin was its undisputed leader, and Brezhnev and many young Communists like him grew up as unquestioning Stalinists. Those who survived Stalin's The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please help by reporting disputed passages and terms on the talk page. The Great Purge is the name given to campaigns of repression in the Soviet Union during the late 1930s which included a purge of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union... Great Purge of Years: 1934 1935 1936 - 1937 - 1938 1939 1940 Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s - 1930s - 1940s 1950s 1960s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1937 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1937- Years: 1936 1937 1938 - 1939 - 1940 1941 1942 Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s - 1930s - 1940s 1950s 1960s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1939 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 39 gained rapid promotions, since the Purges opened up many positions in the senior and middle ranks of the Party and state.

In June 1941 is also the title of a Steven Spielberg movie made in 1979 see 1941 (film). Years: 1938 1939 1940 - 1941 - 1942 1943 1944 Decades: 1910s 1920s 1930s - 1940s - 1950s 1960s 1970s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1941 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and... 1941 History of Germany series Franks Holy Roman Empire German Confederation German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi Germany Nazi Germany (WWII) Germany since 1945 Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist... Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union and, like most middle-ranking Party officials, he was immediately drafted (his orders are dated June 22nd). Brezhnev worked to evacuate Dnepropetrovsk's industries to the east of the Soviet Union before the city fell to the Germans on August 26 is the 238th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (239th in leap years). There are 127 days remaining. August Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19... August 26, and then was assigned as a A political commissar is an officer appointed by a communist party to oversee a unit of the military. They were first used in the Red Army by Leon Trotsky, who faced the task of integrating Czarist officers and troops into the new Red Army, while ensuring their loyalty. The political... political commissar (Russian A political commissar is an officer appointed by a communist party to oversee a unit of the military. They were first used in the Red Army by Leon Trotsky, who faced the task of integrating Czarist officers and troops into the new Red Army, while ensuring their loyalty. The political... politruk). In October Brezhnev was made deputy head of political administration for the Southern Front, with the rank of Brigade-Commissar.

In Years: 1939 1940 1941 - 1942 - 1943 1944 1945 Decades: 1910s 1920s 1930s - 1940s - 1950s 1960s 1970s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1942 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1942, with Ukraine completely lost, Brezhnev was sent to the The Caucasus is a region in eastern Europe and western Asia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which includes the Caucasus mountains and surrounding lowlands. It is occasionally considered part of Central Asia. The highest peak is Elbrus (5642m), which is also considered to be the highest mountain... Caucasus as deputy head of political administration of the Transcausasian Front. In April 1943 is a common year starting on Friday. Years: 1940 1941 1942 - 1943 - 1944 1945 1946 Decades: 1910s 1920s 1930s - 1940s - 1950s 1960s 1970s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1943 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics... 1943 he became head of the Political Department of the 18th Army. Later that year the 18th Army became part of the 1st Ukrainian Front, as the Red Army regained the initiative and advanced westwards through Ukraine. The Front's senior political commissar was Nikita Khrushchev in 1962 Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (Russian: Ники́та Серге́евич Хрущёв) (nih-KEE-tah khroo-SHCHYOFF) (April 17, 1894 – September 11, 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union... Nikita Khrushchev, who became an important patron of Brezhnev's career. At the end of the war in Europe Brezhnev was chief political commissar of the 4th Ukrainian Front, which entered For other uses, see Prague (disambiguation). Statistics Area: 496 km² Population: 1,169,106 (2001) Map Prague (Praha in Czech) is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. Situated on the Vltava river in central Bohemia, it is home to approximately 1.2 million inhabitants. (It can be... Prague after the German surrender.

In August 1946 is the common year starting on Tuesday. (see link for calendar) Years: 1943 1944 1945 - 1946 - 1947 1948 1949 Decades: 1910s 1920s 1930s - 1940s - 1950s 1960s 1970s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1946 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport... 1946 Brezhnev left the Red Army with the rank of Insignia of a United States Air Force Major General German Generalmajor Insignia Major General is a military rank used in many countries. It is derieved from the older rank of Sergeant Major General. A major general is a high-ranking officer subordinate to a full General. In the United States... Major General. He had spent the entire war as a commissar, rather than a military commander. After working on reconstruction projects in Ukraine he again became First Secretary in Dnepropetrovsk. In Years: 1947 1948 1949 - 1950 - 1951 1952 1953 Decades: 1920s 1930s 1940s - 1950s - 1960s 1970s 1980s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1950 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1950 he became a deputy of the The Supreme Soviet (Верховный Совет, Verhovniy Sovet, literally the Supreme Council) comprised the highest legislative body in the Soviet redirects here. For other uses, see Soviet (disambiguation). The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) .( Russian (рус... Supreme Soviet, the Soviet Union's decorative parliament. Later that year he was appointed Party First Secretary in Република Советикэ Сочиалистэ Молдовеняскэ (In Detail) (In Detail) State motto: Проле... Soviet Moldavia, which had been annexed from Romania (formerly spelled Rumania or Roumania) is a country in southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Ukraine and Moldova in the northeast, Hungary and Serbia in the west and Bulgaria to the south. Romania also has a stretch of sea coast on the Black Sea. România (Flag) (Coat of... Romania and was being incorporated into the Soviet Union. In Years: 1949 1950 1951 - 1952 - 1953 1954 1955 Decades: 1920s 1930s 1940s - 1950s - 1960s 1970s 1980s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1952 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1952 he became a member of the Communist Party's The 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China meets in 2002 The Central Committee is a leading body of an organization, most often a political party, especially Communist parties. However other organizations have Central Committees such as the Mennonite church (see Mennonite Central Committee) and Alcoholics Anonymous. There... Central Committee and was introduced as a candidate member into the Presidium (formerly the Politburo is short for Political Bureau. The term originates either from the Russian Politicheskoe Byuro, which contracts to Politbyuro, or from the German Politbüro. A Politburo is the executive organization for a number of political parties, most notably for Communist Parties. In Marxist-Leninist states, the party is seen... Politburo).

Brezhnev and Khrushchev

Leonid Brezhnev in the 1950s. According to the laws of the Soviet Union, all works published before May 27, 1973 were not protected by copyright and were thus in the public domain. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this...

Brezhnev in the 1950s

Stalin died in March 1953 is a common year starting on Thursday. Years: 1950 1951 1952 - 1953 - 1954 1955 1956 Decades: 1920s 1930s 1940s - 1950s - 1960s 1970s 1980s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1953 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics... 1953, and in the reorganisation that followed the Presidium was abolished and a smaller Politburo reconstituted. Although Brezhnev was not made a Politburo member, he was instead appointed head of the Political Directorate of the Army and the Navy, with rank of Lieutenant-General, a very senior position. This was probably due to the new power of his patron Khrushchev, who had succeeded Stalin as Party General Secretary. In Years: 1952 1953 1954 - 1955 - 1956 1957 1958 Decades: 1920s 1930s 1940s - 1950s - 1960s 1970s 1980s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1955 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1955 he was made Party First Secretary of Kazakhstan (Kazakh: Қазақстан, Qazaqstan; Russian: Казахстан, Kazakhstán), also spelled Kazakstan, is a country that stretches over a vast expanse of Asia and a former republic of the now extinct USSR. A portion of... Kazakhstan, also an important post.

In February Years: 1953 1954 1955 - 1956 - 1957 1958 1959 Decades: 1920s 1930s 1940s - 1950s - 1960s 1970s 1980s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1956 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1956 Brezhnev was recalled to For other uses, see Moscow can refer to the following locations: Moscow - the capital of Russia Moscow, Idaho - a city in Idaho, in the United States Moscow, Kansas - a city in Kansas, in the United States Moscow, Maine - a city in Maine, in the United States Moscow, Ohio - a city... Moscow, promoted to candidate member of the Politburo and given control of the defence industry, the From World War II until its breakup, the Soviet Union undertook projects to build rockets, craft, and instruments for war and exploration of space. Soviet Soyuz rockets like the one pictured above were the first reliable means to transport objects into Earth orbit. The Soviet space program was shrouded in... space program, heavy industry, and capital construction. He was now a senior member of Khrushchev's entourage, and in June Years: 1954 1955 1956 - 1957 - 1958 1959 1960 Decades: 1920s 1930s 1940s - 1950s - 1960s 1970s 1980s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1957 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1957 he backed Khrushchev in his struggle with the Stalinist old guard in the Party leadership, the so-called " The Anti-Party Group was an epithet used by Nikita Khrushchev to describe Stalinist members of the Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, led by Vyacheslav Molotov, Lazar Kaganovich and Georgii Malenkov, who attempted to depose him as First Secretary of the Party in May 1957. The... Anti-Party Group" led by Vyacheslav Molotov Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Molotov (Russian: Вячесла́в Миха́йлович Мо́лотов) (vyah-cheh-SLAHF mih-KHY-lo-vihch MOL-uh-tawf) (February 25, 1890 (O.S.) (March... Vyacheslav Molotov, Georgy Malenkov Georgy Maximilianovich Malenkov (Гео́ргий Максимилиа́нович Маленко́в) (GHYOR-ghee mah-leen-KOF) (January 13 [January 8, Old Style], 1902... Georgy Malenkov and Lazar Kaganovich Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich (Ла́зарь Моисе́евич Кагано́вич) (November 22, 1893–July 25, 1991) was a Soviet politician and a supporter of Joseph Stalin. In... Lazar Kaganovich. Following the defeat of the old guard Brezhnev became a full member of the Politburo.

In Years: 1956 1957 1958 - 1959 - 1960 1961 1962 Decades: 1920s 1930s 1940s - 1950s - 1960s 1970s 1980s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1959 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1959 Brezhnev became Second Secretary of the Central Committee and in May Years: 1957 1958 1959 - 1960 - 1961 1962 1963 Decades: 1930s 1940s 1950s - 1960s - 1970s 1980s 1990s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1960 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1960 was promoted to the post of President of the The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (Президиум Верховного Совета СССР in Russian, or Prezidium Verkhovnogo Soveta) was a Soviet governmental body. The... Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, making him nominal head of state. Although real power resided with Khrushchev as Party Secretary, the presidential post allowed Brezhnev to travel abroad, and he began to develop the taste for expensive western clothes and cars for which he later became notorious.

Until about Years: 1959 1960 1961 - 1962 - 1963 1964 1965 Decades: 1930s 1940s 1950s - 1960s - 1970s 1980s 1990s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1962 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1962 Khrushchev's position as Party leader was secure, but as the leader aged he grew more erratic and his performance undermined the confidence of his fellow leaders. The Soviet Union's mounting economic problems also increased the pressure on Khrushchev's leadership. Outwardly, Brezhnev remained conspicuously loyal to Khrushchev, but in Years: 1960 1961 1962 - 1963 - 1964 1965 1966 Decades: 1930s 1940s 1950s - 1960s - 1970s 1980s 1990s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1963 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1963 he became involved in the plot, instigated by Anastas Mikoyan Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan (Անաստաս Հովհաննեսի Միկոյան in Armenian; Анаста́с Ива́нович Ми... Anastas Mikoyan, to remove the leader from power. In that year Brezhnev succeeded Frol Kozlov, Khrushchev's protege, as Secretary of the Central Committee, making him Khrushchev's likely successor. On October 14 is the 287th day of the year (288th in Leap years). There are 78 days remaining. October Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23... October 14, Years: 1961 1962 1963 - 1964 - 1965 1966 1967 Decades: 1930s 1940s 1950s - 1960s - 1970s 1980s 1990s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1964 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1964, while Khrushchev was on holiday, the conspirators struck and removed him from office. Brezhnev became Party First Secretary, Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin (Алексе́й Никола́евич Косы́гин) (1904 - December 18, 1980) was a politician and administrator in the Soviet Union. From 1964 to 1980, Kosygin was Premier... Aleksei Kosygin became Prime Minister and Mikoyan became head of state. (In Years: 1962 1963 1964 - 1965 - 1966 1967 1968 Decades: 1930s 1940s 1950s - 1960s - 1970s 1980s 1990s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1965 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1965 Mikoyan retired and was succeeded by Nikolay Viktorovich Podgorny (Никола́й Ви́кторович Подго́рный) (February 18, 1903–January 12, 1983) was a politician and President of the USSR from 1965 to... Nikolai Podgorny.)

Party leader

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Brezhnev and Gerald Ford in Vladivostok, 1974

During the Khrushchev years Brezhnev had supported the leader's denunciations of Stalin's arbitrary rule, the rehabilitation of many of the victims of Stalin's purges, and the cautious liberalisation of Soviet intellectual and cultural policy. But as soon as he became leader, Brezhnev began to reverse this process. In a May Years: 1962 1963 1964 - 1965 - 1966 1967 1968 Decades: 1930s 1940s 1950s - 1960s - 1970s 1980s 1990s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1965 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1965 speech commemorating the 20th anniversary of defeat of Germany, Brezhnev mentioned Stalin positively for the first time. In April -1... 1966 he took the title General Secretary, which had been Stalin's title. The trial of the writers Yuri Daniel and Andrei Sinyavsky Andrei Donatovich Sinyavsky (Russian language: Андрей Донатович Синявский) (1925 - 1997) was a Russian writer, dissident, gulag survivor, emigrant, Professor of Sorbonne University, magazine founder and publisher. He... Andrei Sinyavsky in -1... 1966 marked the reversion to a repressive cultural policy. Under Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (Ю́рий Влади́мирович Андро́пов), (June 2 (O.S.) = June 15 (N.S.), 1914 - February 9, 1984) was a Soviet politician and General Secretary of... Yuri Andropov the political police (the For other meanings, see KGB may stand for: Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti or KGB, a former Soviet intelligence agency. The callsign of a radio station in San Diego, California. The Kingston and George Bay Railroad, near Lake Superior. This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages... KGB) regained much of the power it had enjoyed under Stalin, although there was no return to the purges of the 1930s and '40s.

The first crisis of Brezhnev's regime came in Years: 1965 1966 1967 - 1968 - 1969 1970 1971 Decades: 1930s 1940s 1950s - 1960s - 1970s 1980s 1990s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1968 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1968, with the attempt by the Communist leadership in Czechoslovakia (Czech: Československo, Slovak: Česko-Slovensko/before 1990 Československo) was a country in Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1992 (except for the World War II period). On January 1, 1993, it peacefully split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, in what was known as the... Czechoslovakia, under Alexander Dubček Alexander Dubček (November 27, 1921 _ November 7, 1992) was a Slovak politician and briefly leader of Czechoslovakia (1968-1969). An overview of his functions: 1951-1955 and 1960_1968 and 1969-1970: member of/ in 1969 speaker of the federal parliament (National Assembly, since... Alexander Dubček, to liberalize the Communist system (see This article refers to a period of history of Czechoslovakia in 1968. For the music festival of the same name, see Prague Spring International Music Festival. Czechs in a café watch Soviet tanks roll past The Prague Spring (Czech, Pražské jaro) was a period of political liberalization in... Prague Spring). In July Brezhnev publicly criticised the Czech leadership as " Revisionism is a word which has several meanings. Among historians, revisionism has traditionally been used in a completely neutral sense to describe the work or ideas of a historian who has revised a previously accepted view of a particular topic. As historical research techniques change many fields of research go... revisionist" and "anti-Soviet," and in August he orchestrated the Map of Warsaw Pact member countries. The Warsaw Pact or Warsaw Treaty, officially named the Treaty of friendship, co-operation and mutual assistance was a military alliance of the Eastern European Soviet Bloc countries, who intended to organize against the perceived threat from the NATO alliance (which had been established... Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia and the removal of the Dubček leadership. The invasion led to public protests by A dissident is a person who actively opposes the established order. The term is most often used to refer to political dissidents, usually against authoritarian regimes. Political dissidents usually use non-violent means of political dissent, including voicing criticism of the government, but dissidents can also attempt to displace or... dissidents in the Soviet Union. Brezhnev's assertion that the Soviet Union had the right to interfere in the internal affairs of its satellites to "safeguard socialism" became known as the The Brezhnev Doctrine was a Soviet policy doctrine, introduced by Leonid Brezhnev in a speech at the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers Party on November 13, 1968, which stated: When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism, it... Brezhnev Doctrine, although it was really a restatement of existing Soviet policy, as Khrushchev had shown in The Republic of Hungary (Magyar Köztársaság) or Hungary (Magyarország) is a A landlocked country is one that has no coastline. There are 42 landlocked countries in the world. A landlocked sea is a sea that is not connected to the oceans: the... Hungary in Years: 1953 1954 1955 - 1956 - 1957 1958 1959 Decades: 1920s 1930s 1940s - 1950s - 1960s 1970s 1980s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1956 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1956.

Brezhnev as Marshal of the Soviet Union. He infamously awarded himself numerous medals in an attempt to exaggerate his military background.

Under Brezhnev relations with The Peoples Republic of China (PRC) comprises most of the cultural, historic, and geographic area known as This article is on the geographic and cultural entity. For other meanings, see ... China (disambiguation). ... ... The The Great Wall of China (TC: 長城; SC: 长城, Pinyin: Chángchéng), also... China continued to deteriorate, following the All people of the world unite, to overthrow American imperialism, to overthrow Soviet revisionism, to overthrow the reactionaries of all nations! (Chinese poster, 1969) The Sino-Soviet split was a conflict between the Soviet Union and the Peoples Republic of China, beginning in the late 1950s, reaching a peak... Sino-Soviet split which had broken out in the early 1960s. In Years: 1962 1963 1964 - 1965 - 1966 1967 1968 Decades: 1930s 1940s 1950s - 1960s - 1970s 1980s 1990s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1965 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1965 Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai Order: 1st Premier Term of Office: October 1, 1949 - January 8, 1976 Successor: Hua Guofeng Date of Birth March 5, 1898 Place of Birth: Huaian, Jiangsu Wife: Deng Yingchao Political Party: Communist Zhou Enlai (Simplified Chinese: 周恩来; Traditional Chinese: 周恩來; pinyin: Zhōu... Zhou Enlai visited Moscow for discussions, but there was no resolution of the conflict. In Years: 1966 1967 1968 - 1969 - 1970 1971 1972 Decades: 1930s 1940s 1950s - 1960s - 1970s 1980s 1990s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1969 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1969 Soviet and Chinese troops fought a series of clashes along their border on the The Ussuri River (Chinese: Wūsūlǐ Jīang 乌苏里江, Russian: река Уссури) is a river in south east Russia, flowing north, forming part of the Chinese border, to the Amur River. It is approximately... Ussuri River. Brezhnev also continued Soviet support for The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (Vietnamese Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa), also known as North Vietnam, was founded by Ho Chi Minh and was recognized by China and the USSR in 1950. In 1954 after the defeat of France at the Battle... North Vietnam in the The Vietnam War Conflict Vietnam War, part of the This article is part of the series Cold War This article is part of the series Cold War 1947-1953 1953-1962 1962-1991 Contents // 1 Czarist Russia and the West 2 The Bolshevik Revolution 3 The Wartime alliance 4 The... Vietnam War. On January 22 is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 343 days remaining (344 in leap years). January Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19... January 22, 1969, a Soviet Army officer, Viktor Ilyin, tried to This article is about those who carry out assassinations and their history. For other meanings of the word assassin, see Assassin (disambiguation) Jack Ruby assassinated Lee Harvey Oswald in a very public manner. In its most common use, assassin has come to mean someone who kills (assassinates) an important person... assassinate Brezhnev.

The thawing of Sino-American relations refers to interstate relations between the United States and China. Most analysts have characterized present Sino-American relations as complex and multi-faceted, with the U.S. and the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) being neither allies nor enemies. At the same time, it is generally... Sino-American relations beginning in 1971 is a common year starting on Friday (click for link to calendar). Years: 1968 1969 1970 - 1971 - 1972 1973 1974 Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1971 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail... 1971, however, marked a new phase in international relations. To prevent the formation of an anti-Soviet U.S.-China alliance, Brezhnev opened a new round of negotiations with the U.S. In May 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. Years: 1969 1970 1971 - 1972 - 1973 1974 1975 Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1972 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television... 1972 President Richard Nixon Order: 37th President Term of Office: January 20, 1969–August 9, 1974 Predecessor: Lyndon B. Johnson Successor: Gerald R. Ford Date of Birth: January 9, 1913 Place of Birth: Yorba Linda, California Date of Death: April 22, 1994 Place of Death: New York, New York First Lady... Richard Nixon visited Moscow, and the two leaders signed the SALT I is the common name for the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks from 1969–1972 between the United States and the Soviet Union which resulted in a number of agreements relating to the offensive nuclear arsenals of the two nations and a reduction of the nuclear arms race. It... Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I), marking the beginning of the "détente" era. The The Paris Peace Accords were signed in 1973 by the governments of North Vietnam, South Vietnam, and the United States with the intent to stop the continued aggression between the two Vietnams that had become the Vietnam War. They were signed in Paris, France. Peace talks in Paris had been... Paris Peace Accords of January 1973 was a common year starting on Monday. Years: 1970 1971 1972 - 1973 - 1974 1975 1976 Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1973 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Canada - Sport Lists... 1973 officially ended the Vietnam War, removing a major obstacle to Soviet-U.S. relations. In May Brezhnev visited West Germany was the informal but almost universally used name for the Federal Republic of Germany from 1949 until 1990, during which years the Federal Republic did not yet include East Germany. Since the German reunification of 1990, the Federal Republic of Germany is informally called simply Germany. The Federal... West Germany, and in June he made a state visit to the U.S.

The high point of the Brezhnev "detente" era was the signing of the The Helsinki Accords is the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe held in Helsinki in 1975 between the United States and Canada, the Soviet Union and the countries of Europe, including Turkey but not Albania. The civil rights portion of the agreement provided the basis... Helsinki Final Act in Years: 1972 1973 1974 - 1975 - 1976 1977 1978 Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1975 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1975, which recognised the postwar frontiers in eastern and central Europe and in effect legitimised Soviet hegemony over the region. In exchange, the Soviet Union agreed that "participating States will respect human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief, for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion." But these undertakings were never honoured, and political opposition to the detente process mounted in the U.S. as optimistic rhetoric about the "relaxation of tensions" was not matched by any internal liberalisation in the Soviet Union or its satellites. The issue of the right to emigrate for Soviet Main article: Jew Jewish religion Etymology of Jew · Who is a Jew? Jewish leadership · Jewish culture Jewish ethnic divisions Ashkenazi (German and E. Europe) Mizrahi (Arab and Oriental) Sephardi (Iberian) Temani (Yemenite) · Beta Israel Jewish populations Israel · United States · Russia/USSR Germany · France ... Jews became an increasing irritant in Soviet relations with the U.S. A summit between Brezhnev and President Gerald Ford White House Portrait Order: 38th President Term of Office: August 9, 1974–January 20, 1977 Predecessor: Richard M. Nixon Successor: James E. Carter Date of Birth: Monday, July 14, 1913 Place of Birth: Omaha, Nebraska First Lady: Elizabeth Ann Betty (Bloomer) Ford Profession: Lawyer Political Party: Republican... Gerald Ford in Vladivostok Train Station Vladivostok (Russian: Владивосто́к) is a city in Russia. It is the home port of the Russian Navys Pacific Fleet and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai. The citys name means controlling the East in... Vladivostok in November 1974 is a common year starting on Tuesday (click on link for calendar). Years: 1971 1972 1973 - 1974 - 1975 1976 1977 Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1974 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail... 1974 failed to resolve these issues. (See According to the 1974 Trade act, the Jackson-Vanik amendment, named for its major co-sponsors, Sen. Henry Scoop Jackson (D-WA) and Rep. Charles Vanik (D-OH), denied normal trade relations to certain countries with non-market economies that restricted emigration rights. Normal trade relations would be extended to... Jackson-Vanik amendment)

In the 1970s the Soviet Union reached the peak of its political and strategic power in relation to the U.S. The SALT I treaty effectively established parity in nuclear weapons between the two superpowers, the Helsinki Treaty legitimised Soviet hegemony over eastern Europe, and the U.S. defeat in Vietnam and the The Watergate building. The Watergate scandal (or just Watergate) was an American political scandal and constitutional crisis of the 1970s, which eventually led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon. The affair was named after the hotel where the burglary that led to a series of investigations occurred. Contents // 1... Watergate scandal weakened the prestige of the U.S. Under Admiral Sergei Gorshkov the Soviet Union also became a global naval power for the first time. The Soviet Union extended its diplomatic and political influence in the A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. The Middle East is a... Middle East and ... World map showing location of Africa Download high resolution version (741x800, 113 KB) This image page contains items that originally came from a NASA website or publication. All works created by NASA are in the public domain, with the exception of the usage-restricted NASA logo, because works created by... Africa, and through its proxy For other uses, see Cuba (disambiguation). The Republic of Cuba is an archipelago in the northern Caribbean that lies between the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. To the north are found the United States and the Bahamas, to the west Mexico, to the south the... Cuba successfully intervened militarily in the Years: 1972 1973 1974 - 1975 - 1976 1977 1978 Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1975 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1975 civil war in This article is about the nation, for the prison see Angola Prison Angola is a maritime country in southwestern Africa bordering Namibia, Congo-Brazzaville and Zambia and with a west coast along the Portuguese colony, it has considerable natural resources, among which oil and diamonds are the most relevant. The... Angola and the For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). Years: 1974 1975 1976 - 1977 - 1978 1979 1980 Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1977 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics... 1977- Years: 1975 1976 1977 - 1978 - 1979 1980 1981 Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1978 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 78 Ethiopia-Somalia War.

Meanwhile Brezhnev consolidated his domestic position. In June 1977 he forced the retirement of Podgorny and became once again The Presidium or Praesidium (from Latin praesidium meaning protection or defense so plural presidia or praesidia) is the name for the executive committee of various legislative and organizational bodies. In Communist states the presidium was the permanent executive committee of legislative bodies such as the Supreme Soviet in the USSR... Chairman of the Presidium of the The Supreme Soviet (Верховный Совет, Verhovniy Sovet, literally the Supreme Council) comprised the highest legislative body in the Soviet redirects here. For other uses, see Soviet (disambiguation). The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) .( Russian (рус... Supreme Soviet, making this position equivalent to that of an executive president. Although Kosygin remained as Prime Minister until shortly before his death in 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. Years: 1977 1978 1979 - 1980 - 1981 1982 1983 Decades: 1950s 1960s 1970s - 1980s - 1990s 2000s 2010s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1980 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics... 1980, Brezhnev was clearly dominant in the leadership from For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). Years: 1974 1975 1976 - 1977 - 1978 1979 1980 Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1977 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics... 1977 onwards. In May 1976 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). Years: 1973 1974 1975 - 1976 - 1977 1978 1979 Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1976 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation... 1976 he made himself a Marshal of the Soviet Union Semyon Timoshenko in dress uniform The rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union (Russian: Marshal Sovietskogo Soyuza, Маршал Совет́ского Союза) was in practice the highest military... Marshal of the Soviet Union, the first "political Marshal" since the Stalin era. Since Brezhnev had never held a military command, this step aroused resentment among professional officers, but their power and prestige under Brezhnev's regime ensured their continuing support.

Crisis of the regime

Both Soviet power internationally and Brezhnev's power domestically, however, rested on a Soviet economy which was stagnant, and which probably went into decline from about 1970 was a common year starting on Thursday. Years: 1967 1968 1969 - 1970 - 1971 1972 1973 Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1970 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics... 1970. There were two fundamental causes for this. Firstly, the Soviet economy, despite Stalin's industrialisation, was still heavily dependent on agriculture. Stalin's Collective farming is an organizational unit in agriculture in which peasants are not paid wages, but rather receive a share of the farms net output. The process of establishing collective farms is called collectivization. The Soviet Union undertook the worlds first campaign of mass collectivization in 1929–... collectivisation of agriculture had effectively destroyed the independent peasantry of the country, and agricultural productivity remained low despite massive state investment. Soviet agriculture increasingly could not feed the urban population, let alone provide for the rising standard of living which the regime promised as the fruits of "mature socialism," and on which industrial productivity depended.

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Brezhnev towards the end of his life

The second problem was that the Soviet industrial economy built by Stalin in the 1930s, and rebuilt after World War II, was incapable of modernisation or technical innovation, since it was governed by the state plan rather than responding to market signals, and had no incentives for innovation or efficiency. The end of the purges, in the absence of any other method of renewing personnel, meant that the Party, state and industrial bureaucracies aged and stagnated and were not replaced. Although the regime promised rising standards of living, it was unable to produce the consumer goods which would provide workers with an incentive to improve productivity and earn higher wages.

These factors combined and reinforced each other through the 1970s. The enormous expenditure on the armed forces and on prestige projects such as the space programme, aggravated by the need to import food grains at high market prices, reduced the scope for investment in industrial modernisation or improving standards of living. Public housing and the state health and education systems deteriorated, further reducing morale and productivity among the urban population. The response was a huge "informal economy" to provide a market for limited consumer goods and services. This fostered official corruption on a huge scale, something which had been unknown in earlier Soviet periods. Brezhnev set the tone in this with his conspicuous tastes in foreign cars and clothes.

President Jimmy Carter and Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev sign the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II) treaty, June 16, 1979, in Washington, D.C. Photo Credit: Bill Fitz-Patrick This work is in the public domain because it is a work of the United States federal Government. This...

Carter and Brezhnev sign the SALT II treaty, June 16 is the 167th day of the year in the The Gregorian calendar is the calendar currently used in the Western world. A modification of the Julian calendar, it was first proposed by the Neapolitan doctor Aloysius Lilius, and was decreed by Pope Gregory XIII, for whom it was... 16 June 1979 is a common year starting on Monday. Years: 1976 1977 1978 - 1979 - 1980 1981 1982 Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1979 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics... 1979, in Washington, D.C.

The last years of Brezhnev's rule were marked by a growing Adolf Hitler built a strong cult of personality, based on the Führerprinzip. Cult of personality or personality cult is a derogatory term for what is perceived to be excessive adulation of a single living leader. The term was coined by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev soon after the death of... personality cult, reaching a peak at his 70th birthday in December 1976 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). Years: 1973 1974 1975 - 1976 - 1977 1978 1979 Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1976 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation... 1976. Unlike the cult of Stalin, however, the Brezhnev cult was widely seen as hollow and cynical, and in the absence of the purge could command neither respect nor fear. How much of this Brezhnev was aware of is unclear, since he increasingly preoccupied himself with international summitry (such as the SALT II was a second round of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks from 1972-1979 between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, which sought to curtail the manufacture of strategic nuclear weapons. It was a continuation of progress made during the SALT I talks. An agreement... SALT II treaty, signed with James Earl Carter, Jr. Order: 39th President Term of Office: January 20, 1977–January 20, 1981 Preceded by: Gerald Ford Succeeded by: Ronald Reagan Date of birth: October 1, 1924 Place of birth: Plains, Georgia Date of death: Place of death: First Lady: Rosalynn Carter Political party: Democratic Vice... Jimmy Carter in June 1979 is a common year starting on Monday. Years: 1976 1977 1978 - 1979 - 1980 1981 1982 Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1979 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics... 1979), and ignored domestic matters. These were left to his subordinates, some of whom, like his agriculture chief Mikhail Gorbachev Government portrait of Mikahail Gorbachev This image may not have information on its source. It may be usable under fair use but this has yet to be verified. It might be public domain or under a licence compatible with the GNU FDL. To the uploader: Please provide licensing... Mikhail Gorbachev, became increasingly convinced that fundamental reform was needed. There was, however, no plotting in the leadership against Brezhnev, and he was allowed to grow increasingly feeble and isolated in power as his health declined.

Brezhnev's final and fatal legacy to his successors was the December 1979 is a common year starting on Monday. Years: 1976 1977 1978 - 1979 - 1980 1981 1982 Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1979 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics... 1979 decision to intervene in Afghanistan (Pashtu/Dari-Persian: Afğānistān افغانستان) is a country in Central Asia. It is bordered by Iran in the west, Pakistan in the south and east, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the... Afghanistan, where an unpopular Communist regime was struggling to hold power. This decision was not taken by the Politburo, but by Brezhnev's inner circle at an informal meeting. It led to the sudden end of the detente era, with the imposition of a grain embargo by the U.S., gravely exacerbating the Soviet Union's economic problems. In March 1982 is a number and represents a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar Years: 1979 1980 1981 - 1982 - 1983 1984 1985 Decades: 1950s 1960s 1970s - 1980s - 1990s 2000s 2010s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1982 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and... 1982 Brezhnev suffered a stroke, and thereafter increasingly struggled to retain control. He died of a heart attack on November 1982 is a number and represents a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar Years: 1979 1980 1981 - 1982 - 1983 1984 1985 Decades: 1950s 1960s 1970s - 1980s - 1990s 2000s 2010s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1982 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and... 1982 and was buried in The Moscow Kremlin The Moscow Kremlin (Russian: Московский Кремль) is the best known kremlin (Russian citadel). It is a fortified complex (see Kremlin towers) which includes the Kremlin Palaces and Kremlin Cathedrals, overlooking the Red Square... the Kremlin wall.

Brezhnev ruled the Soviet Union longer than any man except Stalin, but his posthumous reputation is very low, both in Russia and among historians. He is blamed for a prolonged " The stagnation period (застой - zastoy in Russian) refers to a period of crisis in the history of the Soviet Union that started during Leonid Brezhnevs time as chairman of the Communist Party. The beginning of this stagnation may be tentatively marked by the mid_1970s... era of stagnation," in which fundamental economic problems were ignored and the Soviet political system was allowed to decline. His personal vanity and greed are also much criticised. In Brezhnev's defence it may be said that the Soviet Union reached unprecedented levels of power and prestige under his rule, that he was a skillful negotiator on the diplomatic stage, and that the problems of the Soviet economy were inherent in the Soviet socialist system he inherited from Stalin. The task of attempting to reform that system would be left to his much younger eventual successor, Gorbachev.

Encyclopedia > Brezhnev

Rise to power

Brezhnev and Khrushchev

Party leader

Crisis of the regime