NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Brideshead Revisited

Brideshead Revisited, The Sacred & Profane Memories of Captain Charles Ryder is a novel by the English writer Evelyn Waugh, first published in 1945. Waugh wrote that the novel, "deals with what is theologically termed, 'the operation of Grace', that is to say, the unmerited and unilateral act of love by which God continually calls souls to Himself". This is achieved by an examination of the aristocratic Flyte family, as seen by the narrator, Charles Ryder. Image File history File linksMetadata BRIDESHEAD.jpg Summary http://www. ... A novel (from French nouvelle Italian novella, new) is an extended, generally fictional narrative, typically in prose. ... Evelyn Waugh, as photographed in 1940 by Carl Van Vechten Arthur Evelyn St. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ... This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ... The Ancient Greek term aristocracy originally meant a system of government with rule by the best. The word is derived from two words, aristos meaning the best and kratein to rule. Aristocracies have most often been hereditary plutocracies (see below), where a sense of historical gravitas and noblesse oblige demands... The Narrator is the entity within a story that tells the story to the reader. ...

Time included Brideshead Revisited in its list of "All-time 100 Novels." In various letters, Waugh himself refers to the novel a number of times as his "magnum opus"; however, in 1950 he wrote to Graham Greene saying "I re-read Brideshead Revisited and was appalled." In Fathers and Sons (2004), a biography of five generations of the Waugh family, Alexander Waugh (son of Auberon and grandson of Evelyn) quotes Evelyn's preface to the 1960 revised edition of Brideshead. In this preface, Evelyn explains the circumstances in which the novel was written, in the six months between December 1944 and June 1945 following a minor parachute accident. He is mildly disparaging of the novel, saying; "It was a bleak period of present privation and threatening disaster — the period of soya beans and Basic English — and in consequence the book is infused with a kind of gluttony, for food and wine, for the splendours of the recent past, and for rhetorical and ornamental language which now, with a full stomach, I find distasteful." Look up time in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Magnum opus (sometimes Opus magnum, plural magna opera), from the Latin meaning great work,[1] refers to the best, most popular, or most renowned achievement of an author, artist, or composer, and most commonly one who has contributed a very large amount of material. ... 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Image:Grahamg. ... This is an article on biographies. ... This article is an autobiography, and may not conform to Wikipedias NPOV policy. ... Auberon Alexander Waugh (November 17, 1939 â€“ January 16, 2001) was a British author and journalist. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ... The Apollo 15 capsule landed safely despite a parachute failure. ... Binomial name Glycine max Soybeans (US) or soya beans (UK) (Glycine max) are a high-protein legume (Family Fabaceae) grown as food for both humans and livestock. ... Look up Appendix:Basic English word list in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Brideshead Revisited was brought to the screen in the ITV drama serialisation of 1981, produced by Granada Television. A film adaptation of the book is currently in pre-production, scheduled for release in 2008, which will concentrate solely on the relationship between Charles and Julia. It has been suggested that Channel 3 (UK) be merged into this article or section. ... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... 2008 (MMVIII) will be a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Plot summary

After an unpleasant chance first encounter, protagonist and narrator Charles Ryder, a student at an unnamed Oxford University college (though critics have suggested Waugh used Hertford College as his model; in the television series Charles Ryder wears a St Edmund Hall tie), and Lord Sebastian Flyte, the younger son of an aristocratic family and himself an undergraduate at Christ Church, become friends. Sebastian takes Charles to his family's palatial home, Brideshead Castle, where Charles eventually meets the rest of the Flyte family, including Sebastian's sister, Lady Julia Flyte. A protagonist is the central figure of a story. ... The Narrator is the entity within a story that tells the story to the reader. ... The University of Oxford, located in the city of Oxford in England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... Hertford College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. ... St Edmund Hall is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. ... The Ancient Greek term aristocracy originally meant a system of government with rule by the best. The word is derived from two words, aristos meaning the best and kratein to rule. Aristocracies have most often been hereditary plutocracies (see below), where a sense of historical gravitas and noblesse oblige demands... Christ Church Cathedral spire. ...

During the holiday Charles returns home, where he lives with his father. Scenes between Charles and his father Ned (Edward) provide some of the best-known comic scenes in the novel. During the holiday he is called back to Brideshead after Sebastian incurs a minor injury. Sebastian and Charles spend the remainder of the summer together.

Sebastian's family is Catholic. Religious considerations arise frequently among the family, and Catholicism influences their lives as well as the content of their conversations, all of which surprises Charles, who had always assumed Christianity to be "without substance or merit." Sebastian, in some ways a troubled young man, learns to find greater solace in alcohol than in religion, and descends into that habit, drifting away from the family over a two-year period, which occasions Charles' own estrangement from the Flytes. Yet Charles is fated to re-encounter the Flyte family over the years, and eventually forms a relationship with Julia, who by that time is married but separated from the wealthy but uncouth Canadian entrepreneur, Rex Mottram. Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. ... Functional group of an alcohol molecule. ...

Charles plans to divorce his own wife — who has been unfaithful — so he and Julia can marry. However, motivated by a comment by her brother and by her father's deathbed return to the faith, Julia decides that she can no longer live in sin, and for that reason can no longer contemplate marriage to Charles. Lord Marchmain's reception of the sacrament of Extreme Unction also influences Charles, who had been "in search of love in those days" when he first met Sebastian, "that low door in the wall...which opened on an enclosed and enchanted garden," a metaphor that informs the work on a number of levels.¹ Waugh desired that the book should be about the "operation of divine grace on a group of diverse but closely connected characters." For the record label, see Divorce Records. ... Sin is a term used mainly in a religious context to describe an act that violates a moral rule or the state of having committed such a violation. ... In Christian belief and practice, a sacrament is a rite that mediates divine grace, constituting a sacred mystery. ... The Anointing of the Sick is one of the sacraments of the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and some Protestant churches. ...

During the Second World War, Ryder, now an army officer after establishing a career as an architectural artist, is billeted at Brideshead, once home to many of his affections. It occurs to him that builders' efforts were not in vain, even when their purposes may appear, for a time, to be frustrated. Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Look up artist in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Motifs and other points of interest

Catholicism

Taking into account the background of the author, the most significant theme of the book is Catholicism. Evelyn Waugh was a convert to Catholicism and the book is considered to be an attempt to express the Catholic faith in secular literary form. Waugh wrote to his literary agent A. D. Peters, "I hope the last conversation with Cordelia gives the theological clue. The whole thing is steeped in theology, but I begin to agree that the theologians won't recognise it." Considering his readership, who were generally urbane and cosmopolitan, a sentimental or a didactic approach would not have worked. Sentimentalism would have cheapened the story while didacticism would have repelled a secular audience through excessive sermonising. Instead, the book brings the reader, through the narration of the agnostic Charles Ryder, in contact with the severely flawed but deeply Catholic Marchmain family. While many novels of the same era portray Catholics as the flatfooted people put on the spot by brilliant non-believers, Brideshead Revisited turns the table on the agnostic Charles Ryder (and presumably the reader as well) and scrutinises his secular values, which are tacitly portrayed to fall short of the deeper humanity and spirituality of the Catholic faith. As a Christian ecclesiastical term, Catholic - from the Greek adjective , meaning general or universal[1] - is described in the Oxford English Dictionary as follows: ~Church, (originally) whole body of Christians; ~, belonging to or in accord with (a) this, (b) the church before separation into Greek or Eastern and Latin or... Theology (Greek Î¸ÎµÎ¿Ï‚, theos, God, + Î»Î¿Î³Î¹Î±, logia, words, sayings, or discourse) is reasoned discourse concerning religion, spirituality and God or the gods. ... Sentimentalism (literally, appealing to the sentiments), as a literary and political discourse, has occurred much in the literary traditions of all regions in the world, and is central to the traditions of Indian literature, Chinese literature, and Vietnamese literature (such as Ho Xuan Huong). ... Didacticism is an artistic philosophy that emphasizes instructional and informative qualities in literature and other types of art. ... The term agnosticism and the related agnostic were coined by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1869. ... This article concerns secularity, that is, being secular, in various senses. ... Humanity refers to the human race or mankind as a whole, to that which is characteristically human, or to that which distinguishes human beings from other animals or from other animal species primal nature. ... Spirituality, in a narrow sense, concerns itself with matters of the spirit. ...

The Catholic themes of divine grace and reconciliation are pervasive in the book. Most of the major characters undergo a conversion in some way or another. Lord Marchmain, who lived as an adulterer, is reconciled with the Church on his deathbed. Julia, who is involved in an extramarital affair with Charles, comes to feel this relationship is immoral and decides to separate from Charles in spite of her great attachment to him. Sebastian, the charming and flamboyant alcoholic, ends up in service to a monastery while struggling against his alcoholism. Even Cordelia has some sort of conversion: from being the "worst" behaved schoolgirl her headmistress has ever seen, to serving in the hospital bunks of the Spanish Civil War. Most significant is Charles's apparent conversion, which is expressed very subtly (otherwise, it would have been sentimental); at the end of the book, set 19 years after the main thread of the novel, Charles kneels down in front of the tabernacle of the Brideshead chapel and says a prayer with "ancient words newly learned" — implying recent instruction in the catechism. Waugh speaks of his belief in grace in a letter to Lady Mary Lygon: "I believe that everyone in his (or her) life has the moment when he is open to Divine Grace. It's there, of course, for the asking all the time, but human lives are so planned that usually there's a particular time — sometimes, like Hubert, on his deathbed — when all resistance is down and Grace can come flooding in." Aside from Grace and Reconciliation, other Catholic themes in the book are the Communion of Saints, Faith and Vocation. In Christianity, divine grace refers to the sovereign favor of God for humankind, as manifest in the blessings bestowed upon all â€”irrespective of actions (deeds), earned worth, or proven goodness. ... Look up reconcile in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Adultery is voluntary sexual intercourse between a married person and a partner other than the lawful spouse. ... Monastery of St. ... Alcoholism is the consumption of, or preoccupation with, alcoholic beverages to the extent that this behavior interferes with the drinkers normal personal, family, social, or work life, and may lead to physical or mental harm. ... This article is about the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939. ... Codex Manesse, fol. ... In Christianity, divine grace refers to the sovereign favor of God for humankind, as manifest in the blessings bestowed upon all â€”irrespective of actions (deeds), earned worth, or proven goodness. ... The Communion of Saints is the doctrine that the saints (i. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A vocation is an occupation, either professional or voluntary, that is seen to those who carry it out as offering more than simply financial reward. ...

The same themes were criticised by Waugh's contemporaries. Henry Yorke, a fellow novelist, wrote to Waugh, "The end was not for me. As you can imagine my heart was in my mouth all through the deathbed scene, hoping against hope that the old man would not give way, that is, take the course he eventually did." And Edmund Wilson, who had praised Waugh as the hope of the English novel, wrote "The last scenes are extravagantly absurd, with an absurdity that would be worthy of Waugh at his best if it were not — painful to say — meant quite seriously." Henry Green was the nom de plume of Henry Vincent Yorke (October 29, 1905-December 13, 1973) . He was born near Tewkesbury of an educated family with successful business interests in Birmingham. ... Edmund Wilson (May 8, 1895 â€“ June 12, 1972) was an American writer, noted chiefly for his literary criticism. ... // Early novels in English See the article First novel in English. ...

Nostalgia for the Age of English Nobility

The Marchmain Family, to some, is a symbol of a dying breed — the English nobility. One reads in the book that Brideshead has "the atmosphere of a better age," and, referring to the deaths of Lady Teresa Marchmain's brothers in the Great War, "these men must die to make a world for Hooper ... so that things might be safe for the travelling salesman, with his polygonal pince-nez, his fat, wet handshake, his grinning dentures." This is viewed by some as elitism. According to Martin Amis, the book "squarely identifies egalitarianism as its foe and proceeds to rubbish it accordingly."^[1] Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... Theodore Roosevelt wearing pince-nez Pince-nez (also known as Oxford glasses) are a style of spectacles, popular in the 19th century, which are supported without earpieces, by pinching the bridge of the nose. ... A maxillary denture Dentures (also known as dental plates), can be defined as a set of artificial teeth, which are used when a patient has lost real teeth on the mandibular arch, the maxillary arch, or both. ... Elitism is the belief or attitude that the people who are considered to be the elite â€” a selected group of persons with outstanding personal abilities, wealth, specialised training or experience, or other distinctive attributes â€” are the people whose views on a matter are to be taken the most seriously, or... Photo of Martin Amis by Robert Birnbaum Martin Amis (born August 25, 1949) is an English novelist. ... Egalitarianism (derived from the French word Ã©gal, meaning equal or level) is the moral doctrine that people should be treated as equals, in some respect. ...

Charles and Sebastian's relationship

The precise nature of Charles' and Sebastian's relationship remains a topic of considerable debate; are they simply close friends, or does Waugh mean to imply a physical relationship between the characters? Given that much of the first half of the novel circles around the initial encounter, friendship, and falling-away of these central characters, this issue continues to pique the curiosity of readers. Homosexuality refers to sexual interaction and / or romantic attraction between individuals of the same sex. ...

A frequent interpretation is that Charles and Sebastian had a passionate yet platonic relationship, an immature albeit strongly felt attachment that prefigures future heterosexual relationships. Indeed Cara, Lord Marchmain's mistress, says as much to Charles in the context of the novel itself — that his relationship with Sebastian forms part in a process of emotional development "typical to the English and the Germans". Waugh himself said that "Charles's romantic affection for Sebastian is part due to the glitter of the new world Sebastian represents, part to the protective feeling of a strong towards a weak character, and part a foreshadowing of the love for Julia which is to be the consuming passion of his mature years." Platonic idealism is the theory that the substantive reality around us is only a reflection of a higher truth. ... Heterosexuality is a sexual orientation characterized by esthetic attraction, romantic love or sexual desire exclusively for members of the opposite sex or gender, contrasted with homosexuality and distinguished from bisexuality and asexuality. ...

Others draw an alternative conclusion from the line "our naughtiness was high on the list of grave sins", although the "naughtiness" in question could refer to the boys' gluttony, not to mention the sloth and greed that characterize their carefree days, rather than homosexual acts per se. The latter interpretation is supported by the fact that a minor character, Anthony Blanche, is portrayed as unambiguously homosexual in the book. Gluttony can also refer to a character named Gluttony - a homonculus from the anime series Full Metal Alchemist Gluttony is the over-indulgence and over-consumption of food, drink, or intoxicants to the point of waste. ... Families Megalonychidae Bradypodidae Sloths are medium-sized mammals that live in Central and South America belonging to the families Megalonychidae and Bradypodidae, part of the order Pilosa. ... Greed is called a selfish desire to obtain money, wealth, food, material possessions or any other entity more than one legitimately needs. ...

Television adaptation in 1981

The book was adapted for television by the producer Derek Granger and Martin Thompson after the initial script by John Mortimer had been rejected. It was directed by Charles Sturridge (part of one or more episodes by Michael Lindsay-Hogg, and starred Jeremy Irons as Charles Ryder, Anthony Andrews as Lord Sebastian Flyte, Laurence Olivier as Lord Marchmain, Claire Bloom as Lady Marchmain, Diana Quick as Lady Julia Flyte, and Jane Asher as Celia Ryder; also featuring Phoebe Nicholls as Lady Cordelia Flyte, John Gielgud as Edward Ryder, Simon Jones as Lord Brideshead, Nickolas Grace as Anthony Blanche, Stéphane Audran as Cara, Lord Marchmain's lover, and Charles Keating as Rex Mottram. Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Sir John Clifford Mortimer QC (born 21 April 1923) is an English barrister turned prolific writer and dramatist. ... Charles Sturridge (born June 24, 1951) is a British television and movie director. ... Michael Lindsay-Hogg (born May 5, 1940 in New York City to actress Geraldine Fitzgerald) is an American television and stage director and an occasional writer and actor. ... Jeremy Irons (born September 19, 1948) is an Oscar, Tony and double-Emmy award winning English film, television and stage actor. ... Anthony Andrews (born on January 12, 1948, London, England) is a British actor, best known for his role in Brideshead Revisited playing the doomed Sebastian Flyte. ... Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier, OM (22 May 1907â€“11 July 1989) was an Academy Award, Golden Globe, BAFTA and four-time Emmy winning English actor, director, and producer. ... Claire Bloom (born Patricia Claire Blume on February 15, 1931) is a British film and stage actress. ... Diana Quick (born on 23 November 1947 in London, England) is an English actress, best known for her role as Julia in Brideshead Revisited. ... Jane Asher (born April 5, 1946) is a British film and television actress and the author of several full-length novels. ... Phoebe Nicholls (Born 1958), is an English actress best-remembered for her performance as Lady Cordelia Flyte, the youngest child of the Marchmain family, in the classic TV miniseries Brideshead Revisited . ... Sir Arthur John Gielgud, OM, CH (14 April 1904 â€“ 21 May 2000), known as Sir John Gielgud, was an Emmy, Grammy, Tony and Academy Award-winning English theatre and film actor, and is generally regarded as one of the great British actors in history. ... Simon Jones may refer to: Simon Jones, British actor; Simon Jones, Welsh cricketer, who plays for England; Simon Jones, English Writer/Blogger/Photographer, Author of Meanwhile; Simon Jones, British musician. ... Nickolas Grace is a British actor, best known for his roles on television - including Anthony Blanche in Brideshead Revisited and the Sheriff of Nottingham in Robin of Sherwood. ... StÃ©phane Audran StÃ©phane Audran (born Collette Suzanne Dacheville on November 2, 1932 in Versailles, France) is a French actress, known for her performances in Oscar winning movies like Le charme discret de la bourgeoisie (1972) and Babettes Feast (1987) and in critically acclaimed movies like The Big... Charles Humphrey Keating Jr. ...

The Oxford scenes were largely filmed at Hertford College (where Waugh studied), Wadham and Christ Church Colleges. The location for Brideshead was Castle Howard in Yorkshire. Scenes on the deck of a transatlantic liner were filmed aboard the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2. By the standards of British television, the drama series of the late 1970s was lavish; Granada Television's broadcasting franchise was up for competitive renewal in 1981 so the company designed Brideshead Revisited to prove themselves as a quality company. Hertford College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. ... College name Wadham College Named after Nicholas Wadham Established 1610 Sister College Christs College Warden Sir Neil Chalmers JCR President Ben Jasper Undergraduates 460 MCR President David Patrikarakos Graduates 180 Homepage Boatclub Wadham College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, located at... Christ Church is the name of various churches and cathedrals, usually Protestant, named after Jesus Christ himself. ... The garden front of Castle Howard John Vanburghs complete project for Castle Howard, which was not all built. ... The RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 (QE2) is a Cunard Line ocean liner named after the earlier Cunard liner RMS Queen Elizabeth. ...

It was shown in the US on PBS and was considered daring at the time for its willingness to show an extended fornication scene between Charles Ryder and Julia Flyte with full breast exposure and implied penetration and joint hip movements. Not to be confused with Public Broadcasting Services in Malta. ... Fornication is a term which refers to sexual intercourse between consenting unmarried partners. ... A pregnant womans breasts. ... Sexual penetration (as opposed to outercourse) typically involves the insertion of the penis into a bodily orifice. ...

The memorable theme with a high baroque trumpet was composed by Geoffrey Burgon. Egger copy of a natural trumpet by Johann Leonhard EHE II, Nuremberg 1746. ...

In a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes drawn up by the British Film Institute in 2000, voted for by industry professionals, the adaptation was placed 10^th. 100 Greatest British Television Programmes was a list compiled in 2000 by the British Film Institute (BFI) chosen by a poll of industry professionals, to determine what were the greatest British television programmes of any genre ever to have been screened. ... The British Film Institute (BFI) is a charitable organisation established by Royal Charter to encourage the development of the arts of film, television and the moving image throughout the United Kingdom, to promote their use as a record of contemporary life and manners, to promote education about film, television and...

In 1974 Irons and Andrews had appeared, with Nicholls' sister Kate, as college friends in the last few episodes of the BBC's serialisation of Anthony Trollope's Palliser novels. Anthony Trollope (April 24, 1815 â€“ December 6, 1882) became one of the most successful, prolific and respected English novelists of the Victorian era. ... The Palliser novels are six novels by Anthony Trollope. ...

Trivia

Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... Lord Beauchamp as Governor of New South Wales in 1899 William Lygon, 7th Earl Beauchamp KG, KCMG, PC, (February 20, 1872 â€“ November 15, 1938), British politician, succeeded his father as Earl Beauchamp in 1891, and was mayor of Worcester at age 23. ... Anthony Frederick Blunt (26 September 1907 â€“ 26 March 1983) was an English art historian and the Fourth Man of the Cambridge Five, a group of spies working for the Soviet Union during the Cold War. ... Harold Acton (July 5, 1904 - February 27, 1994) was an Anglo-Italian writer and dilettante who is probably most famous for inspiring the character of Anthony Blanche in Evelyn Waughs novel Brideshead Revisited (1945). ... Brian Christian de Claiborne Howard (13 March 1905 - 15 January 1958) was an English poet, whose work belied a spectacularly precocious start in life; in the end he became more of a journalist, writing for the New Statesman. ... Stephen Tennant (21 April 1906 - 28 February 1987) was a British aristocrat known for his decadent lifestyle. ... Sir John Betjeman CBE (28 August 1906â€“19 May 1984) was an English poet, writer and broadcaster who described himself in Whos Who as a poet and hack. He was born to a middle-class family in Edwardian London. ...

Pop culture references

In Season One of The West Wing, to prove his knowledge and commitment to PBS, Toby lists his favorite programs: Sesame Street, 'Miss Julia', and Brideshead Revisited. Frasier was a popular American situation comedy television series that starred Kelsey Grammer as Dr. Frasier Crane, and featured David Hyde Pierce, John Mahoney, Jane Leeves, and Peri Gilpin in regular roles. ... The current Star Trek franchise logo Star Trek is an American science fiction franchise. ... Dear Wendy film poster Dear Wendy is a 2005 film directed by Thomas Vinterberg, and starring Jamie Bell, Bill Pullman,Mark Webber and Alison Pill among others. ... Family Guy is an American animated television series about a nuclear family in the suburb of Quahog (IPA or ), Rhode Island. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Brown University is a private university located in Providence, Rhode Island. ... Simpsons redirects here. ... The West Wing is an American television serial drama created by Aaron Sorkin that was originally broadcast from 1999 to 2006. ... Sesame Street is an American educational childrens television series for preschoolers and is a pioneer of the contemporary educational television standard, combining both education and entertainment. ...

Tom Stoppard in a 1985 documentary for the film Brazil Sir Tom Stoppard, OM, CBE (born TomÃ¡Å¡ Straussler on July 3, 1937) is an Academy Award winning British playwright. ... This page includes English translations of several Latin phrases and abbreviations such as . ...

Unauthorised sequel

Brideshead Regained, Continuing the Memoirs of Charles Ryder by Michael Johnston was published in 2003 by akanos. The book deals with Ryder's career as a war artist and his subsequent reunion with the major characters from Brideshead Revisited. Currently the book's legal status is in dispute and the sequel is unauthorised by the estate of Evelyn Waugh with sales limited to certain internet sites. Michael Johnston with mother Frances Johnston in a 1998 commercial sponsored by Coral Ridge Ministries Michael Johnston is a United States citizen and prominent ex-gay. He is the chair of the National Coming Out of Homosexuality Day and founder of Kerusso Ministries. ...

Notes

External links

Categories: Articles lacking sources from January 2007 | All articles lacking sources | 1945 novels | British television miniseries | Christ Church, Oxford | English novels | Family saga novels | ITV television programmes | Period piece TV series | Television programs based on novels EWTN - or The Eternal Word Television Network - is a television and radio operation that broadcasts Catholic religious programming, via satellite and shortwave radio. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information about motion pictures, actors, movie stars, TV shows, TV stars, production crew personnel, movie pictures, cast, crew as well as video games. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information about motion pictures, actors, movie stars, TV shows, TV stars, production crew personnel, movie pictures, cast, crew as well as video games. ... Image File history File links Wikiquote-logo-en. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Contents

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