NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Brinell scale

The Brinell scale characterises the indentation hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material test-piece. It is one of several definitions of hardness in materials science. In materials science, hardness is the characteristic of a solid material expressing its resistance to permanent deformation. ... In materials science, hardness is the characteristic of a solid material expressing its resistance to permanent deformation. ... The Materials Science Tetrahedron, which often also includes Characterization at the center Materials science is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and engineering. ...

Brinelling refers to surface fatigue caused by repeated impact or overloading. It is a common cause of roller bearing failures, and loss of preload in bolted joints when a hardened washer is not used. Engineers will use the Brinell hardness of materials in their calculations to avoid this mode of failure. Fretting corrosion can cause a similar-looking kind of damage and is called false brinelling since the mechanism is different. A bearing is a device to permit constrained relative motion between two parts, typically rotation or linear movement. ... There are three kinds of fastener given the name bolt. ... Brinelling is surface damage caused by repeated overload; false Brinelling is damage caused by fretting corrosion that causes similar-looking damage via a different mechanism. ...

Proposed by Swedish engineer Johan August Brinell in 1900, it was the first widely used and standardised hardness test in engineering and metallurgy. The large size of indentation and possible damage to test-piece limits its usefulness. For the Technical Symposium of NITK Surathkal Engineer , see Engineer (Technical Fest). ... Swedish engineer John August Brinell (1849â€“1925) is the creator of the Brinell hardness test and namesake of the failure mechanism known as brinelling. ... Engineering is the design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ... Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and of materials engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys. ...

The typical test uses a 10 mm diameter steel ball as an indenter with a 3,000 kgf (29 kN) force. For softer materials, a smaller force is used; for harder materials, a tungsten carbide ball is substituted for the steel ball. The indentation is measured and hardness calculated as: A millimetre (American spelling: millimeter), symbol mm is an SI unit of length that is equal to one thousandth of a metre. ... DIAMETER is an AAA protocol (Authentication, Authorization and Accounting) succeeding its predecessor RADIUS. // The name is a pun on the RADIUS protocol, which is the predecessor (a diameter is twice the radius). ... The steel cable of a colliery winding tower. ... The deprecated unit kilogram-force (kgf) or kilopond (kp) is the force exerted by one kilogram of mass in standard Earth gravity (defined as exactly 9. ... Monotungsten carbide, WC, or Ditungsten Carbide, W2C, is a chemical compound containing tungsten and carbon, similar to titanium carbide. ...

Common values

When quoting a Brinell Hardness Number (BHN or, more commonly, HB), the conditions of the test used to obtain the number must be specified. The standard format for specifying tests can be seen in the example "HBW 10/3000". "HBW" means that a tungsten (chemical symbol W, short for German Wolfram) carbide ball indenter was used, as opposed to "HBS", which means a hardened steel ball. The "10" is the ball diameter in millimetres. The "3000" is the force in kilograms force. General Name, Symbol, Number tungsten, W, 74 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 6, 6, d Appearance grayish white, lustrous Atomic mass 183. ...

Despite being fairly hard, cedar is a softwood Softwood is the wood from conifers. ... Subgenera Subgenus Strobus Subgenus Ducampopinus Subgenus Pinus See Pinus classification for complete taxonomy to species level. ... Image:Fagus wood. ... General Name, Symbol, Number aluminium, Al, 13 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 13, 3, p Appearance silvery Atomic mass 26. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic pinkish red Atomic mass 63. ... Mild steel is the most common form of steel as its price is relatively low while it provides material properties that are acceptable for many applications. ... The 630 foot high, stainless-clad (type 304) Gateway Arch defines St. ... Glass can be made transparent and flat, or into other shapes and colors as shown in this sphere from the Verrerie of Brehat in Brittany. ... Tool steel refers to a variety of carbon and alloy steels that are particularly well-suited to be made into tools. ...

Standards

Standards are produced by many organizations, some for internal usage only, others for use by a groups of people, groups of companies, or a subsection of an industry. ... The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from national standards bodies. ... CEN, the European Committee for Standardization, is a private non-profit organization whose mission is to foster the European economy in global trading, the welfare of European citizens and the environment by providing an efficient infrastructure to interested parties for the development, maintenance and distribution of coherent sets of standards... ASTM International is an international voluntary standards organization that develops and produces technical standards for materials, products, systems, and services. ... ASTM International is an international voluntary standards organization that develops and produces technical standards for materials, products, systems and services. ...

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See also

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