Bristol Type 175 Britannia
Royal Air Force Bristol Britannia Spica in 1964.
Type	Airliner
Manufacturer	Bristol Aeroplane Company
Maiden flight	16 September 1952
Introduced	1957
Retired	1975
Primary users	British Overseas Airways Corporation Royal Air Force
Number built	85
Variants	Canadair Argus Canadair CL-44

Bristol Britannia was also a car produced by Bristol Cars from 1982 to 1993.

The Bristol Type 175 Britannia was a medium/long-range airliner built by the Bristol Aeroplane Company in 1952 to fly a number of air routes across the British Empire. Soon after entering production the turboprop engines proved unusually susceptible to inlet icing, and two prototypes were lost while solutions to the problems were found. By the time it was cleared through testing, the US-built jet airliners were about to enter service, and only eighty-five Britannias were built before production ended in 1960. Nevertheless the Britannia is often considered the high point in turboprop airliner design,and was extremely popular with passengers, earning itself the nickname "the whispering giant" for its unusually quiet and smooth flying experience. Royal Air Force Bristol Britannia at Filton, Bristol, England. ... An Airbus A340 airliner operated by Air Jamaica An airliner is a large fixed-wing aircraft with the primary function of transporting paying passengers. ... An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing, building, testing, selling, and maintaining aircraft, aircraft parts, missiles, rockets, and/or spacecraft. ... Bristol Aeroplane Company logo The Bristol Aeroplane Company (formerly British and Colonial Aeroplane Company) was a major British aircraft company which, in 1959, merged with several major British aircraft companies, to become the British Aircraft Corporation and later still part of British Aerospace, now BAE Systems. ... The Maiden flight of an aircraft is the first occasion on which an aircraft leaves the ground of its own accord. ... // 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr declared Prince of Wales by his followers. ... This is a list of aviation-related events from 1952: // Events January January 5 - Pan Am commences trans-atlantic freight services. ... This is a list of aviation-related events from 1957: Events January January 18 - Three Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses make the worlds first round the world, non-stop flight by turbojet-powered aircraft. ... This is a list of aviation-related events from 1975: Events January A specially modified McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle sets eight time to climb records, including one of 3 minutes 27 seconds from standstill on the runway to a height of 30,000 metres (98,425 feet). ... BOAC Logo The British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) was the British state airline from 1939 until 1946 and the long-haul British state airline from 1946. ... The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the air force branch of the British Armed Forces. ... The Canadair CL-28 was a marine reconnaissance aircraft designed and manufactured by Canadair and was known in the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) as the CP-107 Argus. ... Demonstration of the loading of the CL-44-D4 with automobiles. ... The Bristol Type 603 is a car which was launched in 1976, by British manufacturer Bristol Cars to replace the 411. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Bristol Cars is a manufacturer of hand-built luxury cars, based at Filton, near Bristol, England. ... An Airbus A340 airliner operated by Air Jamaica An airliner is a large fixed-wing aircraft with the primary function of transporting paying passengers. ... Bristol Aeroplane Company logo The Bristol Aeroplane Company (formerly British and Colonial Aeroplane Company) was a major British aircraft company which, in 1959, merged with several major British aircraft companies, to become the British Aircraft Corporation and later still part of British Aerospace, now BAE Systems. ... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ... A schematic diagram showing the operation of a turboprop engine. ... The effect of atmospheric icing on a tree. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Design and development

In 1942, during World War II, the US and UK agreed to split responsibility for aircraft construction; the US would concentrate on transport aircraft while the UK would concentrate on their heavy bombers. This would leave the UK with little experience in transport construction at the end of the war, so in 1943 a committee met under the leadership of Lord Brabazon of Tara in order to investigate the future needs of the British civilian airliner market. The Brabazon Committee delivered a report calling for the construction of four main "Types" of aircraft. Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... John Moore-Brabazon in a Voisin in 1909 John Cuthbert Moore-Brabazon, 1st Baron Brabazon of Tara (8 February 1884 - 17 May 1964) was a British aviation pioneer. ... In 1942, during World War II, the United States and the United Kingdom agreed to split responsibility for aircraft construction; the US would concentrate on transport aircraft while the UK would concentrate on their heavy bombers. ...

Bristol won both the Type I and Type III contracts, soon delivering their Type I design, the Bristol Brabazon in 1949. The initial requirement for the Type III, C2/47, was issued by the Minister of Supply for an aircraft capable of carrying 48 passengers and powered with Bristol Centaurus radial engines. Turboprop and compound engines were also considered, but they were so "new" that Bristol could not guarantee the performance specifications with these engine types. After wrangling between the Ministry of Supply and British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) over costs, the go-ahead was given in July 1948 for three prototypes, although the second and third were to be convertible to Bristol Proteus turboprops. The Bristol Type 167 Brabazon was a huge airliner designed by the Bristol Aeroplane Company to fly transatlantic routes from the UK to the United States. ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ... The Minister of Supply was a position in the British Government which existed to co-ordinate the supplying of equipment to the armed forces. ... Bristol Centaurus engine The Centaurus was the final development of Bristol Engine Companys series of sleeve valve radial aircraft engines, an 18-cylinder two-row design that eventually delivered over 3,000 hp (2. ... The radial engine is an internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders point outward from a central crankshaft like the spokes on a wheel. ... BOAC Logo The British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) was the British state airline from 1939 until 1946 and the long-haul British state airline from 1946. ... Year 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Bristol Proteus engine The Proteus was the Bristol Aeroplane Companys first successful gas-turbine engine design, a turboprop that delivered just over 4,000 hp (3,000 kW). ...

In October, with work already underway, BOAC changed their mind and decided that only a Proteus-engined aircraft was worth working on, and the project was redrawn to allow for both turboprop and piston aircraft. BOAC purchased options for 25 aircraft in July 1949, the first six with the Centaurus engine and the rest with the Proteus, and now enlarged for 74 passengers.

By the time the first prototype flew on August 16, 1952 BOAC and Bristol had dropped the Centaurus version as the turboprop Proteus had shown such promise. The Britannia was now a 90-seater and BOAC ordered 15 of these Series 100s. In 1953 and '54, three de Havilland Comets disappeared without explanation, and the Air Ministry demanded that the Britannia undergo a lengthy series of tests. Further delays were caused by a series of engine problems, mostly related to icing. This delayed the in-service date until February 1957, when BOAC put their first Britannia 102s into service on the London to South Africa route, with Australia following a month later. is the 228th day of the year (229th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the de Havilland Comet jet airliner. ... Year 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar). ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ...

Bristol then upgraded the design as a larger transatlantic airliner for BOAC, resulting in the Series 200 and 300. The new version had a fuselage stretch of 10 ft 3 in (3.12 m) and upgraded Proteus engines, and was offered as the all-cargo Series 200, the cargo/passenger (combi) Series 250, and the all-passenger Series 300.

Operational history

The first 301 flew on July 31, 1956. BOAC ordered seven Model 302s but never took delivery of them - instead they were taken on by several other airlines including Aeronaves de México and Ghana Airways. The main long range series were the 310s, of which BOAC took 18 and, after deliveries began in September 1957, put them into service between London and New York. The 310 series (318) also saw transatlantic service with Cubana de Aviación starting in 1958. In total 45 Series 300's were built, the first jet powered, albeit in turbo prop form, airliner to enter regular non-stop transatlantic service in both directions. Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... AeroMéxico, is an airline based in Mexico City, Mexico. ... Ghana Airways Ghana Airways was an airline based at Kotoka International Airport, Accra, Ghana. ... Year 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar). ... “NY” redirects here. ... Cubana de Aviación (commonly known as Cubana) is Cubas largest airline and flag carrier. ... Year 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Royal Air Force Bristol Britannia Acrux in 1964

A further 23 Model 252 and 253 aircraft were purchased by the RAF, as the Britannia C.2 and C.1 respectively. Those in RAF service were commonly allocated the names of stars, "Arcturus", "Sirius", "Vega" etc. The last of these were retired in 1975, and were used by civil operators in Africa, Europe and the Middle East into the late 1990s. Royal Air Force Bristol Britannia in plan view. ... Royal Air Force Bristol Britannia in plan view. ... The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the air force branch of the British Armed Forces. ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1990s (band). ...

Most of the aircraft were built by Bristol at Filton Aerodrome but 15 aircraft were built at Belfast by Short Brothers and Harland. Bristol Filton Aerodrome (EGTG) lies on the A38 on the border between Filton and Patchway, within South Gloucestershire. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: , Statistics Province: Northern Ireland County: District: Belfast UK Parliament: Belfast North Belfast South Belfast East Belfast West European Parliament: Northern Ireland Dialling Code: 028, +44 28 posttown = Belfast Postal District(s): BT1-BT17, BT29 (part of), BT58 Area: 115 km² Population (2001) Website: www. ... Short Brothers plc is a British aerospace company, abbreviated Shorts and is now based in Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK. Founded in 1908, Shorts was the first true aviation company in the world, and was a manufacturer of flying boats during the 1920s and 1930s and throughout the Second World War. ...

A licence was also issued to Canadair to build the type as a maritime reconnaissance aircraft , the Canadair Argus and long range transport, the Canadair Yukon. Unlike the Britannia the Argus was built for endurance, not speed, and so used four Wright R-3350-32W Turbo-Compound engines which use less fuel at low altitudes (although it is perhaps surprising that it did not use the Napier Nomad, an even more efficient turbo-compound designed expressly for this role). The unpressurized interior was left with almost no room to move, completely packed with various sensors and weapons. Canadair also built 37 turboprop Rolls-Royce Type powered CL-44 variants for the civil market similar to the ones built for the RCAF in CC-106 Yukon guise, , most of which were used as freighters, but 4 of which( CL-44-J) had the fuselages lengthened, making them the highest capacity passenger aircraft of the day, for service with the Icelandic budget airline Loftleiðir. One , a modified "Guppy" version, remains airworthy today (2007) and is available for "outsized" loads. Canadair Sabre (Golden Hawks aerobatic team) display at the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum, Mount Hope, Ontario Canadair was a civil and military aircraft manufacturer in Canada. ... The Canadair CL-28 was a marine reconnaissance aircraft designed and manufactured by Canadair and was known in the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) as the CP-107 Argus. ... Wright R-3350-57 The R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone was one of the most powerful radial aircraft engines produced in the United States. ... The Nomad was a complex Diesel cycle aircraft engine from Napier & Son of the UK. The Nomad used a turbine to recover power from the exhaust of the otherwise conventional Diesel engine, resulting in a specific fuel consumption that remains unmatched today, 50 years later. ... Loftleiðir was a private Icelandic airline. ...

Safety Record

Fourteen Type 175s were lost to accidents with a total of 365 fatalities between 1954 and 1980. The worst single accident was the April 20, 1967 crash of a Globe Air Britannia, near Nicosia Airport, Cyprus, which resulted in 126 fatalities. Year 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 110th day of the year (111th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ...

Variants

100 Series

90 passenger airliner, powered by four Bristol Proteus 705

101

Two prototypes, initially powered by Proteus 625, later 705

102

25 ordered by BOAC. The last ten were cancelled in favour of the 300 series

200 Series

All-cargo stretched version of the 100 series, with an extra 10 ft 3in (3.12 m) in length. Five options from BOAC, but cancelled in favour of the 310.

250 Series

Similar to the 200 series, but mixed passenger and freight.

252

Three ordered by RAF, as the Britannia C.2.

253

22 ordered by RAF, with designation Britannia C.1.

300 Series

As 200 series, by passenger only. Capable of carrying up to 139 passengers.

301

One prototype

302

Ten ordered by BOAC, but cancelled in favour of 305, and later, 310. 2 were completed, but not delivered.

305 Series

Similar to the 300, but with increased fuel capacity.

306

1 built, leased to El Al.

307

2 ordered by Air Charter. One was a conversion of the sole 306.

307F

1960's conversion of 307 to freighter (both converted).

308

2 ordered by Transcontinental.

308F

1960's conversion of 308 to freighter (both converted).

309

1 ordered by Ghana Airways.

310 Series

As 305 series, but with strengthened fuselage skin and undercarriage. Originally known as 300LR.

311

One prototype.

312

19 ordered by BOAC.

312F

1960's conversion of 312 to freighter (five converted).

313

Four ordered by El Al.

314

Six ordered by Canadian Pacific.

317

Two ordered by Hunting-Clan Air Transport.

318

Four ordered by Cubana.

320 Series

Similar to the 310, with increased maximum range.

324

Two ordered by Canadian Pacific.

Categories: Airline stubs | Companies of Israel | Transportation in Israel | Airlines of Israel ... The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR; AAR reporting marks CP, CPAA, CPI), known as CP Rail between 1968 and 1996, is a Canadian Class I railway that is operated by Canadian Pacific Railway Limited. ... Cubana de Aviacion Yakovlev Yak-42, registration CU-T 1243, at Cancun International Airport, Mexico, on October 12th 2003 Cubana de Aviación is Cubas domestic and international airline. ...

Operators

Civilian operators

•  Argentina: Aerotransportes Entre Rios, Transcontinental SA
•  Belgium: Young Cargo
•  Burundi: Centre Air Afrique
•  Canada: Canadian Pacific
•  Cuba: Aerocaribbean, Cubana
•  Czechoslovakia: CSA
•  Ghana: Ghana Airways
•  Indonesia: Indonesian Ankasa Civil Air Transport
•  Ireland: Aer Turas, Interconair
•  Israel: El Al
•  Kenya: African Cargo Airlines, African Safari Airlines
•  Liberia: Liberia World Airways
•  Mexico: Aeronaves de Mexico
•  Spain: Air Spain
•  Switzerland: Globe Air
•  United Arab Emirates: Gaylan Air Cargo (United Arab Emirates)
•  United Kingdom: Air Charter, BKS Air Transport, BOAC, Britannia Airways, British Eagle, British United Airways, Caledonian Airways, Donaldson International Airlines, Hunting Clan, International Air Services, Invicta International, Lloyd International Airways, Monarch Airlines, Redcoat Air Cargo, Transglobe Airways
•  Zaire: Domaine de Katale, Katale Air Transport, Transair Cargo

Image File history File links Flag_of_Argentina. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Belgium_(civil). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Burundi. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR; AAR reporting marks CP, CPAA, CPI), known as CP Rail between 1968 and 1996, is a Canadian Class I railway that is operated by Canadian Pacific Railway Limited. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Cuba. ... Cubana de Aviacion Yakovlev Yak-42, registration CU-T 1243, at Cancun International Airport, Mexico, on October 12th 2003 Cubana de Aviación is Cubas domestic and international airline. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Czechoslovakia. ... CSA Czech Airlines (in Czech: ÄŒeské aerolinie (abbreviation: ÄŒSA) is the Czech national airline company, and former national carrier of Czechoslovakia based at RuzynÄ› International Airport, Prague. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ghana. ... Ghana Airways Ghana Airways was an airline based at Kotoka International Airport, Accra, Ghana. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Indonesia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ireland. ... Aer Turas Teoranta was an Irish airline and later a freight operator based in Dublin Ireland from 1962 until July 2003. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... Categories: Airline stubs | Companies of Israel | Transportation in Israel | Airlines of Israel ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Kenya. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Liberia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Mexico. ... Aeroméxico, is one of Mexicos two major airline companies. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Spain. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Switzerland. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... After technical problems with the Comet, BOAC resumed jet service with imported Boeing 707s. ... Britannia Airways Boeing 757-200 in pre-Thomson colours Britannia Airways was the largest charter airline in the United Kingdom, rebranded as Thomsonfly in 2005. ... British Eagle was a British airline from 1948 to 1968. ... Caledonian Airways was a Scottish international airline formed in 1961, initially using Douglas DC-7s. ... Donaldson International Airlines was a British charter airline from 1968 to 1974. ... Lloyd International Airways was a British charter airline from 1961 to 1972. ... Monarch Airlines Boeing 757-200 in the old livery, Alicante Airport, Spain. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Zaire. ...

Military Operators

 United Kingdom

• Royal Air Force
  • No. 99 Squadron RAF
  • No. 511 Squadron RAF

Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the air force branch of the British Armed Forces. ... No. ...

Survivors

Nose of second prototype Britannia G-ALRX at the Bristol Aero Collection, Kemble Airfield

Britannia 101 (G-ALRX)

Forward fuselage is on display with the Bristol Aero Collection at Kemble Airfield, England.

Britannia 308F (G-ANCF)

Removed from Kemble, and reassembled at Speke, Liverpool in early 2007.

Britannia 312 (G-AOVF)

On display at the Royal Air Force Museum, RAF Cosford, England in BOAC colours.

Britannia 312 (G-AOVT)

On display at the Imperial War Museum Duxford, England in Monarch Airlines colours.

Britannia C.1 (XM496) Regulus

On display at Kemble Airfield, England in RAF colours.

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2816 × 2112 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2816 × 2112 pixel, file size: 1. ... Kemble Airport (IATA: N/A, ICAO: EGBP), is a general aviation airport, near the village of Kemble in Gloucestershire, England. ... An Avro Lancaster in the main hangar of the RAF Museum Hendon The Royal Air Force Museum (RAF Museum) is a museum dedicated to the history of aviation, and the British Royal Air Force in particular. ... RAF Cosford (IATA: N/A, ICAO: EGWC) is a Royal Air Force station in Shropshire, just to the northwest of Wolverhampton and next to Albrighton. ... After technical problems with the Comet, BOAC resumed jet service with imported Boeing 707s. ... American Air Museum Duxford The Imperial War Museum Duxford in Cambridgeshire, commonly referred to simply as Duxford, houses the Imperial War Museums aircraft collection, as well as having a large collection of tanks, military and naval vehicles. ... Monarch Airlines Boeing 757-200 in the old livery, Alicante Airport, Spain. ... Kemble Airport (IATA: N/A, ICAO: EGBP), is a general aviation airport, near the village of Kemble in Gloucestershire, England. ... The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the air force branch of the British Armed Forces. ...

Specifications (Bristol Britannia)

General characteristics

• Crew: 10
• Length: 124 ft 3 in (37.9 m)
• Wingspan: 142 ft 3 in (43.6 m)
• Height: 37 ft 6 in (11.4 m)
• Wing area: ft² (m²)
• Empty weight: 82,500 lb (37,400 kg)
• Max takeoff weight: 185,000 lb (84,000 kg)
• Powerplant: 4× Bristol Proteus 765 turboprops, 4,440 hp (3,410 kW) each

Performance

• Maximum speed: 397 mph (345 knots, 639 km/h)
• Cruise speed: 357 mph (310 knots, 575 km/h)
• Range: 4,270 mi (3,710 nm, 6,870 km)
• Service ceiling: 24,000 ft (7,300 m)
• Rate of climb: 2,220 ft/min (11.3 m/s)

The distance AB is the wing span of this Aer Lingus Airbus A320. ... In aviation, the Maximum Take-Off Weight (or MTOW) is the maximum weight with which an aircraft is allowed to try to achieve flight. ... Bristol Proteus engine The Proteus was the Bristol Aeroplane Companys first successful gas-turbine engine design, a turboprop that delivered just over 4,000 hp (3,000 kW). ... A schematic diagram showing the operation of a turboprop engine. ... VNO of an aircraft is the V speed which refers to the velocity of normal operation. ... Airspeed Indicator in a light aircraft The VC of an aircraft is the V speed which refers to the velocity of cruising. ... The maximal total range is the distance an aircraft can fly between takeoff and landing, as limited by fuel capacity in powered aircraft, or cross-country speed and environmental conditions in unpowered aircraft. ... In aeronautics, the service ceiling is the maximum density altitude where the best rate of climb airspeed will produce a 100 feet per minute climb(twin engine) and 50 feet(single engine) at maximum weight while in a clean configuration with maximum continuous power. ... This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. ...

References

External links

Related content

Related development

• Canadair Argus, Canadair CL-44/Yukon, Conroy Skymonster

The Canadair CL-28 was a marine reconaissance aircraft designed and manufactured by Canadair and was known in the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) as the CP-107 Argus. ... Demonstration of the loading of the CL-44-D4 with automobiles. ... The Conroy Skymonster (Official designation CL-44-0} is a very large cargo aircraft. ...

Designation sequence

• Type 171 - Type 173 - 174 - Type 175 - 182 - 188 - 192

Related lists

• List of aircraft of the RAF

Categories: Stub | British military utility aircraft 1940-1949 | Helicopters ... The Bristol Type 192 Belvedere twin-blade helicopter The Bristol Type 192 Belvedere is a twin-engined, tandem rotor helicopter designed for a variety of transport roles including troop transport, supply dropping and casualty evacuation. ... UB.109T was a British cruise missile project. ... Like many aircraft designed from British aircraft companies in the period just before and after the second world war, the Bristol 188 was far in advance of its time. ... The Bristol Type 192 Belvedere twin-blade helicopter The Bristol Type 192 Belvedere is a twin-engined, tandem rotor helicopter designed for a variety of transport roles including troop transport, supply dropping and casualty evacuation. ... Many aircraft types have served in the Royal Air Force since it was formed in 1918 by the merger of the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service. ...