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For the later monoplane, see Bristol M.1 Monoplane Scout The Bristol Scout was a simple, single seat, rotary-radial engined biplane that functioned as one of the very first UK-built and designed fighter aircraft for the British armed forces in the first two years of World War I, even though it was originially intended to be a sporting aircraft for the rich when it was first conceived. An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing, building, testing, selling, and maintaining aircraft, aircraft parts, missiles, rockets, and/or spacecraft. ...
Bristol Aeroplane Company logo The Bristol Aeroplane Company (formerly British and Colonial Aeroplane Company) was a major British aircraft company which, in 1959, merged with several major British aircraft companies, to become the British Aircraft Corporation and later still part of British Aerospace, now BAE Systems. ...
Frank Barnwell (1880 - August 2, 1938) was an aeronautical engineer, who performed the first powered flight in Scotland and later went on to a career as an aircraft designer. ...
The Maiden flight of an aircraft is the first occasion on which an aircraft leaves the ground of its own accord. ...
This is a list of aviation-related events from 1914: Events January January 1 - The St. ...
The Royal Flying Corps (RFC) was the over-land air arm of the British military during most of World War I. Origin and Early History Formed by Royal Warrant on May 13, 1912, the RFC superseded the Air Battalion of the Royal Engineers. ...
Personnel of No 1 Squadron RNAS in late 1914 The Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) was the air arm of the Royal Navy until near the end of World War I, when it merged with the British Armys Royal Flying Corps (RFC) to form the Royal Air Force. ...
The RAAF Roundel is based on that of the British Royal Air Force, with the central circle replaced by a Kangaroo, a symbol of Australia. ...
Hs123 biplane. ...
[edit] Development Designed in the second half of 1913 by Frank Barnwell and Harry Busteed, the first prototype of the Bristol Scout series was first flown on 23 February 1914 by co-designer Busteed, and was first seen in public at the March 1914 London Olympia exhibition centre's Aero Show event. It could have been said to have been somewhat "comical" in general appearance at that time in its original form, with characteristics such as a main landing gear wheel track measured at only 39 inches (99 cm) that was barely wider than the fuselage, only about a one half degree dihedral angle on the wing panels, making them look almost totally "flat" across from a nose-on view, and an engine cowl that had no open frontal area, even though the extreme bottom was sliced away horizontally to allow cooling air to get to its seven cylinder 80 hp Gnôme Lambda rotary engine, as well as a squared-planform "all-flying" rudder with no fixed vertical fin, which would become a hallmark (even though the shape was different) of Fokker-designed German fighter aircraft in World War I up through the Fokker D.VI. Frank Barnwell (1880 - August 2, 1938) was an aeronautical engineer, who performed the first powered flight in Scotland and later went on to a career as an aircraft designer. ...
February 23 is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Le Rhône 9C Le Rhône 9J general view Gnome et Rhône was a major French aircraft engine manufacturer. ...
Fokkers first airplane, the Spin (1910) Fokker was a Dutch aircraft manufacturer named after its founder, Anthony Fokker. ...
[edit] Variants
[edit] Scout A After its first public appearance, by May 1914 what would later become known as the "Bristol Scout A" had been refitted with a longer span - at 24 ft 7 in (7.49 m) compared to the initial 22 ft (6.71 m) - set of wing panels that were rigged with 1-3/4º of dihedral, a larger surface area rudder, and a much more conventional open-front, ring-style, "six segment" cowl to house the 80 hp Gnôme Lambda rotary engine. The British military first evaluated the Scout A aircraft on May 14 1914, at Farnborough when the aircraft achieved a top airspeed of 97.5 mph (157 km/h). Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 406 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 520 pixel, file size: 228 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Parasite aircraft Bristol Scout Felixstowe Porte...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 406 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 520 pixel, file size: 228 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Parasite aircraft Bristol Scout Felixstowe Porte...
The XF-85 Goblin was designed to be a parasite fighter for the Convair B-36 bombers. ...
May 14 is the 134th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (135th in leap years). ...
There are several places named Farnborough: United Kingdom Farnborough in the London Borough of Bromley (prior to 1965 in Kent) Farnborough in Warwickshire Farnborough in Berkshire Farnborough in Hampshire Farnborough Airfield formerly the Royal Aircraft Establishment This is a disambiguation page — a list of pages that otherwise might share the...
The Scout A also entered two air races in the summer of 1914 after being purchased by British Lord Carbery for £400 without its engine. Flying with an 80 hp Le Rhone 9C nine cylinder rotary installed by its purchaser it was ditched in the English Channel during the second air race it participated in; a round trip from Hendon in the UK to the French Buc aerodrome [near Versailles] and back, due to its running out of fuel. While in France, the tanks had been only half filled by mistake. Starry Night Over the Rhone, by Vincent van Gogh (1888) The River Rhône (French Rhône, Occitan Ròse, Franco-Provençal Roun, standard German Rhone, Valais German Rotten) is one of the major rivers of Europe, running through Switzerland and France. ...
For other places with the same name, see Hendon (disambiguation). ...
[edit] Scout B Two Scout B aircraft, identical to the modified Scout A aircraft with the 80 hp Le Rhone rotary for power, except for having half-hoop-style underwing skids mounted on them, and a widened rudder surface, were built for military evaluation just as the Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was shot in Sarajevo Bosnia. The outbreak of the First World War followed shortly. These two Scout B aircraft, bearing Royal Flying Corps serial numbers 644 and 648, first saw evaluational service from September 20 1914, with the first one, bearing RFC serial number 644, being damaged beyond repair on November 12 of that year on a crash landing. Franz Ferdinand links to here. ...
Map of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo) Coordinates: Country Bosnia and Herzegovina Entity Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Canton Sarajevo Canton Government - Mayor Semiha Borovac (SDA) Area [1] - City 141. ...
The Royal Flying Corps (RFC) was the over-land air arm of the British military during most of World War I. Origin and Early History Formed by Royal Warrant on May 13, 1912, the RFC superseded the Air Battalion of the Royal Engineers. ...
September 20 is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years). ...
November 12 is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 49 days remaining. ...
[edit] Type 1 Scout C The Type 1 Scout C aircraft, very similar to the previous Scout B, was first ordered by the British government on November 5 1914, in a 12 aircraft production batch for the Royal Flying Corps, and on December 7 1914 by the competing Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) in a 24-aircraft batch. Both these first two production batches of the Scout C aircraft were powered by the 80 hp Gnôme Lambda rotary, just as the Scout A had been, and when compared to the Scout B before it, these first 36 Scout C aircraft were fitted out with unusual "dome-front" cowls with much smaller frontal openings than the Scout B's six segment cowl had possessed. These early Scout C aircraft also had their main oil tank moved to a position directly behind the pilot's shoulders, requiring a raised rear dorsal fairing immediately behind the pilot's seat, to accommodate the oil tank and its filler cap. November 5 is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 56 days remaining. ...
December 7 is the 341st day (342nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Personnel of No 1 Squadron RNAS in late 1914 The Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) was the air arm of the Royal Navy until near the end of World War I, when it merged with the British Armys Royal Flying Corps (RFC) to form the Royal Air Force. ...
Later Scout C production batches, comprising 50 aircraft built for the RNAS and 75 for the RFC, changed the cowl to a flat-fronted, and longer-depth version more able to house the alternate choice of an 80 hp Le Rhone 9C rotary engine when the Gnôme Lambda was not used, and moved the oil tank forward to a position in front of the pilot, for better weight distribution and more reliable engine operation. The later cowl for the remaining Scout C aircraft still had the small opening of the domed unit, but often had a small cutaway made to the lower rear edge of the cowl to increase the cooling effect.
[edit] Types 2, 3, 4 and 5 Scout D The last, and most numerous production version, the Scout D, gradually came about as a series of further improvements to the Scout C design. One of the earliest changes that marked the change to the Scout D version showed up on seventeen of the 75 naval Scout Cs with an increase in the wing dihedral angle from 1-3/4º to 3º, and other aircraft in the 75-plane naval Scouts production run introduced larger tail surfaces, shorter-span ailerons, and a large front opening for the cowl, much like the Scout B had used, but made as a "one-piece" ring cowl, sometimes with a blister on the starboard lower side, when it was meant to house the eventual choice of the more powerful nine cylinder 100 hp Gnôme Monosoupape rotary engine in later production batches, to improve its performance. Some 210 examples of the Scout D version were produced, with 80 of these being ordered by the RNAS, and the other 130 being ordered by the Royal Flying Corps. This article or section should be merged with Rotary piston engine. ...
[edit] Other variants - S.S.A. : Designed as a single-seat armoured biplane for the French government. One Built.
- G.B.1 : Single-seat racing aircraft. Not built or never completed.
- S.2A : Two-seat fighter version of the Scout D. Two were built as advanced training aircraft.
[edit] Operational history The era within which the Bristol Scout aircraft series existed, from 1914 to 1916, was basically "the dawn of military aviation" in World War I, and many of the earliest attempts to arm British military aircraft with weaponry were attempted with the Bristol Scout series.
The first known attempt to arm a Bristol Scout aircraft occurred with the second Scout B, RFC number 648, which was experimentally fitted with two rifles, one per side, as its armament, aimed outwards and forwards to clear the propeller arc.
Two of the Royal Flying Corps' early Bristol Scout C aircraft, numbers 1609 and 1611, flown by Captain Lanoe Hawker with the RFC's No. 6 Squadron, had each in their turn been armed with a single Lewis machine gun on the left side of the fuselage, within a mount that Capt. Hawker had designed himself, almost identically in the manner of the rifles tried on the second Scout B. When Lanoe's No.1611 aircraft was used by him to down two German aircraft and force off a third on July 25 1915 over Passchendaele and Zillebeke he was awarded the first Victoria Cross ever given for a British military pilot's actions in aerial combat. Lanoe Hawker Major Lanoe George Hawker, VC, DSO (December 30, 1890 – November 23, 1916) was a World War I English fighter pilot. ...
The first Royal Air Force squadron to receive the F-4 Phantom II, No. ...
The Lewis Gun was a pre-WWI era British machine gun that continued to see service all the way through WWII. It is visually distinctive because of the wide tubular cooling shroud around the barrel, and the top mounted drum magazines. ...
July 25 is the 206th day (207th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 159 days remaining. ...
Combatants British Empire Australia Canada New Zealand South Africa United Kingdom France German Empire Commanders Douglas Haig Hubert Gough Herbert Plumer Arthur Currie Max von Gallwitz Erich Ludendorff Strength Unknown Unknown Casualties 448,000 killed and wounded 260,000 killed and wounded The 1917 Battle of Passchendaele, also known as...
Zillebeke is a village in the Flemish province of West-Vlaanderen in Belgium. ...
Victoria Cross medal, ribbon, and bar. ...
A number of the RNAS Scout C aircraft were armed with single Lewis machine guns, sometimes with the Lewis gun mounted atop the upper wing center section in the manner of the Nieuport 11, and even more common was an apparently very dubious choice of placement by some RNAS pilots, in mounting the Lewis gun on the forward fuselage of their Scout Cs, just as if it was a synchronized weapon (which it was not) firing directly forward and through the propeller arc; an action likely to result in serious propeller damage. The type of bullet-deflecting wedges as Roland Garros had tried on his Morane-Saulnier Type N monoplane were also tried on one of the RFC's last Scout Cs, No. 5303, but since this seemed, in this instance, to have also required the use of the Morane Type N's immense "casserole" spinner, which almost totally blocked cooling air from reaching this particular Scout C's 80-hp Le Rhône rotary engine, the deflecting-wedge concept for propeller protection from bullets was not pursued further with Bristol Scouts. The Nieuport 11 was designed in response to the Fokker Scourge of 1915. ...
Roland Garros Roland Garros (October 6, 1888 – October 25, 1918) was an early French aviator and a fighter aircraft pilot during World War I. Garros was born in Saint-Denis, Réunion. ...
RFC Morane-Saulnier Type N Bullet. ...
In the early WW I attempts to down German Zeppelin airships, one unusual weapon tried from a RNAS Scout D was the "Ranken Dart", a type of droppable, explosive-laden flechette with 1 lb (0.45 kg) of explosive per projectile. Scout D No. 8953, flown by Flt. Lt. C. T. Freeman, flew from the deck of the flight-deck-converted Isle of Man packet steamer HMS Vindex (formerly with the civilian name Viking), which possessed a take-off deck on its forward half, and on August 2 1916, Flt Lt. Freeman tried to down the Zeppelin L.17 with Ranken Darts, released from two vertically-oriented internal cylindrical containers located just behind his feet, in the belly of his Scout D. None of the darts did any damage to the Zeppelin, and since Freeman's aircraft could not land back on the Vindex, and was too far from land for a safe return, he had to ditch his Scout D in the ocean after the unsuccessful attack. LZ127 Graf Zeppelin, one of the two zeppelins that carried passengers from Germany to the United States. ...
The word flechette is French and means dart (literally, little arrow). It is a projectile having the form of a small metal dart, usually steel, with a sharp-pointed tip and a tail with several vanes to stabilize it during flight. ...
HMS Vindex has been the name of more than one Royal Navy ship. ...
August 2 is the 214th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (215th in leap years), with 151 days remaining. ...
One attempt to arm RFC Bristol Scouts with a synchronizable machine gun, like the air-cooled version of the Maxim-type Vickers machine gun that would later be used with great success on the contemporary Sopwith Pup fighter, was first tried with the late production RFC Scout C No.5313 in March 1916, and even though six other Scouts, both late Scout Cs and early Scout Ds, were tried out with the same setup as No. 5313 had used, the bulky Vickers-Challenger synchronizing gear used on all these Scouts seemed to have trouble in safely firing the Vickers guns-in May 1916 one of these Scouts fired every bullet from its Vickers gun through the propeller in testing. The Vickers machine gun or Vickers gun is a name primarily used to refer to the water-cooled . ...
Sqn Cdr E. H. Dunning landing on HMS Furious in a Sopwith Pup. ...
Not one of the RFC or RNAS squadrons that ever received Bristol Scout aircraft was ever equipped "entirely" with the aircraft, and by the end of the summer of 1916 no new Bristol Scout aircraft were being supplied to the British squadrons of either service, often being replaced in RFC service with the Airco DH-2 single seat "pusher" fighter. A small number of Bristol Scouts did end up being based in the Middle East (in Egypt, Macedonia, Mesopotamia, and Palestine) in 1916 with the last known Bristol Scout in military service being the former RNAS Scout D No. 8978 in Australia, which was based at Point Cook, near Melbourne, as late as October 1926. The Airco DH.2 was a single-seat biplane pusher aircraft which operated as a fighter during the First World War. ...
A British WWI-era F.E.2b pusher. ...
Point Cook is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. ...
Many of the remaining Bristol Scout C & D aircraft that were no longer in front line service in the later years of WW I, however, remained with military units as "sporting" aircraft-not unlike what their original purpose would have been had "the Great War" not forced them into combat-and their light-handed, delightful flying characteristics, which were much like those of the Sopwith Pup, made them favorites of British military pilots for joyriding in, well away from the Front, for the remaining years of World War I.
[edit] Operators The Royal Flying Corps (RFC) was the over-land air arm of the British military during most of World War I. Origin and Early History Formed by Royal Warrant on May 13, 1912, the RFC superseded the Air Battalion of the Royal Engineers. ...
Personnel of No 1 Squadron RNAS in late 1914 The Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) was the air arm of the Royal Navy until near the end of World War I, when it merged with the British Armys Royal Flying Corps (RFC) to form the Royal Air Force. ...
The RAAF Roundel is based on that of the British Royal Air Force, with the central circle replaced by a Kangaroo, a symbol of Australia. ...
[edit] Specifications (Bristol Scout D) General characteristics - Crew: One (pilot)
- Length: 20 ft 8 in (6.30 m)
- Wingspan: 24 ft 7 in (7.49 m)
- Height: 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m)
- Wing area: 198.00 ft² (18.40 m²)
- Empty weight: 789 lb (358 kg)
- Loaded weight: 1,195 lb (542 kg)
- Powerplant: 1× Le Rhône 9C rotary piston engine, 80 hp (60 kW)
Performance Armament 1 Lewis or Vickers machine gun The distance AB is the wing span of this Aer Lingus Airbus A320. ...
VNO of an aircraft is the V speed which refers to the velocity of normal operation. ...
In aeronautics, the service ceiling is the maximum density altitude where the best rate of climb airspeed will produce a 100 feet per minute climb(twin engine) and 50 feet(single engine) at maximum weight while in a clean configuration with maximum continuous power. ...
This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. ...
Power-to-weight ratio is a measure commonly used when comparing various vehicles (or engines), including automobiles, motorcycles and aircraft. ...
The Lewis Gun is a pre-World War I era squad automatic weapon/machine gun of American design that was most widely used by the forces of the British Empire. ...
The Vickers machine gun or Vickers gun is a name primarily used to refer to the water-cooled . ...
[edit] References - Bruce, J. M. (1994). Windsock Datafile No.44, The Bristol Scouts. Albatros Publications. ISBN 0-948414-59-6.
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