NationMaster - Encyclopedia: British African Caribbean community

The British African-Caribbean (Afro-Caribbean) community are residents of the United Kingdom who are of West Indian background, and whose ancestors were indigenous to Africa.^Term[›] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 394 KB) 8th August 2004, London Road, Leicester I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 394 KB) 8th August 2004, London Road, Leicester I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Leicester Caribbean Carnival is an annual event, held in early August in Leicester, England. ... Roadtown, Tortola The term British West Indies refers to territories in and around the Caribbean which were colonised by Great Britain. ... For other uses, see Africa (disambiguation). ...

As immigration to the United Kingdom from Africa increased in the 1990s, the term has been used to include UK residents solely of African origin, or as a term to define all Black British residents, though this is usually denoted by "African and Caribbean". The most common and traditional use of the term Afro-Caribbean community is in reference to groups of residents continuing aspects of Caribbean culture, customs and traditions in the United Kingdom.^Term[›] Since the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1922 there has been substantial immigration from other parts of the world. ... Black British is term which has had different meanings and uses as a racial and political label. ... West Indian redirects here. ...

The largest proportion of the African-Caribbean population in the UK are of Jamaican origin; others trace origins to smaller nations including Trinidad and Tobago, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Barbados, Saint Lucia, Grenada, Montserrat, Dominica, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Guyana, which though located on the South American mainland, has close cultural ties to the Caribbean, and was historically considered to be part of the British West Indies, and Belize (formerly British Honduras), in Central America, which culturally is more akin to the Caribbean than to Latin America, due to its colonial and still-extant economic ties to the UK. South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Flag of British Honduras British Honduras was the former name of a British colony on the east coast of Central America just to the south-east of Mexico, now the independent nation of Belize. ... Map of Central America Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ...

African-Caribbean communities exist throughout the United Kingdom, though by far the largest concentrations are in London,^[1] Birmingham and the broader West Midlands conurbation. Significant communities also exist in other population centres, notably Manchester, Nottingham, Leicester, Bristol, Leeds, Sheffield, Liverpool and Cardiff. In these cities the community is traditionally associated with a particular area, such as Chapeltown in Leeds or St. Pauls in Bristol.^[2] This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... The city from above Centenary Square. ... The West Midlands conurbation is the name given to the large conurbation that includes the cities of Birmingham and Wolverhampton, in the English West Midlands. ... This article is becoming very long. ... Nottingham is a city (and county town of Nottinghamshire) in the East Midlands of England. ... Leicester city centre, looking towards the Clock Tower Leicester (pronounced ) is the largest city and unitary authority in the English East Midlands region of the UK. The city is the traditional county town of Leicestershire. ... View from Cumberland Basin of the Clifton Suspension Bridge and the Avon Gorge Bristol (IPA: ) is a city, unitary authority and ceremonial county in South West England, 115 miles (185 km) west of London and between the cities of Bath, Gloucester and Newport. ... Leeds is a major city in West Yorkshire, England. ... For other uses, see Sheffield (disambiguation). ... Liverpool skyline. ... Cardiff (English: Welsh: ) is the capital, largest and core city of Wales. ... Chapeltown is an inner-city suburb of north-east Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, and is the centre of the citys British Afro-Caribbean community. ... St Pauls Church St Pauls is an inner suburb of Bristol, England, situated just north east of the city centre and west of the M32. ...

History

African-Caribbeans are primarily the descendants of West Africans captured or obtained in trade from African procurers. The Africans were then shipped by European slave traders to English, French, Dutch, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies founded from the 16th century. On arrival, the majority of Africans were set to work on the vast Caribbean sugar plantations for the benefit of the colonial powers.^[4] The Caribbean The History of the Caribbean reveals the significant role the region played in the colonial struggles of the European powers between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. ... Image File history File links BritishJamaicaflag. ... Image File history File links BritishJamaicaflag. ... Western Africa (UN subregion) Maghreb[1] West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of the African continent. ... Slavery in the British and French Caribbean refers to slavery in the parts of the Caribbean dominated by France or the British Empire. ... Slave transport in Africa, from a 19th century engraving Trade in slaves, like most of the world, has carried on for thousands of years in Africa. ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ... // This article is about crop plantations. ...

Migration from the Caribbean to Britain was rare before World War II, and little is known about the experiences of those who made the move. There are records of small communities in the ports of Cardiff, Liverpool and South Shields dating back to the mid-19th century. These communities were formed by freed slaves following the abolition of slavery.^[5] Typical occupations of the early migrants were footmen or coachmen, though a growing Caribbean presence in the British military led to approximately 15,000 migrants arriving in the North-West of England around the time of the First World War to work in munitions factories.^[6] Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Cardiff (English: Welsh: ) is the capital, largest and core city of Wales. ... Liverpool skyline. ... South Shields is a coastal town in Tyne and Wear, England, on the south bank of the mouth of the River Tyne, with a population of about 90,000. ... Categories: | | ... A footman is a male household servant. ... This article discusses transportation vehicles. ... British military history is a long and varied topic, extending from the prehistoric and ancient historic period, through the Roman invasions of Julius CÃ¦sar and Claudius and subsequent Roman occupation; warfare in the Mediaeval period, including the invasions of the Saxons and the Vikings in the Early Middle Ages... Combatants Allied Powers: Russian Empire France British Empire Italy United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Commanders Nikolay II Aleksey Brusilov Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Robert Nivelle Herbert H. Asquith D. Lloyd George Sir Douglas Haig Sir John Jellicoe Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna...

Since World War II many African-Caribbeans migrated to North America and Europe, especially to the United States, Canada, the UK, and the Netherlands. As a result of the losses during the war, the British government began to encourage mass immigration from the countries of the British Empire and Commonwealth to fill shortages in the labour market.^[7] The 1948 British Nationality Act gave British citizenship to all people living in Commonwealth countries, and full rights of entry and settlement in Britain.^[8] Many West Indians were attracted by better prospects in what was often referred to as the mother country. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... This article is 150 kilobytes or more in size. ... Politics of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland take place in the framework of a constitutional monarchy in which the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government. ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ... The Commonwealth of Nations (CN), usually known as The Commonwealth, is a voluntary association of 53 independent sovereign states all of which are former colonies of the United Kingdom, except for Mozambique and the United Kingdom itself. ... This article concerns the History of British nationality law. ... British nationality law is the law of the United Kingdom concerning British citizenship and other categories of British nationality. ... The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ... The Metropole was the name given to the English metropolitan center of the British Empire, i. ...

The "Windrush generation"

The ship Empire Windrush brought the first group of 492 immigrants to Tilbury near London on 22 June 1948. The Windrush was en route from Australia to England via the Atlantic, docking in Kingston, Jamaica. An advert had appeared in a Jamaican newspaper offering cheap transport on the ship for anybody who wanted to come and work in the UK. The arrivals were temporarily housed in the Clapham South deep shelter in southwest London less than a mile away from Coldharbour Lane in Brixton. The Empire Windrush The Empire Windrush was a ship that is an important part of the history of multiracialism in the United Kingdom. ... Tilbury is located on the north bank of the River Thames, in the borough of Thurrock in England, at the point where the river suddenly narrows to about 800 yards/740 metres in width. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... June 22 is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 192 days remaining. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... â€œAtlanticâ€ redirects here. ... The City of Kingston is the capital and largest city of Jamaica. ... Clapham South tube station is a station on London Undergrounds Northern Line between Clapham Common and Balham stations. ... The London deep-level shelters are eight deep level air-raid shelters that were built under London Underground stations during World War II. Each consists of a pair of parallel tunnels 16 feet 16 inches (5. ... Coldharbour Lane is a road in South London that leads from Camberwell to Brixton. ... Brixton is an area of South London, England, part of the London Borough of Lambeth. ...

Many only intended to stay in Britain for a few years, and although a number returned to the Caribbean to rejoin the RAF, the majority remained to settle permanently.^[10] The arrival of the passengers has become an important landmark in the history of modern Britain, and the image of the Caribbeans filing off its gangplank has come to symbolise the beginning of modern British multicultural society.^[10] (See image here). Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1472x1032, 163 KB) Cropped version of Image:Windrush sign 1. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1472x1032, 163 KB) Cropped version of Image:Windrush sign 1. ... The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the air force branch of the British Armed Forces. ... Multiculturalism is a philosophy that is sometimes construed as ideology advocating that modern society should at least embrace and include distinct cultural groups with equal cultural and political status. ...

There was plenty of work in post-war Britain and industries such as British Rail, the National Health Service and public transport recruited almost exclusively from Jamaica and Barbados.^[11] Though African-Caribbeans were encouraged to journey to Britain via immigration campaigns created by successive British governments, many new arrivals were to endure intolerance and extreme racism from certain sectors of indigenous British society. This experience was to mark African-Caribbeans' relations with the wider community over a long period.^[12] Early African-Caribbean immigrants found private employment and housing denied to them on the basis of race. Housing was in short supply following the wartime bombing, and the shortage led to some of the first clashes with the established white community. Clashes continued and worsened into the 1950s, and riots erupted in cities including London, Birmingham and Nottingham.^[7] In 1958, attacks in the London area of Notting Hill by white youths marred relations with West Indian residents, leading to the creation of the annual Notting Hill Carnival, which was initiated in 1959 as a positive response by the Caribbean community.^[13] In 1962, Britain passed the Commonwealth Immigrants Act restricting the entry of immigrants,^[7] and by 1972 only holders of work permits, or people with parents or grandparents born in the UK could gain entry - effectively stemming most Caribbean immigration.^[8] Despite the restrictive measures, an entire generation of Britons with African-Caribbean heritage now existed, contributing to British society in virtually every field. The number of British persons born in the West Indies had increased from 15,000 in 1951 to 172,000 in 1961 to 304,000 in 1981. The total population of persons of West Indian heritage by 1981 was between 500,000 and 550,000, depending upon the official source used.^[14] Logo of British Rail British Railways (BR), later rebranded as British Rail, ran the British railway system from the nationalisation of the Big Four British railway companies in 1948 until its privatisation in stages between 1994 and 1997. ... , the information in this article describes the current English public health service. ... Manifestations Slavery Â· Racial profiling Â· Lynching Hate speech Â· Hate crime Â· Hate groups Genocide Â· Holocaust Â· Pogrom Ethnocide Â· Ethnic cleansing Â· Race war Religious persecution Â· Gay bashing Pedophobia Â· Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism Â· Neo-Nazism Â· Supremacism Kahanism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism Â· Civil rights Â· Gay rights Womens/Universal suffrage Â· Mens rights Childrens rights Â· Youth... It has been suggested that Caucasian race be merged into this article or section. ... The city from above Centenary Square. ... Nottingham is a city (and county town of Nottinghamshire) in the East Midlands of England. ... For the film, see Notting Hill (film). ... Approximately 1 million people attend the Notting Hill Carnival each year Carnival dancers on Ladbroke Grove. ... The 1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. ...

Recession and turbulence, 1970s and 1980s

The 1970s and 1980s were decades of comparative turbulence in wider British society; industrial disputes preceded a period of deep recession and widespread unemployment which seriously affected the economically less prosperous African-Caribbean community.^{Recession[›]} Perceived societal racism, discrimination, poverty, powerlessness and oppressive policing sparked a series of riots in areas with substantial African-Caribbean populations.^[15] These "uprisings" (as they were described by some in the community) took place in St Pauls in 1980, Brixton, Toxteth and Moss Side in 1981, St Pauls again in 1982, Notting Hill Gate in 1982, Toxteth in 1982, and Handsworth, Brixton and Tottenham in 1985.^[16] The riots had a profoundly unsettling effect on local residents, and led the then Home Secretary William Whitelaw to commission the Scarman report to address the root causes of the disturbances. A recession is traditionally defined in macroeconomics as a decline in a countrys real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for two or more successive quarters of a year (equivalently, two consecutive quarters of negative real economic growth). ... An 1837 political cartoon about unemployment in the United States. ... A boy from an East Cipinang trash dump slum in Jakarta, Indonesia shows what he found. ... St Pauls Church St Pauls is an inner suburb of Bristol, England, situated just north east of the city centre and west of the M32. ... The Brixton riot of April 11, 1981 was the most serious riot in London of the century. ... The Toxteth riots of July 1981 arose out of long-standing tensions between police and the black community in inner-city Liverpool, following on from the Brixton riots earlier in the year. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Notting Hill Gate is one of the main thoroughfares of Notting Hill in London. ... The two Handsworth riots occurred in the Handsworth suburb of Birmingham England during the summers of 1981 and 1985. ... The Brixton riot of 1985 started on 28 September in Brixton in South London. ... The Broadwater Farm riot was a riot that occurred in and around the Broadwater Farm area of Tottenham London on 6 October 1985. ... The Secretary of State for the Home Department, commonly known as the Home Secretary, is the minister in charge of the United Kingdom Home Office and is responsible for internal affairs in England and Wales, and for immigration and citizenship for the whole United Kingdom (including Scotland and Northern Ireland). ... The Rt Hon. ... ...

The report identified both "racial discrimination" and a "racial disadvantage" in Britain, concluding that urgent action was needed to prevent these issues becoming an "endemic, ineradicable disease threatening the very survival of our society".^[15] The era saw an increase in attacks on Black people by white people. The Joint Campaign Against Racism committee reported that there had been more than 20,000 attacks on non-indigenous Britons including Britons of Asian origin during 1985.^[17] Notting Hill Carnival photo File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Notting Hill Carnival photo File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Approximately 1 million people attend the Notting Hill Carnival each year Carnival dancers on Ladbroke Grove. ... The term British Asian is used to denote a person of South Asian ancestry or origin, who was born in or was an immigrant to the United Kingdom, former heartland of the British Empire. ...

Recent history

While individuals with Caribbean heritage excelled in a variety of fields in British society during the 1990s and 2000s, many recurring issues continued to impact the African-Caribbean community as a whole. The police response to the 1993 murder of Black teenager Stephen Lawrence, by assailants that have yet to be convicted, led to an outcry from the community and calls to investigate police conduct. The subsequent government inquiry, the Macpherson Report, was vigorously sought by Stephen's Jamaican-born parents and revealed evidence of institutional racism in the London Metropolitan Police Service, confirming the beliefs of many Black Britons.^[18] This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Institutional racism (or structural racism or systemic racism) is a theoretical form of racism that occurs in institutions such as public bodies and corporations, including universities. ... The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) is the Home Office police force responsible for Greater London, with the exception of the square mile of the City of London. ...

The community has suffered from an increasing association with gun-crime, heightened by high profile murders, such as that of two young women shot outside a Birmingham hair salon in 2003. Several media outlets blamed a “gangster rap culture” in the community,^[19] though Assistant Chief Constable Nick Tofiluk of the West Midlands Police believed that the use of firearms is not an Afro-Caribbean issue alone, and has been on the rise throughout British society.^[20] Tensions between African-Caribbean residents and British Asians in a number of regions have led to confrontations, notably violent disturbances in Birmingham in 2005 where groups from both communities fought and rioted over two nights. There is also evidence of tensions between the African-Caribbean community and the growing number of African immigrants.^[21] The New Year Murders is the name given by the media to the slayings of Letisha Shakespeare, 17, and Charlene Ellis, 18, were shot outside a hair salon in Aston on 2 January 2003. ... Gangsta rap, also known as hardcore hip-hop, was the name given to the subgenre of hip hop which often involved lyrical subjects based on the violence and misogyny inherent in the lifestyle of street thugs and gangsters. ... The West Midlands county The West Midlands Police is the police force covering the West Midlands county in England. ... The term British Asian is used to denote a person of South Asian ancestry or origin, who was born in or was an immigrant to the United Kingdom, former heartland of the British Empire. ... The Birmingham riots of 2005 occurred on two consecutive nights on Saturday October 22 and Sunday October 23, 2005 in the Lozells area of Birmingham, England. ...

Statistics

In the UK Census of 2001,^[23] approximately 566,000 people classified themselves in the category Black Caribbean. Out of a total UK population of approximately 59 million, this amounted to slightly under 1% of the population. UK Census 2001 logo A nationwide census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (640x607, 219 KB) Summary Ridley Road Market, Dalston, Hackney, London. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (640x607, 219 KB) Summary Ridley Road Market, Dalston, Hackney, London. ... Dalston, looking south towards The City. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... UK Census 2001 logo A nationwide census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with English population statistics. ...

The total so-called 'visible minority' population (including South Asians, African, East Asians, Mixed and 'Other') was stated as 7.9% of the UK population (4.6 million) - of which 'Black Caribbean' constituted 12%. However, another 677,000 people (approximately 1.2% of the UK population) classified themselves as 'Mixed'. The census states that one third of this group has African-Caribbean and 'White' parents - which expands the demographic impact of the African-Caribbean community to about 1.4% of the UK population. This article is about the geopolitical region in Asia. ... East Asia is a subregion of Asia that can be defined in either geographical or cultural terms. ...

In 2001, 61% of African Caribbeans lived in London. With regard to unemployment, men were three times more likely (14%), and women twice as likely (9%), to be unemployed than their 'white' counterparts (5% and 4%). African-Caribbeans were also found to suffer disproportionately lower educational opportunities and be less likely to work either as self-employed or in managerial roles.

The community

In many parts of Britain, African-Caribbeans have been recognised as being part of a distinct community.^[1] In the 1950s and 1960s community centres and associations sprung up in some British towns and cities with an aim to serve African-Caribbean populations. One such example was the African Caribbean Self Help Organisation (ACSHO) which was formed in 1964 in the district of Handsworth in Birmingham.^[24] These centres have often addressed issues that rise within the community, including perceived problems of police harassment and concerns about the housing of Black people, which was viewed as discriminatory during the early decades of mass immigration.^{Community[›]} Politics of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland take place in the framework of a constitutional monarchy in which the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government. ... Education in the United Kingdom. ... Community centres are public locations where members of a community may gather for group activities, social support, public information, and other purposes. ... Handsworth is an inner city suburb of Birmingham in the West Midlands, England. ... in Britain the Sus law is a stop-and-search law, widely believed to have been abused by the Metropolitan Police to harass young black men. ...

The centres also allowed African-Caribbeans to socialise without risking the potential racial discrimination and aggression of "unfriendly pubs".^[25] Many of these associations appointed a Community Relations Officer whose role was to liaise between the community and wider British society including the establishment. Other responsibilities included arranging social events, such as festivals, carnivals and coach trips, which helped bring the communities together.^[25] Typical of present day centres is the The Afro Caribbean Millennium Centre in Birmingham which was established with National Lottery funding to support principally Caribbean people in areas like employment, housing, education, immigration, and cultural issues.^[26] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1017x1570, 1346 KB) Summary Diane Abbott speaking to a rally at the third European Social Forum. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1017x1570, 1346 KB) Summary Diane Abbott speaking to a rally at the third European Social Forum. ... Diane Julie Abbott (born September 27, 1953 in Paddington, London) is a British Labour Party Member of Parliament, representing the Hackney North and Stoke Newington constituency. ... The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... The Establishment is a pejorative slang term to refer to the traditional and usually conservative ruling class elite and the structures of society which they control. ... A festival is an event, usually staged by a local community, which centers on some unique aspect of that community. ... A play here! sign outside a newsagent, incorporating the National Lotterys logo of a stylised hand with crossed fingers. ...

Although the community does not face any official or informal restrictions on political participation, Britons of Caribbean origin are nonetheless under-represented in local and national politics.^[1] British African-Caribbeans have long asserted that they encounter discriminatory barriers to most middle and higher status occupations, as well as discrimination in hiring practices at all levels of employment. There is also considerable evidence that African-Caribbeans experience differential treatment at the hands of public officials, the British courts and penal system, and the police.^[1] Studies have proposed that the isolation of certain regional urban areas by financial institutions such as insurance brokers, disproportionately affects the community to its detriment.^[1] Participation in political science is an umbrella term including different means for the public to directly participate in political, economical or management decisions. ... Politics of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland take place in the framework of a constitutional monarchy in which the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government. ... For the album by the Kaiser Chiefs see Employment (album) Employment is a contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. ... The United Kingdom does not have a single unified judicial system: England and Wales have one system, Scotland another, and Northern Ireland another. ... Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. ...

Britain's school system, despite efforts to address issues of discrimination,^[27] has often been accused of racism through undermining the self-confidence of all Black children and maligning the culture of their parents.^[28] Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, a disproportionate number of Caribbean migrant children were classified as 'educationally subnormal' and placed in special schools and units.^[29] By the end of the 1980s, the chances of white school leavers finding employment were four times better than those of Black pupils. In 2000-01, Black pupils were three times more likely than white pupils and ten times more likely than Indian pupils to be officially excluded from school for disciplinary reasons. These chronic problems have contributed to the group being towards at the lower end of the socio-economic spectrum and have continued to be a problem into the 21st century^[30]. Education in the United Kingdom. ...

African-Caribbean culture in the United Kingdom

The culture of the United Kingdom is rich and varied, and has been influential on culture on a worldwide scale. ...

Carnivals

African-Caribbean communities organise and participate in Caribbean style carnivals throughout the UK. The best known of these is the annual Notting Hill Carnival, now a multi-cultural experience, attracting up to 1.5 million people from Britain and around the world, making it the largest street festival in Europe.^[31] The carnival began in 1964 as a small procession of Trinidadians in memory of festivals in their home country. Other carnivals include the Leicester Caribbean Carnival, the Leeds West Indian Carnival and the Birmingham International Carnival Caribbean Carnival is an event that takes place in many of the Caribbean islands annually. ... Approximately 1 million people attend the Notting Hill Carnival each year Carnival dancers on Ladbroke Grove. ... Leicester Caribbean Carnival is an annual event, held in early August in Leicester, England. ... The Leeds West Indian Carnival, also called the Chapeltown Carnival, is the longest running West Indian carnival in Europe. ... Birmingham International Carnival takes place biennially in Birmingham, England. ...

Food

The earliest Caribbean immigrants to post-war Britain found differences in diet and availability of food an uncomfortable challenge.^[32] In later years, as the community developed and food imports became more accessible to all, grocers specialising in Caribbean produce opened in British High streets. Caribbean restaurants can now also be found in most areas of Britain where West Indian communities reside, serving traditional Caribbean dishes such as curried goat, fried dumplings, ackee and salt fish (cod) (the is the national dish of Jamaica), fried plantain, "jerk", steamed cabbage and rice and peas (actually kidney beans).^[33] Caribbean cuisine is a fusion of African, Amerindian, French, Indian, and Spanish cuisine. ... Hot peppers in Brixton market. ... Hot peppers in Brixton market. ... Scotch Bonnet peppers in a Caribbean market The Scotch Bonnet (Capsicum chinense) is a variety of Chile Pepper similar to and of the same species as the habanero. ... Categories: Stub ... Jerk spices packaged in jars Jerk chicken being cooked Jerk chicken as London festival food Jerk is a style of cooking native to Jamaica in which meats (traditionally pork, but now including chicken, fish, beef and even tofu) are dry-rubbed with a fiery spice mixture called Jamaican jerk spice. ... A grocer is a dealer in staple foodstuffs, such as meats, produce or dairy products, and other household supplies. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Main Street. ... Caribbean cuisine is a fusion of African, Amerindian, French, Indian, and Spanish cuisine. ... An Indian chicken curry A curry is any of a variety of distinctively spiced dishes, best-known in Indian, Thai and other South Asian cuisines, but curry has been adopted into all of the mainstream cuisines of the Asia-Pacific area. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Binomial name Blighia sapida K.D.Koenig The Ackee or Akee (Blighia sapida) is a member of the Sapindaceae (soapberry family), native to tropical West Africa in Cameroon, Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote DIvoire, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo... the world is coming to the end!!!!! cod is going to eat up alive and do us hard up the emmm. ... Species Musa Ã— paradisiaca A big load of plantains in Masaya, Nicaragua Cooking plantains (pronounced plan-TENZ or plan-TAINZ) are a kind of plantains that are generally used for cooking, as contrasted with the soft, sweet banana varieties (which are sometimes called dessert bananas). ... Jerk spices packaged in jars Jerk chicken being cooked Jerk chicken as London festival food Jerk is a style of cooking native to Jamaica in which meats (traditionally pork, but now including chicken, fish, beef and even tofu) are dry-rubbed with a fiery spice mixture called Jamaican jerk spice. ... Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ... Species Oryza glaberrima Oryza sativa The planting of rice is often a labour-intensive process Terrace of rice paddies in Yunnan Province, southern China. ... Binomial name Pisum sativum L. A pea is the small, edible round green bean which grows in a pod on the leguminous vine Pisum sativum, or in some cases to the immature pods. ... Binomial name Phaseolus vulgaris L. The common bean is an herbaceous annual plant domesticated independently in ancient Mesoamerica and the Andes, and now grown worldwide for its edible bean, popular both dry and as a green bean. ...

Religion

The influx of African-Caribbeans to the United Kingdom was accompanied by religious practices more common to the North American continent. In Britain, many African-Caribbeans continued to practice Non-conformist Protestant denominations with an Evangelical influence such as Pentecostalism and Seventh Day Baptism. African-Caribbeans have supported new churches in many areas of the country, which have grown to act as social centres for the community.^{Religion[›]} The manner of worship in some of these churches is more akin to that of African American practices, than to traditional English Anglican or Catholic liturgy. Gospel music also came to play a part in British cultural life. African-Caribbeans played a central role establishing British Gospel choirs, most notably the London Community Gospel Choir. St Pauls Cathedral The United Kingdom is traditionally a Christian state, though of the four constituent countries, only England still has a state faith in the form of an established church. ... In English history, a non-conformist is any member of a Protestant congregation not affiliated with the Church of England. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The word evangelicalism usually refers to a broad collection of religious beliefs, practices, and traditions which are found among conservative Protestant Christians. ... The Pentecostal movement within Evangelical Christianity places special emphasis on the direct personal experience of God through the baptism of the Holy Spirit, as shown in the Biblical account of the Day of Pentecost. ... Seventh Day Baptists are Christian Baptists who observe the Sabbath on Saturday, the seventh day of the week. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ... Gospel music refers to the religious music that first came out of African-American churches in the first quarter of the twentieth century or, more loosely, to both black gospel music and to the religious music composed and sung by predominately white Southern Gospel artists. ... The London Community Gospel Choir is a gospel choir who performed with the Childrens Choir of San Fernandez for the Gorillaz hit Dirty Harry. They recorded a version of the OutKast hit Hey Ya! with Razorlight, the b-side to their single Vice. They have also performed with Madonna...

Some British African-Caribbeans continue to practice other religious beliefs such as Rastafarianism, which developed in Jamaica. The Rastafarian belief system, associated personal symbols such as dreadlocks and cultural practices concerning cannabis were to influence British society far beyond the African-Caribbean community being adopted by both indigenous Britons and other ethnic groups residing in the nation.^[34] This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Dreadlocks, sometimes called simply dreads or locks, are matted ropes of hair which will form by themselves if the hair is allowed to grow naturally without the use of brushes, combs, razors or scissors for a long period of time. ... Look up Cannabis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Language and dialect

English is the official language of the former British West Indies, therefore African-Caribbean immigrants had few communication difficulties upon arrival in Britain compared to immigrants from other regions.^[1] Nevertheless, indigenous Britons were generally unused to the distinct Caribbean dialects, creoles and patois (patwah) spoken by many African-Caribbeans, which would be particularly problematic in the field of education. In a study by language and education specialist Viv Edwards, The West Indian language issue in British schools, language – the Creole spoken by the students – was singled out as an important factor disadvantaging Caribbean children in British schools. The study cites negative attitudes of teachers towards any nonstandard variety noting that; This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... An English-based creole language, or English creole for short, is a creole language that was significantly influenced by the English language. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Look up Anglophone in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Caribbean English is a dialect of the English language spoken in the Caribbean. ... An English-based creole language, or English creole for short, is a creole language that was significantly influenced by the English language. ... Patois, although without a formal definition in linguistics, can be used to describe a language considered as nonstandard. ...

As integration continued, African-Caribbeans born in Britain instinctively adopted hybrid dialects combining Caribbean and local British dialects.^[36] These dialects and accents gradually entered mainstream British vernacular, and shades of Caribbean dialects can be heard amongst Britons regardless of cultural origin. A Lancaster University study identified an emergence in certain areas of Britain of a distinctive accent which borrows heavily from Jamaican creole, lifting some words unchanged.^[37] This phenomenon, disparagingly named "Jafaican" meaning 'fake Jamaican', was famously parodied by comedian Sacha Baron Cohen through his character Ali G.^[37] This is a list of varieties of the English language. ... Lancaster University (officially the University of Lancaster) is a collegiate campus university in Lancaster, England. ... Sacha Noam Baron Cohen[1] (born October 13, 1971) is an English comedian and actor most noted for his comic characters Borat (a Kazakh reporter), Ali G (a junglist from Staines, England) and Bruno (a flamboyantly gay Austrian fashion reporter). ... Ali G delivering the Class Day speech to the Harvard class of 2004. ...

Theatre, television and mainstream cinema

The 1970s saw the emergence of independent filmmakers such as Trinidadian-born Horace Ove, the director of Pressure, among others.^[38] London's Talawa Theatre Company was founded in the 1985 by Jamaican-born Yvonne Brewster, their first production being based on C.L.R. James's historical account of the Haitian Revolution, The Black Jacobins.^[39] Since the 1980s, the Blue Mountain Theatre's productions have offered a more earthy style of populist comedy, often bringing over Jamaican artists such as Oliver Samuels.^[40] British television broadcasting has a range of different broadcasters, broadcasting multiple channels over a variety of distribution media. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Horace Ove is a Trinidadian born British filmmaker, painter and writer and one of the leading black independent film-makers to emerge in Britain since the post-war period. ... The Talawa Theatre Company was founded in London in 1985 by Jamaican born Yvonne Brewster, Mona Hammond, Carmen Munroe and Inigo Espejel, becoming the UKs most prominent black theatre company. ... Yvonne Brewster, O.B.E. is a Stage Director, Teacher and Writer. ... Cyril Lionel Robert James (4 January 1901–19 May 1989) was a journalist, and a prominent socialist theorist and writer. ... Combatants Haiti France Commanders Toussaint LOuverture, Jean-Jacques Dessalines Charles Leclerc, vicomte de Rochambeau, Napoleon Bonaparte Strength Regular army: <55,000, Volunteers: <100,000 Regular army: 60,000, 86 warships and frigates Casualties Military deaths: unknown, Civilian deaths: <100,000 Out of the 60,000 men sent betweeen Feb. ... The Black Jacobins is a historical account of the Haitian (San Domingo) Revolution of 1791-1803 written by Jamaican writer and historian C.L.R. James. ... Blue Mountain Theatre is a theatre company created in London in 1989 to provide theatre pieces for black British audiences. ... Oliver Samuels is a Jamaican comedian and actor. ...

While Guyanese actor Robert Adams became the first African-Caribbean (or black) dramatic actor to appear on British television on 11 May, 1938 (in a production of Eugene O'Neill's play The Emperor Jones), African-Caribbean entertainers were first widely popularized on British television broadcasts with the postwar resumption of BBC television in 1946 (pre-war black entertainers on the BBC - the first in the world - had primarily been African-American stars)^[41]. The profile of African-Caribbean actors on television, such as Lennie James, Judith Jacob and Diane Parish, has widened substantially since 1970s shows such as Love Thy Neighbour (Rudolph Walker) and Rising Damp (Don Warrington) when their role was often to act simply as either butt of, or foil to, racist jokes by 'white' characters. The most influential programme in moving away from this formula was the 1989-1994 Channel Four barbershop sitcom Desmond's, starring Norman Beaton and Carmen Munroe. Robert Adams (c1900-1965) was a pioneering black actor, on the stage, TV and films as well as the founder and director of the Negro Repertory Arts Theatre, one of the first professional Black theatre companies in Britain. ... Eugene Gladstone ONeill (October 16, 1888 â€“ November 27, 1953) was a Nobel and Pulitzer Prize-winning American playwright. ... The Emperor Jones is a play by Eugene ONeill which tells the tale of an African-American man who kills a man, goes to prison, escapes to a Caribbean island, and sets himself up as its dictator and emperor. ... The British Broadcasting Corporation, usually known as the BBC (and also informally known as the Beeb or Auntie) is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world in terms of audience numbers, employing 26,000 staff in the United Kingdom alone and with a budget of more than GBÂ£4 billion... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Languages Predominantly American English Religions Christianity (predominantly Baptist), Islam Related ethnic groups Sub-Saharan Africans and other African groups, some with Native American groups. ... Lennie James is a British actor. ... Judith Jacob is a British actress, best known for her role as Carmel Roberts in the television soap opera EastEnders. ... Diane Parish, born 1969 in London, is an English actress who has starred in many television roles including The Bill and its spin-off M.I.T.: Murder Investigation Team, playing DC Eva Sharpe, and Babyfather. ... Love Thy Neighbour was a British sitcom that ran from 13 April 1972 to 22 January 1976, made by Thames Television for ITV. It starred Jack Smethurst, Rudolph Walker, Nina Baden-Semper and Kate Williams. ... Rudolph Walker Rudolph Walker (born September 28, 1939) is a British character actor. ... Rising Damp was a UK television sitcom produced by Yorkshire Television for ITV, first broadcast from 1974 to 1978. ... Don Warrington is an actor, originally from Trinidad and Tobago where he was born in 1952, who has been a familiar face on British television and stage for thirty years. ... Channel 4 is a television broadcaster in the United Kingdom (see British television). ... Desmonds was a British television situation comedy broadcast by Channel 4 from 1989 to 1994. ... Norman Beaton (31 October 1934 - 13 December 1994) was a Guyanan actor. ... Carmen Munroe is a British actress, born in Berbice, Guyana. ...

One of the biggest African-Caribbean names in comedy is Lenny Henry, who began his career as a stand-up comedian but whose television sketch shows, where he often caricatured Caribbean émigrés, made him popular enough to headline numerous primetime comedy shows from, for instance, Lenny Henry in 1984 to The Lenny Henry Show in 2004.^[42] The highest professional achievement by a British African-Caribbean actor to date (2006) was Marianne Jean-Baptiste's 1996 nominations for an Academy Award (Oscar), Golden Globe and British Academy Award (bafta) for her feature-film debut role in Secrets & Lies.^[43] Comedy has a classical meaning (comical theatre) and a popular one (the use of humour with an intent to provoke[[ laughter in general). ... Lenworth George Henry, CBE, better known as Lenny Henry (born 29 August 1958), is an English entertainer. ... Ã‰migrÃ© is a French term that shows how Martin B. loves stephanie. ... Marianne Raigipcien Jean-Baptiste (born on 26 April 1967 in London, England) is an English actress. ... Academy Award The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, are the most prominent and most watched film awards ceremony in the world. ... The Golden Globe Award The Golden Globe Awards are American awards for motion pictures and television programs, given out each year during a formal dinner. ... BAFTA Award The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), is a British organisation that hosts annual awards shows for film, television, childrens film and television, and interactive media. ... Secrets & Lies is a 1996 British film which tells the story of a successful black woman who, while tracing her family history, discovers that her mother is a lower-class white woman (whose brother is a photographer married to a petty house-proud suburban woman). ...

Literature

Jamaican poet James Berry was one of the first Caribbean writers to come to Britain after the 1948 British Nationality Act. He was followed by writers including Barbadians George Lamming and Edward Kamau Brathwaite, Trinidadians Samuel Selvon, CLR James, Jamaican Andrew Salkey and the Guyanese writer Wilson Harris. These writers viewed London as the centre of the English literary scene, and took advantage of the BBC Radio show Caribbean voices to gain attention and be published. By relocating to Britain, these writers also gave Caribbean literature an international readership for the first time and established Caribbean writing as an important perspective within English literature.^[44] British literature is literature from the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. ... Caribbean literature is the term generally accepted for the literature of the various territories of the Caribbean region. ... Image File history File links Africa_shopping. ... Image File history File links Africa_shopping. ... The name Electric Avenue may refer to any of the following: A song written by Eddy Grant The household appliance department at the now defunct Montgomery Ward chain of U.S. department stores A roadway in several places, including Seal Beach, California, and Brixton, U.K A dance club in... Brixton is an area of South London, England, part of the London Borough of Lambeth. ... David Copeland David John Copeland (born May 15, 1976) is a former member of the British neo-Nazi National Socialist Movement, who became known as the London nailbomber after a 13-day bombing campaign in April 1999 aimed at Londons black, Asian, and gay communities. ... The poor poet A poet is a person who writes poetry. ... James Berry was born in Jamaica and grew up in a coastal village, the fourth child in a family of six. ... George Lamming (1927– ), is a novelist and poet. ... (Lawson) Edward Kamau Brathwaite (born in Bridgetown, Barbados) on May 11, 1930 is a Barbadian writer, poet and dramatist. ... Samuel Selvon (1923–1994) was a Trinidad-born writer of mixed Indo-Trinidadian and European descent. ... Cyril Lionel Robert James (4 January 1901â€“19 May 1989) was a journalist, socialist theorist and writer. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Wilson Harris (Born March 4, 1921) is a Guyanese writer. ... BBC Radio is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal Charter since 1927. ... Caribbean literature is the term generally accepted for the literature of the various territories of the Caribbean region. ... The term English literature refers to literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England; Joseph Conrad was Polish, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, Salman Rushdie is Indian, V.S...

Some Caribbean writers also began writing about the hardships faced by settlers in post-war Britain. George Lamming addressed these issues with his 1954 novel The Emigrants, which traced the journey of migrants from Barbados as they struggled to integrate into British life.^[44] By the mid-1980s, a more radical wave of writers and poets were addressing the African-Caribbean experience in Britain, promoted by a group of new publishing houses such as Akira, Karia, Dangaroo, and Karnak House.^[44] A novel (from French nouvelle Italian novella, new) is an extended, generally fictional narrative, typically in prose. ... Extremism is a term used to describe the actions or ideologies of individuals or groups outside the perceived political center of a society; or otherwise claimed to violate common standards of ethics and reciprocity. ...

In 1984, the poet Fred D'Aguiar (born in London to Guyanese parents) won the T. S. Eliot Prize, and in 1994 won the Whitbread First Novel Award for The Longest Memory. Linton Kwesi Johnson's rhyming and socio-political commentary over dub beats made him the unofficial poet laureate of the British African-Caribbean community.^[45] Another dub poet, Benjamin Zephaniah, born in Birmingham to Jamaican parents, overcame a spell in prison to become a well known writer, and public figure.^[46] In 2003 he declined an OBE, stating that it reminded him of 'thousands of years of brutality, it reminds me of how my foremothers were raped and my forefathers brutalized'.^[47] Fred DAguiar (Born February 2, 1960) is an author of poetry, novels, and drama. ... The T. S. Eliot Prize for Poetry is a British literary award. ... The Costa Book Awards are among the United Kingdoms most prestigious literary awards. ... Linton Kwesi Johnson Linton Kwesi Johnson (aka LKJ) (born 24 August 1952) is a British-based Dub poet. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Benjamin Obadiah Iqbal Zephaniah is a British Rastafarian writer and dub poet, and is well known in contemporary English literature. ... The city from above Centenary Square. ... Commanders Badge of the Order of the British Empire (Military division) The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by King George V. The Order includes five classes in civil and military divisions; in decreasing order of seniority...

In 2004, Andrea Levy's novel Small Island was winner of the 2004 Orange Prize for Fiction, one of Britain's highest literary honours. The feat was repeated in 2006 by Zadie Smith for On Beauty. Levy, born in London to Jamaican parents is the author of four novels, each exploring - from different perspectives - the problems faced by Black British-born children of Jamaican emigrants.^[48] Smith's acclaimed first novel, White Teeth, is a portrait of contemporary multicultural London drawing from her own upbringing with an English father and a Jamaican mother.^[49] The UK also has a modest output of African-Caribbean popular fiction, of which the most widely known example is 'Yardie', an Urban fiction novel written by Victor Headley in 1992 which describes the life a Jamaican courier carrying cocaine from Jamaica to London. The book was published by Steve Pope and Dotun Adebayo of Xpress books.^[50] Andrea Levy is a British author, born in 1956. ... The Orange Prize for Fiction is one of the United Kingdoms most prestigious literary prizes, awarded annually for the best original full-length novel by a female author of any nationality, written in English and published in the UK in the preceding year. ... Zadie Smith (born October 27, 1975) is an English novelist. ... On Beauty is a 2005 novel by the British author Zadie Smith. ... White Teeth is a 2000 novel by the British author Zadie Smith. ... Genre fiction is a term for writings by multiple authors that are very similar in theme and style, especially where these similarities are deliberately pursued by the authors. ... A Yardie is a Jamaican living abroad. ... Urban fiction is a literary genre set, as the name implies, in a city landscape; however, the genre is as much defined by the race and culture of its characters as the urban setting. ... Victor Headley (Born 1959) is a Jamaican born British author. ... Dotun Adebayo is best known as a presenter of Up All Night on BBC Radio 5 Live, as well as the obituary programme Brief Lives. ...

Media

The Voice newspaper was the primary African-Caribbean print media outlet in Britain. and was founded in the early 1980s by Val McCalla. Other publications have included the Gleaner, Black Voice, Pride Magazine and The Caribbean Times. The growth of such media is aimed to offset the perceived imbalances of 'mainstream' media. In 2006, Sir Ian Blair, the Chief Commissioner of London's Metropolitan Police, joined a long list of commentators in branding the mainstream British media as 'institutionally racist' for its alleged failure to offer a proper balance in reporting affairs related to the community.^[51] The United Kingdom has a diverse range of different types of media. ... The Voice is a British national weekly tabloid newspaper owned by the Jamaican publisher, the Gleaner Voice Group, aimed at the British Afro-Caribbean community. ... Val McCalla (born October 3, 1943 in Kingston, Jamaica; died August 22, 2002 in Seaford, East Sussex) is best known as the founder of The Voice. ... The Gleaner Company, established in 1834, is a newspaper publishing enterprise in Jamaica. ... In politics and history the Black Unity and Freedom Party, also BUFP (c. ... Pride Magazine is a British lifestyle magazine that aims to appeal to Black British women. ... The Caribbean Times a British weekly newspaper that concentrates on news, sport and social developments in the Caribbean, providing a link for the UKs West Indian and African-Caribbean population. ... Sir Ian Blair, QPM (born 19 March 1953) is the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police in London. ... Institutional racism (or structural racism or systemic racism) is a theoretical form of racism that occurs in institutions such as public bodies and corporations, including universities. ...

Trinidad-born Sir Trevor McDonald is one of the community's best-known journalists, having been the main presenter (newscaster) for the national ITV network for over twenty years.^[52] Other notable media figures include Gary Younge, The Guardian columnist, and Moira Stuart, the veteran BBC news presenter.^[53] Trinidadian-born Darcus Howe has written in New Statesman and fronted a number of documentary series including the Channel 4 current affairs programme Devil's Advocate. Much of Howe's work is related to the experiences of British African-Caribbeans and racism in wider British society.^[54] Other notable producer/directors are Terry Jervis (Jervis Media) and Pogus Caesar (Windrush Productions); both have made multicultural, entertainment and sports programmes for Carlton TV, BBC TV and Channel 4.^[55] McDonald anchoring the ITV News at 10. ... It has been suggested that Channel 3 (UK) be merged into this article or section. ... Gary Younge is a British journalist and author. ... The Guardian is a British newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. ... Moira Stuart OBE (born 1952) is a British newsreader television, with most of her work being for the BBC. She is known for being the first black newsreader in the UK. At present she is the newsreader for the Sunday AM, and fronts some other weekend bulletins for the BBC... Darcus Howe (born in 1943 in Trinidad and Tobago, then a British colony), is British based a broadcaster and columnist, who lives in Brixton, South London // The son of an Anglican priest, he left Trinidad for London aged 19 to enter the Middle Temple, but swapped the law for journalism. ... The New Statesman is a left-of-centre political weekly published in London. ... It has been suggested that Channel Four Television Corporation be merged into this article or section. ... It has been suggested that Pogus Caesar Interview (The Voice) 1989 be merged into this article or section. ... Carlton Television was the United Kingdom Channel 3 (ITV) licensee for London and the surrounding areas from 9:25am every Monday to 5. ... This article is an overview article about the Crown chartered British Broadcasting Corporation formed in 1927. ... It has been suggested that Channel Four Television Corporation be merged into this article or section. ...

The community has a strong tradition of 'underground' 'pirate radio' broadcasters, the most established being London's Lightning and Genesis, which play a mix of ragga, reggae, bashment, hip hop and R&B. In 1996, Choice FM received a licence to broadcast in London and Birmingham with a remit to serve the musical tastes of the African-Caribbean community.^[56] In 2004, the BBC established its digital broadcasting strand '1Xtra' to focus on new Black music - which in effect means catering to the tastes of the country's African-Caribbean youth.^[57] The term pirate radio usually refers to illegal or unregulated radio broadcasting. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with ragga. ... Hip hop music is a style of music which came into existence in the United States during the mid-1970s, and became a large part of modern pop culture during the 1980s. ... Rhythm and blues (aka R&B or RnB) is a popular music genre combining jazz, gospel, and blues influences â€” first performed by African American artists. ... Choice FM is the name of two commercial radio stations in London, specialising in R&B and reggae. ... BBC 1Xtra is a UK radio station from the BBC specialising in urban and black music. ...

The Internet has afforded the community the opportunity to publish en-masse, and there are now thousands of websites and blogs produced by or for African-Caribbeans in the UK such as the BBC's Family History page,^[58] and The African-Caribbean Network, Blacknet UK, launched in 1996.^[59]

Visual arts

One of the most influential African-Caribbeans in the British art world has been Dr. Eddie Chambers.^[60] Chambers, along with Donald Rodney, Marlene Smith and curator, artist, critic and academic Keith Piper, founded the BLK Art Group ^[61] in 1982, when they were initially based in the West Midlands. According to Chambers, significant artists such as the Guyanese-born painters Aubrey Williams and Frank Bowling and the Jamaican sculptor Ronald Moody initially found that, despite achieving worldwide renown, it was difficult to find acceptance in the highest echelons of the art establishment.^[62] British Art is the art of the island of Britain. ... Eddie Chambers (born 1960 in Wolverhampton) is a British artist, art critic and curator. ... Donald Rodney (born May 18 1961 - died March 4 1998) was a British artist. ... Keith Piper (Born 1960 in Malta) is a British artist, curator, critic and academic. ... The BLK Art Group was the name chosen in 1982 by a group of four influential conceptual artists, painters, sculptors and installation artists based in the United Kingdom. ... // The West Midlands is an area of central England. ... Aubrey Williams (born 1926 in Georgetown, Guyana - died 1990) was a prominent artist and art lecturer in the United Kingdom. ... Frank Bowling (born 1936) is a Guyana born British artist and is widely considered to be one of the most distinguished black artists to emerge from post-war British art schools. ... Ronald Moody (1900-1984) was a Jamaican born sculptor, specialising in wood carvings. ...

Chambers worked with Donald Rodney and Sonia Boyce, both of whose work is represented in the permanent collections of the London's Tate Britain museum. In 1986 the Hayward Gallery presented the exhibition 'The Other Story' that provided a survey of African-Caribbean, African and Asian artists working in the UK. Download high resolution version (750x601, 99 KB) Tate Britain, London. ... Download high resolution version (750x601, 99 KB) Tate Britain, London. ... Tate Britain is a part of the Tate Gallery in Britain, along with Tate Modern, Tate Liverpool and Tate St Ives. ... Donald Rodney (born May 18 1961 - died March 4 1998) was a British artist. ... Sonia Boyce born in London in 1962 is a British Afro-Caribbean artist, living and working in London. ... Donald Rodney (born May 18 1961 - died March 4 1998) was a British artist. ... Sonia Boyce born in London in 1962 is a British Afro-Caribbean artist, living and working in London. ... Tate Britain is a part of the Tate Gallery in Britain, along with Tate Modern, Tate Liverpool and Tate St Ives. ... Hayward Gallery, London The Hayward Gallery is an art gallery within the South Bank Centre, situated on the South Bank of the River Thames, in central London, England. ...

Other African-Caribbean artists of note include Faisal Abdu'allah of Jamaican heritage,^[63] Guyanan-born Ingrid Pollard,^[64], British-based Jamaican painter Eugene Palmer, the sculptor George 'Fowokan' Kelly ^[65] and Tam Joseph, whose 1983 work Spirit of Carnival was a vivid depiction of the Notting Hill Carnival.^[66] The movement was also part of the impetus that led to the founding of the Association of Black Photographers by Mark Sealy. In 1999 the filmmaker Steve McQueen (not to be confused with the Hollywood filmstar) won Britain's most prestigious art prize, the Turner Prize, for his video "Deadpan".^[67] The artist and producer Pogus Caesar was commissioned by Artangel to direct a film based on McQueen's work. Forward Ever - Backward Never was premiered at Lumiere in London 2002. Caesar has also established the OOM Gallery Archives, based in Birmingham, which has in excess of 14,000 images including photographs of contemporary Black British culture. Faisal Abduallah (born 1969 in London) is a British artist. ... Ingrid Pollard (born 1953 in Georgetown, Guyana) is a British artist and photographer. ... Eugene Palmer (born 1955) is a Jamaican born British artist. ... Tam Joseph (Born Dominica, 1947) is a British Painter,Printmaker and sculptor. ... The Association of Black Photographers (also known as Autograph ABP) is a British based, international, non-profit-making, photographic arts agency. ... Steve McQueen (born 1969) is an English artist. ... The Turner Prize is an annual prize given to a British visual artist under 50, named after the painter J.M.W. Turner. ... It has been suggested that Pogus Caesar Interview (The Voice) 1989 be merged into this article or section. ... Pogus Caesar is a British artist, television producer and director. ... Black British is term which has had different meanings and uses as a racial and political label. ...

Academia

There are a number of African-Caribbean academics who are especially prominent in the arts and humanities. Professor Paul Gilroy, of Guyanese/English heritage, is one Britain's leading academics, having taught sociology at Harvard as well as Goldsmiths College and the London School of Economics.^[68] The Jamaican-born cultural theorist Professor Stuart Hall has also been a highly influential British intellectual since the 1960s.^[69] Dr. Robert Beckford has presented several national television and radio documentaries exploring African-Caribbean history, culture and religion.^[70] Other prominent academics include Dr Lez Henry of Goldsmiths College, and Prof. Harry Goldbourne, a former member of the radical group the Black Unity and Freedom Party, who went on to teach at the University of the South Bank. Although there are hundreds of African-Caribbean teachers in the UK, it has been suggested that their under-representation in inner-city schools is a major factor in the failure, particularly of secondary-level schools, to achieve a satisfactory average of achievement for the community's children (see Bernard Coard and the Swann Report of 1985).^[71] Paul Gilroy (born 16th February 1956) is a Professor at the London School of Economics. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Founded in 1636,[2] Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning still operating in the United States. ... Goldsmiths College (founded in 1891 by the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths as Goldsmiths Technical and Recreative Institute) has been a part of the federal University of London since 1904, when it took its current name. ... The London School of Economics and Political Science, often referred to as the London School of Economics or simply the LSE, is a specialist constituent college of the University of London. ... Stuart Hall (born 1932 in Kingston, Jamaica) is a cultural theorist from the United Kingdom. ... An intellectual is a person who uses his or her intellect to work, study, reflect, speculate on, or ask and answer questions with regard to a variety of different ideas. ... Robert Beckford is a British academic, theologian and filmmaker based at the University of Birmingham. ... In politics and history the Black Unity and Freedom Party, also BUFP (c. ... London South Bank University is a central London university with around 20,000 students and 1,700 staff in the London Borough of Southwark. ... Winston Bernard Coard (born August 10, 1944) was a Grenadian politician who was part of the coup dÃ©tat that overthrew Maurice Bishops government in 1983. ... The Swann Report (officially called Education for All), was a British government report created in 1985, advocating a multicultural education system for all schools, regardless of institutions, location, age-range or ethnicity for staff/pupils. ...

Music

The period of large-scale immigration brought many new musical styles to the United Kingdom. These styles gained popularity amongst Britons of all cultural origins, and aided Caribbean music in gaining international recognition. The earliest of these exponents was the calypso artist Lord Kitchener, who arrived in Britain on the Windrush in 1948 accompanied by fellow musician Lord Beginner.^[72] Already a star in his native Trinidad, Lord Kitchener got an immediate booking at the only West Indian club in London. Six months later, he was appearing in three clubs nightly, and his popularity extended beyond the West Indian and African nightclub audiences, to include music hall and variety show audiences.^[72] Kitchener's recording "London is the place for me" exemplified the experience of the Windrush generation.^[73] Other calypso musicians began to collaborate with African Kwela musicians and British jazz players in London clubs.^[73] Jamaican music in the United Kingdom // White Reggae White reggae has very low artistic credibility, but it laid a path for genuine reggae in Britain. ... Download high resolution version (1944x2592, 1846 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1944x2592, 1846 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Musical Youth formed in 1979 at Duddeston Manor School, Birmingham, England. ... Calypso is a style of Afro-Caribbean music which originated in Trinidad at about the start of the 20th century. ... For the First World War leader, see Horatio Kitchener Lord Kitchener (April 18, 1922 - February 11, 2000) was one of the most internationally famous calypsonians. ... Lord Beginner (born Egbert Moore) was a popular exponent of the Caribbean musical form Calypso, helping to spark a renaissance of the genre in the 1940s and 50s. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Music Hall is a form of British theatrical entertainment which reached its peak of popularity between 1850 and 1960. ... A variety show is a show with a variety of acts, often including music and comedy skits, especially on television. ... Kwela is a happy, often pennywhistle based, street music from southern Africa with jazzy underpinnings. ... Britain has been home to a number of noted jazz musicians. ...

Jamaican music styles reached Britain in the 1960s, becoming the staple music for young British African-Caribbeans. Tours by ska artists such as Prince Buster and the Skatalites fed the growing British-Caribbean music scene, and the success of Jamaican artists Millie Small, Desmond Dekker and Bob and Marcia propelled Caribbean music and people into mainstream cultural life. British African-Caribbeans followed the changing styles of Jamaican music and began to produce homegrown music appealing to both Black and White communities. In 1969, the British African-Caribbean ska band Symarip recorded "Skinhead Moonstomp" which had a huge effect on the British ska scene. The ska sound and rude boy imagery inspired a generation of white working-class youths (especially mods and skinheads), and later helped spawn Britain's multi-cultural 2 Tone movement in the late 1970s.^[74] Ska is a Jamaica-originated music genre that combines elements of Caribbean mento and calypso with American jazz and rhythm and blues. ... Cecil Bustamente Campbell (born May 28, 1938), better known as Prince Buster, is a musician from Kingston, Jamaica and regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of ska and rocksteady music. ... This article needs copyediting (checking for proper English spelling, grammar, usage, etc. ... Millie Small (born October 4, 1946 Clarendon, Jamaica), is famous for her 1964 hit single, a cover version of Barbie Gayes My Boy Lollipop. Categories: Musician stubs | Jamaican musicians | First-wave ska groups ... Desmond Dekker (July 16, 1941 â€“ May 25, 2006), was a Jamaican ska and reggae singer and songwriter. ... Marcia Llyneth Griffiths (born on November 23, 1949 in Kingston, Jamaica) also called Queen of Reggae is Jamaicas most famous female singer. ... Symarip, formerly the Pyramids, were a ska and reggae band from the United Kingdom, originating towards the end of the 1960s and into the early 1970s. ... This article is about a Jamaican subculture. ... The term working class is used to denote a social class. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Skinheads, named after their cropped or shaven heads, are members of a working class subculture that originated in Britain in the 1960s, where they were heavily influenced by the rude boys of the West Indies and the mods of the UK. In subsequent decades, the skinhead subculture spread to other... Multiculturalism is a philosophy that is sometimes construed as ideology advocating that modern society should at least embrace and include distinct cultural groups with equal cultural and political status. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ...

As Jamaican ska gave way to the slower styles of rocksteady and the more politicised reggae, British African-Caribbeans followed suit. Sound systems to rival those in Jamaica sprung up throughout communities, and 'Blues parties' - parties in private houses, where one paid at the door - became an institution. The arrival of Bob Marley to London in 1971 helped spawn a Black British music industry based on reggae. His association with the Rastafarian movement influenced waves of young people, reared in Britain, to discover their Caribbean roots. British Barbadian Dennis Bovell became Britain's prominent reggae band leader and producer, working with many international reggae stars, and introducing a reggae flavour to the British pop charts with non-reggae acts such as Dexy's Midnight Runners and Bananarama. Bovell also worked extensively with London-based dub poet Linton Kwesi Johnson.^[75] Rocksteady is the name given to a style of music popular in Jamaica between 1966 and 1968. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... In Jamaica, a Sound System is a popular type of nomadic outdoor concert/party. ... Robert Nesta Marley OM (February 6, 1945 â€“ May 11, 1981) was a Jamaican singer, songwriter, and guitarist. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Dennis Bovell (1953, Saint Peter, Barbados, West Indies) is a legendary reggae guitarist and music producer. ... Too-Rye-Ay (1983) Dexys Midnight Runners - the name consistently spelled without an apostrophe [1] - were a British New Wave and Northern Soul band, who achieved their major success in the early to mid 1980s. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Linton Kwesi Johnson Linton Kwesi Johnson (aka LKJ) (born 24 August 1952) is a British-based Dub poet. ...

British music with reggae roots prospered in the 1980s and early 1990s. British African-Caribbean artists Musical Youth, Aswad, Maxi Priest and Eddy Grant had major commercial successes, and the multicultural band UB40 helped promote reggae to an international audience. Birmingham-based Steel Pulse became one of the world's foremost exponents of roots reggae and accompanying black consciousness, their debut 1978 album Handsworth Revolution becoming a seminal release.^[77] Download high resolution version (320x656, 28 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (320x656, 28 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Clifford Price, better known as Goldie (born September, 1965 in Wolverhampton) is a British electronic music artist, disc jockey, and actor. ... Robert Nesta Marley OM (February 6, 1945 â€“ May 11, 1981) was a Jamaican singer, songwriter, and guitarist. ... Musical Youth formed in 1979 at Duddeston Manor School, Birmingham, England. ... Formed by immigrants from the Caribbean in West London in 1975, British reggae group Aswad (Black in arabic) are intriguing in that they have performed (according to critics) better music as they added more soul and R&B influences to it. ... Maxi Priest (born Max Alfred Elliott on June 10, 1960) is a reggae singer and songwriter from England. ... Eddy Grant (born Edmond Montague Grant, 5 March 1948), is a Plaisance, Guyana born musician. ... UB40 UB40 are a British dub / reggae pop music band formed in 1978 in Birmingham. ... Steel Pulse is a well-known roots reggae musical band. ... Roots reggae is a sub-genre of reggae music which evolved in Jamaica from Ska and Rocksteady and was made famous outside the Caribbean by the legendary singer/songwriter Bob Marley. ... Tommie Smith (gold medal) and John Carlos (bronze medal) famously performed the Black Power salute on the 200 m winners podium at the 1968 Olympics. ... Handsworth Revolution is a reggae album by Steel Pulse. ...

British African-Caribbean music had been generally synonymous with Caribbean styles until the 1990s, although some artists had been drawing on British and American musical forms for several decades. In the 1970s and 1980s, British African-Caribbean artists such as Hot Chocolate and Imagination became leaders of the British disco, soul and R&B scenes.^[78] By the mid-1980s British African-Caribbeans were also incorporating American hip hop and House styles, becoming leading figures in Britain's developing dance music culture. This led to an explosion of musical forms. British artists created musical hybrids combining many elements including European techno, Jamaican dancehall, dub, breakbeats and contemporary American R'n'B. These unique blends began to gain international acclaim through the success of Soul II Soul and the multi-racial Massive Attack.^[79] Hot chocolate with marshmallow For the musical band, see Hot Chocolate. ... Imagination were a three piece soul music band from the United Kingdom in the early 1980s, sometimes described as Britains first black supergroup. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Soul music (disambiguation). ... Hip hop music is a style of music which came into existence in the United States during the mid-1970s, and became a large part of modern pop culture during the 1980s. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Techno is a form of electronic dance music that became prominent in Detroit, Michigan during the mid-1980s with influences from electro, New Wave, Funk and futuristic fiction themes that were prevalent and relative to modern culture during the end of the Cold War in industrial America at that time. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with ragga. ... Breakbeat (sometimes breakbeats or breaks) is a term used to describe a collection of sub-genres of electronic music, usually characterized by the use of a non-straighted 4/4 drum pattern (as opposed to the steady beat of house or trance). ... Soul II Soul is a dance/funk/soul act that emerged at the end of the 80s from London. ... Massive Attack are a successful and critically acclaimed band from Bristol, England. ...

British African-Caribbeans were at the leading edge of the jungle and drum and bass movements of the 1990s. Although the fast-tempo drums and loud intricate bass lines sounded fresh, Caribbean roots could still be detected.^[80] Two successful exponents of these new styles were DJs Goldie and Roni Size, both of Jamaican heritage.^[76]^[81] Later, British African-Caribbean musicians and DJs were at the forefront of the UK Garage and Grime scenes.^[82] Oldschool jungle is the name given to a style of electronic music that incorporates influences from genres including breakbeat hardcore, techno, rare groove and reggae/dub/dancehall. ... Drum and bass (commonly abbreviated to DnB, dnb, drum n bass and drum & bass) is a type of electronic dance music also known as jungle. ... Clifford Price, better known as Goldie (born September, 1965 in Wolverhampton) is a British electronic music artist, disc jockey, and actor. ... Roni Size (b. ... It has been suggested that UKG: UK Garage and Two-step be merged into this article or section. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

African-Caribbeans in British sport

British African-Caribbeans are well represented in traditional British sporting pastimes such as football and rugby, and have also represented the nation at the highest level in sports where Caribbeans typically excel in the home countries such as cricket and athletics. Some British African-Caribbeans have gone on to become international sports stars and top global earners in their chosen sporting field. // Sport plays a prominent role in British life and many Britons make a great emotional investment in their favourite spectator sports. ... Football (soccer) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... A BCRFC match at Boston College Rugby football, often just referred to as rugby, refers to sports descended from a common form of football developed at Rugby School in England. ... For the insect, see Cricket (insect). ... A womens 400m hurdles race on a typical outdoor red rubber track. ...

Athletics

Britain's first Olympic sprint medals came from Harry Edward, born in Guyana, who won two individual bronze medals at the 1920 games in Antwerp.^[83] Many years later, sprinter Linford Christie, born in Saint Andrew Parish, Jamaica, won 23 major championship medals, more than any other British male athlete to date. Christie's career highlight was winning a gold medal in the immensely competitive 100 metres event in the 1992 Barcelona Olympics.^[84] Welsh Hurdler Colin Jackson, who went to considerable lengths to explore his Jamaican heritage in a BBC documentary, held the 110 metres hurdles world record for 11 years between 1993 and 2004.^[85] The five Olympic rings were designed in 1913, adopted in 1914 and debuted at the Games at Antwerp, 1920. ... The 1920 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the VII Olympiad, were held in 1920 in Antwerp, Belgium. ... Linford Christie, OBE (born April 2, 1960) is a former athlete, and the only English man to win Olympic, World, Commonwealth and European 100 m gold medals. ... Saint Andrew (capital Half Way Tree) is a parish, situated in the south east of Jamaica in the county of Surrey. ... Gold Medal is an album by American band The Donnas, released in 2004. ... 100 m is the classic sprints race distance. ... The 1992 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad, were held in 1992 in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. ... This article is about the country. ... Colin Ray Jackson (born February 18, 1967 in Cardiff, Wales) was a sprint and hurdling athlete and now works as a sports commentator and television presenter predominantly for the BBC. He attended Llanedeyrn High School playing football and cricket for the county and rugby and basketball for his school. ... The 110m Hurdles are an Olympic track and field athletics discipline run by men. ...

Jamaican-born Tessa Sanderson became the first British African-Caribbean women to win Olympic gold, receiving the medal for her javelin performance in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. Denise Lewis, of Jamaican heritage, won heptathlon gold in the 2000 Sydney Olympics,^[86] a games where 13 of Britain's 18 track and field representatives had Afro-Caribbean roots.^[83] Four years later in the Athens Olympics, Kelly Holmes, the daughter of a Jamaican-born car mechanic, achieved the rare feat of taking gold in both the 800 and 1500 metres races.^[87] In the same games, Britain's men's 4 x 100 metre relay team of Marlon Devonish, Darren Campbell, Mark Lewis-Francis and Jason Gardener, all of African-Caribbean heritage, beat the favoured United States quartet to claim Olympic gold.^[88] Tessa Sanderson CBE (born 14 March 1956) is a former British javelinist and heptathlete. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Music sample: Olympic Fanfare and Theme ( file info) â€” composed by John Williams for the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles Problems listening to the file? See media help. ... Denise Lewis OBE (born August 27, 1972, in West Bromwich, England) is a British athlete who specialises in the heptathlon. ... A heptathlon is a sportive contest made up of seven events (from the Greek hepta (seven) and athlon (contest)). More specifically, the term heptathlon refers to an athletic (track and field) event consisting of seven events. ... The 2000 Summer Olympics or the Millennium Games/Games of the New Millennium, officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad, were the Summer Olympic Games held in 2000 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. ... The 2004 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad, were held in Athens, Greece, from August 13 to August 29, 2004. ... Dame Kelly Holmes, DBE (born April 19, 1970) is a retired English middle distance athlete. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The 1,500 metres is a premier middle distance track event. ... The 4 x 100 metres relay at the 2004 Summer Olympics as part of the athletics program were held at the Athens Olympic Stadium on August 27 and August 28. ... Marlon Devonish (born June 1, 1976 in Coventry, England) is an English sprint athlete. ... Darren Campbell (born September 12, 1973) is an English sprint athlete. ... Mark Lewis-Francis (born September 4, 1982) is an English sprint athlete, regarded as the top 100m sprinter in the United Kingdom. ... Jason Gardener (born September 18, 1975 in Bath, Somerset, England) is a sprint athlete. ...

Boxing

British boxers of a Caribbean background have dominated the national boxing scene since the early 1980s. In 1995 Frank Bruno, whose mother was a Pentecostal laypreacher from Jamaica, became Britain's first world heavyweight boxing champion in the 20th century.^[89] Bruno's reign was shortly followed by British-born Jamaican Lennox Lewis, who defeated Evander Holyfield and Mike Tyson to become the world's premier heavyweight during the late 1990s.^[90] Middleweights Chris Eubank, who spent his early years in Jamaica, and Nigel Benn, of Barbadian descent, both claimed world titles and fought a series of brutal battles in the early 1990s.^[91] In the Sydney Olympics of 2000, Audley Harrison (who has Jamaican heritage) became Britain's first heavyweight gold medalist.^[92] Other boxing champions from the British African-Caribbean community include the welterweight Lloyd Honeyghan, nicknamed 'Ragamuffin Man' in reference to his Jamaican roots, who defeated boxing super-star Donald Curry in 1986.^[93] Professional boxing bout featuring Ricardo DomÃnguez (left) versus Rafael OrtÃz Boxing, also called pugilism (from Latin), prizefighting (when referring to professional boxing) or the sweet science[1] is a sport and martial art in which two participants of similar weight fight each other with their fists in a... Franklin Ray Bruno (born November 16, 1961) is an English former boxer whose career highlight was winning the WBC world heavyweight championship in 1995. ... The Pentecostal movement within Evangelical Christianity places special emphasis on the direct personal experience of God through the baptism of the Holy Spirit, as shown in the Biblical account of the Day of Pentecost. ... This is a chronological list of world heavyweight boxing champions, as recognized by the following organizations: The World Boxing Association (WBA), founded in 1921 as the National Boxing Association (NBA), The World Boxing Council (WBC), founded in 1963, The International Boxing Federation (IBF), founded in 1983, and The World Boxing... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Evander Holyfield (born October 19, 1962 in Atmore, Alabama) is a professional boxer from the United States. ... Michael Gerard Tyson, (born June 30, 1966) is a former American World Heavyweight boxing Champion. ... This article or section seems not to be written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopaedia entry. ... Nigel Benn (born January 22, 1964) is an English former boxer who held world titles at both Middleweight and Super Middleweight. ... The 2000 Summer Olympics or the Millennium Games/Games of the New Millennium, officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad, were the Summer Olympic Games held in 2000 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. ... Audley Harrison, (born on October 26, 1971 in London), was a British Heavyweight boxer. ... The boxing competition at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney was held over a period of sixteen days at the Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre in Darling Harbour. ... Lloyd Honeyghan (born April 22, 1960) is a retired British boxer. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Donald Curry (born September 7, 1961) was a Fort Worth fighter, called the Lone Star Cobra. Curry, who had an amateur record of 400-4, made the 1980 United States Olympic team, but could not compete due to the U.S. boycott. ...

Cricket

Cricket has long been a popular pastime amongst African-Caribbeans in both the West Indies and the United Kingdom, though this has waned somewhat since its peak during the 1960s-1980s.^[94] After the period of widespread immigration, tours of England by the combined West Indian cricket team became cultural celebrations of Caribbean culture in Britain, particularly at cricket grounds such as The Oval in South London.^[94] Almost all the great West Indian cricketers became regular features of the domestic county game, including Garfield Sobers, Vivian Richards and Michael Holding. In turn, British cricketers of Caribbean origin also began to make an impact in English cricket. In the 1980s-1990s, players including Gladstone Small (born in Barbados),^[95] Devon Malcolm (born in Jamaica)^[96] and Phillip DeFreitas (born in Dominica)^[97] represented England, making significant contributions to the side.^Cricket[›] For the insect, see Cricket (insect). ... Learie Constantine, was one of the first great West Indian players. ... The famous gasometers, which are now listed buildings. ... South London area South London (known colloquially as South of the River) is the area of London south of the River Thames. ... This is a list of West Indian Test cricketers. ... The County Championship is the domestic first class cricket competition in the United Kingdom, mainly in England. ... For more coverage of cricket, go to the Cricket portal. ... Sir Isaac Vivian Alexander Richards (known by his second name, Vivian or, more popularly, Viv Richards), a former West-Indian cricketer, was born in St Johns, Antigua on 7 March 1952. ... Michael Anthony Holding (born February 16, 1954) was a West Indian cricketer. ... For more coverage of cricket, go to the Cricket portal. ... Devon Eugene Malcolm (born 22 February 1963) was an English cricketer. ... Phillip Anthony Jason Daffy DeFreitas (born 18 February 1966 in Scotts Head, Dominica) was an England cricketer. ... The logo of the England Cricket Team which shows the three Lions of England below a five-pointed crown The England cricket team is a cricket team which represents England and Wales, operating under the auspices of the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB). ...

Football

The first West Indian-born footballer to play football at a high level in Britain was Andrew Watson, who played for Queens Park (Glasgow) and went on to play for Scotland. Born in May 1857 in British Guyana, Watson lived and worked in Scotland and came to be known as one of the best players of his generation. He played in 36 games for Queens Park and also appeared for the London Swifts in the English FA Cup championship of 1882, making him the first Black player in English Cup history. Watson earned 2 Scottish Cup medals and 4 Charity Cup medals during his career; Who's Who also acknowledged his performances in international matches. Watson's place in football history included a spell in management as Club Secretary for Queens Park - making Watson the first Afro-Caribbean man to reach the boardroom.^[98] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 314 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Michael Johnson (Jamaican footballer) British African-Caribbean community Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 314 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Michael Johnson (Jamaican footballer) British African-Caribbean community Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the... Derby County F.C. is an English football club, currently playing in the Football League Championship. ... For the Man City footballer please see Michael Johnson (English footballer) Michael Owen Johnson born (July 4, 1973 in Nottingham, England) is a Jamaican footballer currently playing at Derby County. ... First international Haiti 1 - 2 Jamaica (Haiti; March 9, 1925) Biggest win Jamaica 12 - 0 BVI (Grand Cayman, Cayman Isls. ... Football (soccer) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Queens Park Football Club is a Scottish football team, and is the oldest football club in Scotland[1], founded in 1867. ... Glaswegian redirects here. ... First international Scotland 0 - 0 England (Partick, Scotland; 30 November 1872) Biggest win Scotland 11 - 0 Ireland (Glasgow, Scotland; 23 February 1901) Biggest defeat Uruguay 7 - 0 Scotland (Basel, Switzerland; 19 June 1954) World Cup Appearances 8 (First in 1954) Best result Round 1, all European Championship Appearances 2 (First... British Guiana was the name of the British colony on the northern coast of South America, now the independent nation of Guyana. ... Note: for the full results of all FA Cup finals, see FA Cup Final The FA Cup - this is the fourth trophy, in use since 1992, and identical in design to the third trophy introduced in 1911. ... See also: 1881 in sports, 1883 in sports and the list of years in sports. Grand National Seaman, ridden by Lord John Manners beats 11 rivals Boat race Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race - Oxford Cricket England tour Australia for a 4-Test series. ... The Scottish Cup The Scottish Football Association Challenge Cup, also known as The Scottish Cup, is the national cup knockout competition in Scottish football. ...

Other early Caribbean footballers included Walter Tull, of Barbadian descent, who played for the north London club Tottenham Hotspur in the early 20th century. Some years later, Jamaican-born Lloyd 'Lindy' Delapenha made an impact playing for Middlesbrough between 1950-57, becoming a leading goal scorer and the first Black player to win a championship medal.^[99] However, it was not until the 1970s that African-Caribbean players began to make a major impact on the game. Tottenham Hotspur F.C. is a North London association football team, also known by the nickname Spurs. ... Middlesbrough F.C. are an English football team, commonly known as Boro. ...

Clyde Best (West Ham 1969-1976), born in Bermuda,^[100] paved the way for players such as Cyrille Regis (born in French Guyana),^[101] and Luther Blissett (born in Jamaica).^[102] Blisset and Regis joined Viv Anderson to form the first wave of Black footballers to play for the England national team. Although the number of players of African-Caribbean origin in the English league was increasing far beyond proportions in wider society, when Black players represented the English national team, they still had to endure racism from a section of England supporters. When selected to play for England, Cyril Regis received a bullet through the mail with the threat, "You'll get one of these through your knees if you step on our Wembley turf."^[101] Image File history File linksMetadata Rio_Ferdinand,_2004. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Rio_Ferdinand,_2004. ... Manchester Uniteds emblem Manchester United F.C. (often abbreviated to Man United or just Man U, pronounced man-yoo) is an English football club based at Old Trafford in Greater Manchester. ... Rio Gavin Ferdinand (born November 7, 1978 in Peckham, London) is an English footballer of mixed St Lucian and Anglo-Irish descent. ... First international Scotland 0 - 0 England (Partick, Scotland; 30 November 1872) Biggest win Ireland 0 - 13 England (Belfast, Ireland; 18 February 1882) Biggest defeat Hungary 7 - 1 England (Budapest, Hungary; 23 May 1954) World Cup Appearances 12 (First in 1950) Best result Winners, 1966 European Championship Appearances 7 (First in... Clyde Best (born February 24, 1951 in Bermuda) was a Bermudian football player who most notably played striker for West Ham United, and was one of the first post-World War II black players in British football. ... This article is about the place called West Ham, for the football club, see West Ham United F.C. West Ham is a district of east London in the London Borough of Newham, located 6. ... Cyrille Regis (born 9 February 1958) is a former English footballer. ... French Guiana (French: Guyane) is an overseas département (département doutre-mer, or DOM) of France, located on the Caribbean coast of South America. ... Luther Loide Blissett (born February 1, 1958 in Falmouth, Jamaica) is a footballer and coach. ... Vivian Anderson (born 29 August 1956) was the first black football player to represent England. ... First international Scotland 0 - 0 England (Partick, Scotland; 30 November 1872) Biggest win Ireland 0 - 13 England (Belfast, Ireland; 18 February 1882) Biggest defeat Hungary 7 - 1 England (Budapest, Hungary; 23 May 1954) World Cup Appearances 12 (First in 1950) Best result Winners, 1966 European Championship Appearances 7 (First in... For the old stadium, see Wembley Stadium (1924). ...

By the 1980s the British African-Caribbean community was well represented at all playing levels of the game. John Barnes, born in Jamaica, was one of the most talented players of his generation and one of the few footballers to win every honour in the domestic English game including the PFA Players' Player of the Year.^[103] Although Barnes played for England on 78 occasions between 1983 and 1991, his performances rarely matched his club standard.^[104] Subsequently, Barnes identified a culture of racism in football during his era as a player.^[103] Players of African-Caribbean origin continued to excel in English football, in the 1990s Paul Ince - whose parents were from Trinidad - went on to captain Manchester United, Liverpool F.C. and the English national team. The contribution was reciprocated when a number of British born footballers including Robbie Earle, Frank Sinclair and Darryl Powell represented the Jamaica national football team in the 1998 World Cup finals. John Charles Bryan Barnes (born November 7, 1963 in Kingston, Jamaica) was a hugely successful and well known Jamaican-born English football player of the 1980s and 1990s, and was once the manager of Celtic F.C. // Having moved to England as a boy, Barnes was noticed by Watford whilst... At the end of every English football season the members of the PFA, the players union, vote on which of its members has played the best football in the previous year. ... Paul Emerson Carlyle Ince (born 21 October 1967 in Ilford, London) is a football player who won numerous honours with Manchester United and became the first black player to captain the England team[1]. His career saw him play for six English clubs and Italian side, Inter Milan. ... Look up Trinidad in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Manchester United Football Club are a world-famous English football club, based at the Old Trafford stadium in Trafford, Greater Manchester, and are one of the most popular sports clubs in the world, with over 50 million supporters worldwide. ... Liverpool Football Club are an English professional football club based in Liverpool. ... Robert Fitzgerald Robbie Earle MBE (born 27 January 1965 in Newcastle-under-Lyme) is a former professional footballer who played approximately 600 games in senior club football, scoring around 150 goals. ... Frank Mohammed Sinclair (born December 3, 1971 in Lambeth, London, England) is a professional English-born Jamaican International footballer, who currently plays for Huddersfield Town in Coca-Cola League One. ... Darryl Powell (born 15 November 1971 in London) is a Jamaican football player. ... First international Haiti 1 - 2 Jamaica (Haiti; March 9, 1925) Biggest win Jamaica 12 - 0 BVI (Grand Cayman, Cayman Isls. ... Qualifying countries The 1998 FIFA World Cup, the 16th staging of the World Cup, was held in France from June 10 to July 12 after 60 years to celebrate the third edition scheduled in 1938. ...

At the turn of the millennium, British-born Black footballers constituted about 13% of the English league,^[105], as of 2006, black players form around a third of the total players used in the senior national team,^[106] and a number of groups including "Kick It Out" were highlighting issues of racism still in the game.^[107] In the 2006 World Cup finals, Theo Walcott, a striker of English and Jamaican parents,^[108] became the youngest ever player to join an England world cup squad - a side which included African-Caribbean players in every department, goal-keeping, defence, midfield and attack.^England[›] For the Scottish equivalent see Scottish Premier League The FA Premier League (often referred to as the Barclays Premiership in England and the Barclays English Premier League or just simply The EPL internationally) is a league competition for football clubs located at the top of the English football league system... 2006 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Qualifying countries The 2006 FIFA World Cup was the 18th staging of the FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international association football world championship tournament. ... Theo James Walcott (born 16 March 1989 in Stanmore, London) is an English footballer who currently plays for Arsenal FC, having signed there from Southampton on 20 January 2006. ... This article lists the confirmed squads for the 2006 FIFA World Cup tournament held in Germany, between June 9 and July 9, 2006. ...

See also

Black British is term which has had different meanings and uses as a racial and political label. ... A Caribbean British person is someone who is British by residence or citizenship and who has ancestry originating from the Caribbean. ... African British is a term used to describe all British nationals with antecedents originating directly from Africa. ... Qualification for this list is birth, or birth of a parent, in former British colonies and/or English speaking countries in the Caribbean (the islands and Guiana) and eligibility to play sports for England. ... in Britain the Sus law is a stop-and-search law, widely believed to have been abused by the Metropolitan Police to harass young black men. ... This is a list of topics related to the United Kingdom. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Highly Skilled Migrant Programme. ... Enabling legislation for the British national identity card was passed under the Identity Cards Act 2006 [1]. The multi-billion pound scheme [2] has yet to enter procurement. ... New Nation is a weekly newspaper published in the UK for the black minority. ... The Voice is a British national weekly tabloid newspaper owned by the Jamaican publisher, the Gleaner Voice Group, aimed at the British Afro-Caribbean community. ...

Notes

^ Term: The Oxford English dictionary defines the term "Afro-Caribbean" as a "a person of African descent living in or coming from the Caribbean." American Heritage dictionary defines an "Afro-Caribbean" as "a native or inhabitant of the Caribbean region who is of African ancestry".

•Within the field of phonology, the term British Afro-Caribbean refers exclusively to British citizens of Caribbean ancestry.^[36] The Oxford English Dictionary print set The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is a dictionary published by the Oxford University Press (OUP), and is generally regarded as the most comprehensive and scholarly dictionary of the English language. ... The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (AHD) is an American dictionary of the English language published by Boston publisher Houghton-Mifflin, the first edition of which appeared in 1969. ... Phonology (Greek phonÄ“ = voice/sound and logos = word/speech), is a subfield of linguistics which studies the sound system of a specific language (or languages). ...

•When drawing up anti-racist language guidelines in 1992, the British Sociological Association make a clear distinction between Afro Caribbean, when referring to people of West Indian extraction, and Afro/Caribbean (see [7]).

•The British medical journal's Glossary of terms relating to ethnicity and race refers to three primary terms of self identification or identification for people of Sub-Saharan ancestral origins, defining Afro-Caribbean/African Caribbean as

"A person of African ancestral origins whose family settled in the Caribbean before emigrating and who self identifies, or is identified, as Afro-Caribbean (in terms of racial classifications, this population approximates to the group known as Negroid or similar terms)."

The journal also defines African as "A person with African ancestral origins who self identifies, or is identified, as African, but excluding those of other ancestry, for example, European and South Asian." and Black as "A person with African ancestral origins, who self identifies, or is identified, as Black, African or Afro-Caribbean. In some circumstances the word Black signifies all non-white minority populations, and in this use serves political purposes."^[109]

•Usage of the term "African-Caribbean" has begun to replace "Afro-Caribbean" within media and communications formal style guides (examples can be found in the Guardian newspaper style guide and the University of Bath style guide) Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

^ Recession: During the decades of the 1970s and 1980s, unemployment among the children of Caribbean migrants ran at three to four times that of white school leavers.^[110] By 1982 the number of all people out of work in Britain had risen above three million for the first time since the 1930s.^[111]

^ Community: One such community centre was the Gloucestershire West Indian Association which was formed in 1962. The formation of this group was in response to a number of issues that arose within the community at this time. These included perceived problems around police harassment and concerns about the housing of Black people on certain council estates in the city, which was viewed as discrimination and segregation.^[112] Large centres presently operating include the Leeds West Indian centre^[113] and the Manchester West Indian centre^[114]

^ Religion: Mike Phillips, writing for the UK national archive project, described the influences of the new churches thus; "[they] gave the entire Caribbean community a sense of stability. At a time when migrants were under severe psychological pressure and distrusted the official services, or were misunderstood when they went to them, the Black church groups offered invaluable advice and comfort."^[115]

In 2005 The Economist magazine discussed the growth of evangelical churches in London and Birmingham; "Another reason is that Britain's most prominent Afro-Caribbean institutions — the Black evangelical churches — are dominated by the urban poor. That has to do with the way the Caribbean was missionised: the hotter brand of Christianity gained most converts among the dispossessed, who then re-exported it to Britain."^[116] The Economist is a weekly news and international affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London, UK. It has been in continuous publication since September 1843. ...

^ Cricket: Phillip DeFreitas, Devon Malcolm and Gladstone Small made 44,40 and 17 test match appearances for England respectively. DeFreitas also played 103 one-day Internationals for England, Malcolm made 10 appearances and Small made 53 appearances in the shorter format. Small and DeFreitas also represented England in the final of the 1987 Cricket World Cup against Australia.^[117]

^ England: The England football squad for the 2006 world cup also contained Ashley Cole (Barbadian father),^[118] Rio Ferdinand (father from St. Lucia}^[119] Sol Campbell (Jamaican parents)^[86] alongside goalkeeper David James, Jermaine Jenas and Aaron Lennon, all with ancestors from the Caribbean.

Phillip Anthony Jason Daffy DeFreitas (born 18 February 1966 in Scotts Head, Dominica) was an England cricketer. ... Devon Eugene Malcolm (born 22 February 1963) was an English cricketer. ... For more coverage of cricket, go to the Cricket portal. ... A Test match in progress. ... A One-day International (ODI) cricket match is a one-day cricket match played between two international teams each representing a particular country. ... The Cricket World Cup in 1987 (aka Reliance Cup) was the fourth edition of the tournament. ... Ashley Donovan Cole (born 20 December 1980, Whitechapel, London, England) is an English footballer of Barbadian descent. ... Rio Gavin Ferdinand (born November 7, 1978 in Peckham, London) is an English footballer of mixed St Lucian and Anglo-Irish descent. ... Sulzeer Jeremiah Sol Campbell (born 18 September 1974 in Plaistow, London) is an English footballer. ... David James may refer to: David James - Manchester City & England goalkeeper The Rt. ... Jermaine Anthony Jenas (born 18 February 1983 in Nottingham) is an English football midfielder currently playing for Tottenham Hotspur, in the English Premiership. ... Aaron Justin Lennon (born April 16, 1987 in Chapeltown, Leeds) is an English footballer currently playing for Tottenham Hotspur. ...

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↑All Music Guide. "Handsworth Revolution" Review "Steel Pulse's debut album set the band decisively apart from its British colleagues". Accessed 6 October 2006.
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October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... November 11 is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 50 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... August 21 is the 233rd day of the year (234th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 5 is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 56 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... November 5 is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 56 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Darcus Howe (born in 1943 in Trinidad and Tobago, then a British colony), is British based a broadcaster and columnist, who lives in Brixton, South London // The son of an Anglican priest, he left Trinidad for London aged 19 to enter the Middle Temple, but swapped the law for journalism. ... November 5 is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 56 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... November 16 is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 45 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (64th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... 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November 27 is the 331st day (332nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... November 22 is the 326th day (327th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... January 26 is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 7 is the 280th day of the year (281st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... 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For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... 17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... 17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... 17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... December 22 is the 356th day of the year (357th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... February 23 is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... October 8 is the 281st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (282nd in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 8 is the 281st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (282nd in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... December 21 is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 16 is the 75th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (76th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 8 is the 281st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (282nd in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 8 is the 281st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (282nd in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... November 8 is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 53 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 13 is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 13 is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 13 is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 8 is the 281st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (282nd in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... February 7 is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 8 is the 281st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (282nd in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... November 14 is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 47 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... 17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... November 14 is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 47 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... August 6 is the 218th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (219th in leap years), with 147 days remaining. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... 17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... November 14 is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 47 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... November 29 is the 333rd (in leap years the 334th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... November 21 is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Alan Green (born Belfast, Northern Ireland in 1952) is a BBC Radio Five Live sports commentator. ... John Charles Bryan Barnes (born November 7, 1963 in Kingston, Jamaica) was a hugely successful and well known Jamaican-born English football player of the 1980s and 1990s, and was once the manager of Celtic F.C. // Having moved to England as a boy, Barnes was noticed by Watford whilst... November 4 is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 57 days remaining. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... November 21 is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 66 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 66 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... June 11 is the 162nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (163rd in leap years), with 203 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 66 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 8 is the 281st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (282nd in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 8 is the 281st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (282nd in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... June 9 is the 160th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (161st in leap years), with 205 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... November 27 is the 331st day (332nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... December 12 is the 346th day (347th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 19 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...

Contents

History

The "Windrush generation"

Recession and turbulence, 1970s and 1980s

Recent history

Statistics

The community

African-Caribbean culture in the United Kingdom

Carnivals

Food

Religion

Language and dialect

Theatre, television and mainstream cinema

Literature

Media

Visual arts

Academia

Music

African-Caribbeans in British sport

Athletics

Boxing

Cricket

Football

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

Carnivals

Community sites

Contents

History GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

The "Windrush generation"

Recession and turbulence, 1970s and 1980s

Recent history

Statistics

The community

African-Caribbean culture in the United Kingdom

Carnivals

Food

Religion

Language and dialect

Theatre, television and mainstream cinema

Literature

Media

Visual arts

Academia

Music

African-Caribbeans in British sport

Athletics

Boxing

Cricket

Football

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

Carnivals

Community sites

History