British Airways Flight 9, sometimes referred to as the Jakarta incident,^[1] was a scheduled British Airways flight from London Heathrow to Auckland, with stops in Bombay, Madras, Kuala Lumpur, Perth and Melbourne. On 24 June 1982, the route was flown by City of Edinburgh, a 747-236B registered G-BDXH. The aircraft flew into a cloud of volcanic ash thrown up by the eruption of Mount Galunggung, resulting in the failure of all four engines, although the reason for the failure was not then apparent to the crew or ground control. The aircraft was diverted to Jakarta in the hope that enough engines could be restarted to allow it to land there. The aircraft was able to glide far enough to exit the ash cloud, and all engines were restarted (although one failed again soon after), allowing the aircraft to land safely. is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ... Ash plume from Mt Cleveland, a stratovolcano Diamond Head, a well-known backdrop to Waikiki in Hawaii, is an ash cone that solidified into tuff Volcanic ash consists of very fine rock and mineral particles less than 2 mm in diameter that are ejected from a volcanic vent. ... Galunggung (Galoen-gong, Gunung Galunggung) is an active stratovolcano on Java, Indonesia. ... Map showing West Java in Indonesia West Java (Jawa Barat) is a province of Indonesia, located on the island of Java. ... Heathrow redirects here. ... Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport (ICAO airport code: SZB) is an airport located in Subang Jaya, Malaysia. ... Perth Airport (IATA: PER, ICAO: YPPH) is an Australian domestic and international airport located south of Guildford, Western Australia, and is the major commercial airport servicing Western Australias capital city, Perth. ... The Boeing 747, sometimes nicknamed the Jumbo Jet,[4][5] is long-haul, widebody commercial airliner manufactured by Boeing in the United States. ... For the 1930s airline of similar name, see British Airways Ltd. ... For the 1930s airline of similar name, see British Airways Ltd. ... Heathrow redirects here. ... For other uses, see Auckland (disambiguation). ... This article or section should be merged with Mumbai Mumbai (previously known as Bombay) is the worlds most populous conurbation, and is the sixth most populous agglomeration in the world. ... Madras refers to: the Indian city of Chennai, formerly known as Madras, the former Indian state, now known as Tamil Nadu (Plural of Madra): Ancient people of Iranian affinites, who lived in northwest Panjab in the Uttarapatha division of ancient India. ... Nickname: Motto: Maju dan makmur (English: Progress and Prosper) Location in Malaysia Coordinates: , Country State Establishment 1857 Granted city status 1974 Government  - Mayor (Datuk Bandar) Datuk Abdul Hakim Borhan From 14 December 2006 Area  - Total 243. ... Location of Perth within Australia This article is about the metropolitan area of Perth, Western Australia. ... This article is about the Australian city; the name may also refer to City of Melbourne or Melbourne city centre. ... is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ... The Boeing 747, sometimes nicknamed the Jumbo Jet,[4][5] is long-haul, widebody commercial airliner manufactured by Boeing in the United States. ... Ash plume from Mt Cleveland, a stratovolcano Diamond Head, a well-known backdrop to Waikiki in Hawaii, is an ash cone that solidified into tuff Volcanic ash consists of very fine rock and mineral particles less than 2 mm in diameter that are ejected from a volcanic vent. ... Galunggung (Galoen-gong, Gunung Galunggung) is an active stratovolcano on Java, Indonesia. ... Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta), is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. ...

Incident

The first sign of anything amiss occurred shortly after 13:40 GMT (20:40 Jakarta time) above the Indian Ocean, south of Java, when Senior First Officer Roger Greaves and Senior Engineer Officer Barry Townley-Freeman noticed an effect on the windscreen similar to St. Elmo's fire, as if it were being hit by tracer bullets.^[1] The phenomenon persisted after Captain Eric Moody, who had left the cockpit to use the lavatory, returned. Despite seeing nothing on the weather radar, they switched on engine anti-ice and the passenger seat belt signs as a precaution. In commercial aviation, the first officer is the second pilot of an aircraft. ... In aviation, a flight engineer (also referred to as systems operator ) is a member of the aircrew of an aircraft who is responsible for checking the aircraft before and after each flight, and for monitoring aircraft systems during flight. ... St. ... Tracers from M16 rifles on U.S. Army firing range Tracer ammunition (tracers) use special bullets that are modified to accept a small pyrotechnic charge in their base. ... Captain is a rank or title with various meanings. ... VC-10 (1960s) Airliner Cockpit. ... Flush toilet A toilet is a plumbing fixture devised for the disposal of bodily wastes, including urine, feces, methane, semen and vomit. ... Weather radar in Norman, Oklahoma with rainshaft (Source: NOAA) Environment Canada King City (CWKR) weather radar station. ...

In the passenger cabin, smoke started gathering in the air. At first it was assumed to be cigarette smoke, but as it grew thicker, alarm spread. Those looking out windows also noticed that the engines were unusually bright, as if they each had a headlight in them, shining forward through the fan blades and producing a stroboscopic effect.^[2] Temporal aliasing is the technical term for a phenomenon also known as the stroboscopic effect or the wagon-wheel effect. ...

At approximately 13:42 GMT (20:42 Jakarta time), engine four surged and then flamed out. The first officer and flight engineer immediately performed the engine shutdown drill, shutting off fuel and arming fire extinguishers as the Captain added some rudder to counter the uneven thrust. The passengers also spotted long yellow glows coming out of the remaining engines. Less than a minute after the first engine failed, engine two surged and flamed out. Before the flight crew could begin the engine failure drills, engines one and three shut down almost simultaneously. The flight engineer exclaimed, "I don't believe it – all four engines have failed!"^[2] A compressor stall is either of two failure modes of an axial flow jet engine caused by a stall of the vanes of the compressor rotor. ...

The 747 had now become a glider. A 747 can glide 15 kilometres for every kilometre it loses in height.^[3] Captain Moody calculated that, from its flight level of about 11,280 metres (37,000 ft.), Flight 9 would be able to glide for 23 minutes and cover 261 kilometres (141 nm).^[2] At 13:44 GMT (20:44 Jakarta time), Moody told First Officer Greaves to declare an emergency to the local air traffic control authority, stating that all four engines had shut down, but Jakarta Area Control misunderstood the message, believing that only engine number four had shut down. It was only after a Garuda Indonesia flight relayed that the message got through. The loss of power was immediately obvious to the passengers, and they reacted to it in many different ways. Some became resigned, while others wrote notes to their loved ones, such as Charles Capewell's "Ma. In trouble. Plane going down. Will do best for boys. We love you. Sorry. Pa XXX" scrawled on the cover of his ticket wallet.^[3] Some passengers cried out that they were going to die, and still others attempted to calm down the more panicky ones.^[2] A distress signal is an internationally recognized means of obtaining help by using a radio, displaying a visual object or making noise from a distance. ... For the Canadian musical group, see Air Traffic Control (band). ... PT (Persero) Perusahaan Penerbangan Garuda Indonesia, abbreviated to Garuda Indonesia, is the national airline of Indonesia. ...

On the flight deck the crew attempted to contact Jakarta for radar assistance, but could not be seen by Jakarta, despite their transponder being set to 7700, the international "general emergency" code. Due to the high Indonesian mountains, an altitude of at least 11,500 ft was required to cross the coast safely. Captain Moody decided that, if the aircraft was unable to maintain altitude by the time they reached 12,000 ft, he would turn back out to sea and attempt to ditch. The crew began the engine restart drills, despite being well above the recommended maximum engine inflight start envelope altitude of 28,000 ft, but they were unsuccessful. A Cessna ARC RT-359A Transponder (the beige box) mounted beneath a Bendix/King KY197 VHF communication radio in a light airplane instrument panel A transponder is an electronic device that produces a response when it receives a radio-frequency interrogation. ...

Despite the lack of time, Captain Moody made an announcement that has been described as "a masterpiece of understatement":^[2] Understatement is a form of speech in which a lesser expression is used than what would be expected. ...

At 13,500 ft, the flight crew attempted one last engine restart procedure before turning for the ocean and the risky prospect of a ditching. Although there were guidelines, no one had ever tried it in a 747 – nor have they since. Number four engine started, and at 13:56 GMT (20:56 Jakarta time), Captain Moody used its power to reduce the rate of descent. Shortly thereafter, engine three restarted, followed shortly by engines one and two. The crew were amazed at their change of fortune, and requested an increase in altitude to 15,000 feet to clear the high mountains.^[4] The engines were able to restart because one generator was still operating, thus allowing ignition of the engines. A Mute Swan performs a water landing Water landing is, in the broadest sense, landing on a body of water. ...

As the aircraft approached its target altitude, the tracer effect on the windscreen returned. Captain Moody throttled back, but it was too late: number two engine surged again, and had to be shut down. The crew immediately descended to 12,000 ft.

At last Flight 9 approached Jakarta. Despite reports of good visibility, the crew found it difficult to see anything through the windscreen, and had to make the approach almost entirely on instruments, despite the glideslope of the ILS being inoperative. It was, in the words of Captain Moody, "a bit like negotiating one's way up a badger's arse".^[1] Although the runway lights could be made out through a small strip of the windscreen, the landing lights seemed to be inoperable. After landing, the flight crew then found it impossible to taxi, as glare from apron floodlights made the windscreen opaque, and City of Edinburgh had to wait for a tug to tow her in. Glideslope is the word used for the final approach segment of an Instrument Approach by an airpline, by means of ILS (Instrument Landing System) or MLS (Microwave Landing System). ... The Localizer station at Hanover/Langenhagen International Airport in Hanover, Germany. ... Genera  Arctonyx  Melogale  Meles  Mellivora  Taxidea For other uses, see Badger (disambiguation). ...

Aftermath

It was found that City of Edinburgh's problems had been caused by flying through a cloud of volcanic ash from the eruption of Mount Galunggung. Because the ash cloud was dry, it did not show up on the weather radar, which is designed to pick up the drops of moisture that form clouds. The cloud sandblasted the windscreen and landing light covers, as well as clogging the engines. Engines one, two and three were replaced at Jakarta, as well as the windscreen, and the fuel tanks were cleared of the ash that had entered them through the pressurisation ducts, contaminating the fuel and requiring that it be disposed of. After being ferried back to London, engine number four was replaced and major work was undertaken to return the aircraft to service, where some crews nicknamed it "the flying ashtray".^{[citation needed]} G-BDXH also entered the Guinness Book of Records as the longest glide in a non-purpose-built aircraft, until it was replaced by the Air Transat Flight 236 incident. Ash plume from Mt Cleveland, a stratovolcano Diamond Head, a well-known backdrop to Waikiki in Hawaii, is an ash cone that solidified into tuff Volcanic ash consists of very fine rock and mineral particles less than 2 mm in diameter that are ejected from a volcanic vent. ... Galunggung (Galoen-gong, Gunung Galunggung) is a stratovolcano on Java, Indonesia. ... Guinness World Records 2008 edition. ... Air Transat Flight 236 was an Air Transat route between Toronto and Lisbon flown by Captain Robert Piché and First Officer Dirk DeJager. ...

Although the airspace around Mount Galunggung was closed temporarily after the accident, it was re-opened days later. It was only after a Singapore Airlines 747 was forced to shut down three of its engines while flying through the same area nineteen days later, that Indonesian authorities closed the airspace permanently and re-routed airways to avoid the area, and a watch was set up to monitor clouds of ash.^[2] Singapore Airlines Limited (Abbreviation: SIA; Chinese: ; pinyin: , abbreviated ; Malay: ; Tamil: ) (SGX: S55) is the national airline of Singapore. ...

The crew received various awards, including Her Majesty The Queen's Commendations for Valuable Service in the Air and medals from the British Air Line Pilots Association. Following the incident, the crew and passengers formed the Galunggung Gliding Club as a means to keep in contact.^[5] Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary [1]; born 21 April 1926) is Queen of sixteen sovereign states, and their respective overseas territories and dependencies. ... The British Air Line Pilots Association is the worlds second largest flight crew associations, next to U S Air Line Pilots Association. ...

One of the passengers, Betty Tootell, wrote a book about the incident, All Four Engines Have Failed. She managed to trace some 200 of the 247 passengers on the flight, and went on to marry a fellow survivor, James Ferguson, who had been seated in the row in front of her. She notes: "The 28th December 2006 marks the start of our 14th year of honeymoon, and on the 24th June 2007 many passengers and crew will no doubt gather to celebrate the 25th anniversary of our mid-air adventure."^[6]

Today, British Airways operates flight 9 from London Heathrow to Bangkok, Thailand and Sydney. City of Edinburgh continued to fly for British Airways, before being sold to European Aviation Air Charter. The last known location of the plane (by this time partially dismantled) was at Bournemouth International Airport in early 2007.^[7][8] Heathrow redirects here. ... Departure screen at Suvarnabhumi Structure at Suvarnabhumi Airport Terminal Suvarnabhumi Airport (Thai: ),(IATA: BKK, ICAO: VTBS), also known as (New) Bangkok International Airport, is the international airport serving Bangkok, Thailand. ... Sydney Airport Control Tower Sydney (Kingsford Smith) International Airport, or Sydney Airport (IATA: SYD, ICAO: YSSY), is located in the Sydney suburb of Mascot. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with European Air Charter. ... Shown within Dorset. ...

The disaster featured in an episode of Air Crash Investigation titled "All Engines Failed" This article is about a TV series. ...

Similar incidents

A nearly identical incident occurred on December 15, 1989 when KLM Royal Dutch Airlines Flight 867, a B747-400 flight from Amsterdam to Anchorage, Alaska, flew into the plume of the erupting Mount Redoubt, causing all four engines to fail due to compressor stall. Once the flight cleared the ash cloud, the crew were able to restart each engine and then made a safe landing at Anchorage. However, like City of Edinburgh, the aircraft was substantially damaged. is the 349th day of the year (350th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... KLM Tailfins KLM (in full: Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij, literally Royal Aviation Company; usual English: Royal Dutch Airlines) is a subsidiary of Air France-KLM. Before its merger with Air France, KLM was the national airline of the Netherlands. ... KLM Flight 869 was a boeing B747-400 flying from Amsterdam to Alaska, when approaching its destination in Anchorage, Alaska, the B747-400 flew into what appeared to be a thin layer of normal clouds. ... For other uses, see Amsterdam (disambiguation). ... This article is about the city in the U.S. state of Alaska. ... Mount Redoubt is an active volcano in the Aleutian Range on the Alaska Peninsula in Alaska, at 60°29 North 152°45 West. ... A compressor stall is a situation of abnormal airflow through the compressor stage of a jet engine, causing a stall of the vanes of the compressor rotor. ...

Other gliding airliners

• Hapag-Lloyd Flight 3378 - July 7, 2000, landed in a powerless glide 500 meters short of the runway in Vienna, Austria, with all aboard surviving
• Air Transat Flight 236 - August 24, 2001, made an emergency landing in the Azores without fuel
• The Gimli Glider - July 23, 1983, ran out of fuel between Montreal, Quebec and Edmonton, Alberta, landing in Manitoba
• Southern Airways Flight 242 - April 4, 1977
• TACA Flight 110 - May 24, 1988

Hapag-Lloyd Flight 3378, registered as D-AHLB, was a commercial Hapag-Lloyd Airlines Airbus A310-304, carrying 142 passengers amd 8 crew members from Khania, Greece to Hannover, Germany. ... is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... This article is about the city and federal state in Austria. ... Air Transat Flight 236 was an Air Transat route between Toronto and Lisbon flown by Captain Robert Piché and First Officer Dirk DeJager. ... is the 236th day of the year (237th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... Motto (Portuguese for Rather die free than in peace subjugated) Anthem  (national)  (local) Capital Ponta Delgada1 Angra do Heroísmo2 Horta3 Largest city Ponta Delgada Official languages Portuguese Government Autonomous region  -  President Carlos César Establishment  -  Settled 1439   -  Autonomy 1976  Area  -  Total 2,333 km² (n/a) 911 sq mi... Gimli Glider is the nickname of an Air Canada aircraft which was involved in an infamous aviation incident. ... is the 204th day of the year (205th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar). ... Nickname: Motto: Concordia Salus (well-being through harmony) Coordinates: , Country Province Region Montréal Founded 1642 Established 1832 Government  - Mayor Gérald Tremblay Area [1][2][3]  - Total 365. ... This article is about the Canadian province. ... For other places with the same name, see Edmonton (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Alberta (disambiguation). ... Motto: Gloriosus et Liber (Latin: Glorious and free) Capital Winnipeg Largest city Winnipeg Official languages English French (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor John Harvard Premier Gary Doer (NDP) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 14 Senate seats 6 Confederation July 15, 1870 (5th) Area  Ranked 8th Total 647,797... Southern Airways Flight 242 was a Southern Airways DC-9-31 registered N1335U that executed a forced landing on a highway in New Hope, Paulding County, Georgia, United States after suffering hail damage and losing both engines in a severe thunderstorm on April 4, 1977. ... is the 94th day of the year (95th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... TACA Flight 110 was a Boeing 737-300 that lost power in both engines, but made a successful unpowered landing on a grass levee near New Orleans. ... is the 144th day of the year (145th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ...

See also

• Pacific Ring of Fire

“The Ring of Fire” redirects here. ...

References

This article is about a TV series. ... is the 27th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Further reading

• Betty Tootell (1985). All Four Engines Have Failed (British edition). Andre Deutsch. ISBN 0-233-97758-9. 
• ASN Aircraft accident description Boeing 747-236B G-BDXH - Jakarta. Retrieved on 2007-01-31.