Livery of British Caledonian on an Airbus A310-200 circa 1984

British Caledonian Boeing 707 at Gatwick Airport June 1975.

View of the port (left) number 1 & 2 Pratt & Whitney JT3C jet engines of a British Caledonian Boeing 707, June 1975.

British Caledonian Boeing 707, registration G-AXRS, shown at Prestwick International Airport circa 1972. The aircraft operated the inaugural flight between London Gatwick and Houston on October 23, 1977. It suffered engine separation during a cargo flight in 1998, and was scrapped.

British Caledonian came into being in November 1970 when the Scottish charter airline Caledonian Airways, at the time Britain's second-largest, wholly privately owned, Independent airline, took over British United Airways (BUA), then the largest Independent British airline as well as the UK's leading Independent scheduled carrier. Image File history File links BritCal-A310. ... Image File history File links BritCal-A310. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1024x653, 268 KB) This image was taken by Martin J.Galloway. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1024x653, 268 KB) This image was taken by Martin J.Galloway. ... The Boeing 707 is an American four-engine commercial passenger jet airliner developed by Boeing in the early 1950s. ... Gatwick Airport (IATA Airport Code: LGW, ICAO Airport Code: EGKK) is Londons second airport and the second largest airport in the UK after Heathrow. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1024x652, 221 KB)Original file Image:Boeing 707 engineview. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1024x652, 221 KB)Original file Image:Boeing 707 engineview. ... // Background YJ57-P-3 at USAF Museum The Pratt & Whitney J57 was a development of the T45 turboprop engine intended for the XB-52. ... A Pratt and Whitney turbofan engine for the F-15 Eagle is tested at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia, USA. The tunnel behind the engine muffles noise and allows exhaust to escape. ... The Boeing 707 is an American four-engine commercial passenger jet airliner developed by Boeing in the early 1950s. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1024x662, 245 KB)This image was taken by Martin J.Galloway. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1024x662, 245 KB)This image was taken by Martin J.Galloway. ... The Boeing 707 is an American four-engine commercial passenger jet airliner developed by Boeing in the early 1950s. ... Glasgow Prestwick International Airport (IATA Airport Code: PIK, ICAO code: EGPK) is a facility situated north of the town of Prestwick in Ayrshire, Scotland. ... Look up Circa on Wiktionary, the free dictionary The Latin word circa, literally meaning about, is often used to describe various dates (often birth and death dates) that are uncertain. ... Gatwick Airport (IATA Airport Code: LGW, ICAO Airport Code: EGKK) is Londons second airport and the second largest airport in the UK after Heathrow. ... Houston redirects here. ... is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... This article is about transported goods. ... Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the country. ... A charter airline is one that operates charter flights, that is flights that take place outside normal schedules, by a hiring arrangement with a particular customer. ... Caledonian Airways was a Scottish international airline formed in 1961, initially using Douglas DC-7s. ... British United Airways (BUA) was the largest independent UK based airline during the 1960s. ...

The BUA takeover enabled Caledonian to realise its long-held ambition to transform itself into a major scheduled airline.

The merged entity eventually became Britain's foremost Independent, international scheduled airline. An entity is something that has a distinct, separate existence, though it need not be a material existence. ...

A series of major setbacks during the 1980s as well as the airline's inability to grow to the minimum size to become a viable "Second Force" as envisaged in the 1969 Edwards report led to growing financial difficulties during the second half of that decade. This was the time the airline began looking for a merger partner to improve its competitive position. Also: 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ... The phrase mergers and acquisitions or M&A refers to the aspect of corporate finance strategy and management dealing with the merging and acquiring of different companies as well as assets. ...

British Airways emerged victorious in the ensuing bidding war and gained control of its erstwhile competitor in December 1987. For the 1930s airline of similar name, see British Airways Ltd. ... December 28, 1987 Joe Lunde is born. ...

A new chapter in British commercial aviation

British Caledonian Airways Ltd. (BCal) was formed on St. Andrew's Day (November 30) in 1970 when Caledonian Airways acquired British United Airways (BUA) from its previous owner, the British and Commonwealth group, for £6.9m.^[1] Caledonian Airways also purchased three new BAC One-Eleven 500 aircraft, which British and Commonwealth had leased to BUA, for a further £5m.^[1] Saint Andrew (Greek: Andreas, manly), the Christian Apostle, brother of Saint Peter, was born at Bethsaida on the Lake of Galilee. ... is the 334th day of the year (335th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The symbol £ represents the pound currency which Britain uses. ... The BAC One-Eleven was a British short-range jet airliner of the 1960s and 1970s. ...

The deal concerning Caledonian's acquisition of BUA from British and Commonwealth did not include the assets of BUIA, BUA's regional affiliate, which BUA's former parent company continued to own. This article is about the business definition. ... British Island Airways was a regional airline operating routes from its base at Gatwick to a variety of locations within the British Isles. ... A holding company is a company that owns enough voting stock in another firm to control management and operations by influencing or electing its board of directors. ...

BCal itself was established as a wholly owned subsidiary of Caledonian Airways (Prestwick) Ltd.^[2] A number of other wholly owned subsidiaries were established as well. These included British Caledonian Aircraft Trading, which was set up to acquire and dispose of aircraft on behalf of the airline. It became one of the most profitable parts of the business. BCal also owned two package tour companies - Blue Sky Holidays and Golden Lion Tours - as well as several hotels in Spain and Sierra Leone. In addition, BCal inherited BUA's minority stakes in Gambia Airways and Sierra Leone Airways (SLA). A subsidiary, in business, is an entity that is controlled by another entity. ... In economics, a business is a legally-recognized organizational entity existing within an economically free country designed to sell goods and/or services to consumers, usually in an effort to generate profit. ... A package holiday or package tour consists of transport and accommodation advertised and sold together by a vendor known as a tour operator. ...

The airline's formation followed the publication of the Edwards Committee report entitled British Air Transport in the Seventies in 1969.^[3] It recommended the creation of a so-called "Second Force", private sector carrier to take on the state-owned Corporations, i.e. British European Airways (BEA) and British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), by providing competing domestic and international scheduled services on trunk routes.^[4][5] For other uses of BEA see Bea British European Airways, or BEA, was formed in 1946 by an Act of Parliament. ... Bea or BEA, as a name or acronym, may refer to: // Bea, another name for the Aka-Bea language. ... BOAC Logo The British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) was the British state airline from 1939 until 1946 and the long-haul British state airline from 1946. ... After technical problems with the Comet, BOAC resumed jet service with imported Boeing 707s. ...

The new airline established its headquarters and operational base at Gatwick Airport and the late Sir Adam Thomson, one of the two co-founders as well as one of the main shareholders of Caledonian Airways, became its chairman and chief executive.^[6] Gatwick Airport (IATA Airport Code: LGW, ICAO Airport Code: EGKK) is Londons second airport and the second largest airport in the UK after Heathrow. ... A Chairman is the presiding officer of a meeting, organization, committee, or other deliberative body. ... Chief Executive may refer to: Chief Executive of Hong Kong Chief Executive of Macau Chief Executive Officer This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

BCal was a full member of IATA, i.e. IATA's Trade Association as well as its Tariff Co-ordination body, at its inception itself as a result of inheriting BUA's IATA membership. Furthermore, BCal was one of Gatwick's three handling agents - in addition to BA and Gatwick Handling - during its 17-year existence. BCal also had its own air freight terminal at Heathrow.^[7] (It used to operate two weekly all-cargo flights from there until the early 1980s.) “IATA” redirects here. ... For the 1930s airline of similar name, see British Airways Ltd. ... Go-Ahead Northern MCW Metrobus Go North East Scania L94UB/Wright Solar Brighton & Hove Bus Metrobus Scania OmniDekka 447 (YV03 RBF) Southern Class 171 Turbostar The Go-Ahead Group is a rail and bus operating company that was created following the liberalisation of the UKs train and bus industries. ... London Heathrow Airport (IATA:LHR, ICAO:EGLL), often referred to simply as Heathrow, is the United Kingdoms busiest and best-connected airport. ...

The fleet inherited from both of its predecessors comprised 31 jet aircraft, consisting of eleven long-haul aircraft (seven ex-Caledonian Boeing 707-320Cs and four ex-BUA Vickers VC-10-1103/1109s) as well as 20 short-haul planes (twelve BAC One-Eleven 500s [eight ex-BUA and four ex-Caledonian] and eight BAC One-Eleven 200s [all ex-BUA]). The merged entity's paid-up share capital was £12m - more than that of any other wholly privately owned, Independent British airline at the time - and its combined workforce numbered 4,400.^[8][9] This made BCal the UK's foremost Independent airline at the time. (Although Dan-Air and Britannia Airways eventually exceeded BCal's total annual passenger numbers from 1975 onwards, BCal maintained its position as Britain's leading Independent international scheduled airline, in terms of both the number of scheduled passengers carried each year as well as total yearly scheduled capacity measured in passenger kilometers - the distance covered by its scheduled operation multiplied by the number of scheduled passengers carried within a twelve-month period, throughout its 17-year existence.) The newly created company's output measured in available capacity tonne kilometers - a figure arrived at by multiplying the number of [metric] tonnes available for the carriage of revenue load (passengers, cargo and mail) on each flight sector by the sector's distance in kilometers - was greater than that of some of the smaller, contemporary European flag carriers, such as Aer Lingus, SABENA or Swissair. By that measure, BCal was about the same size as Australia's flag carrier Qantas.^[9] Jet aircraft are aircrafts with jet engines. ... The Boeing 707 is an American four-engine commercial passenger jet airliner developed by Boeing in the early 1950s. ... The VC-10 airliner was designed and built by Vickers (part of the British Aircraft Corporation) in the 1960s. ... Dan-Air (Dan Air Services Limited) is a defunct airline based in the United Kingdom. ... Britannia Boeing 757-200 shortly after take-off Britannia Airways was the largest charter airline in the United Kingdom, rebranded as Thomsonfly in 2005. ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A tonne or metric ton (symbol t), sometimes referred to as a metric tonne, is a measurement of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms. ... Look up revenue in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A kilometer (Commonwealth spelling: kilometre), symbol: km is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1,000 metres (from the Greek words χίλια (khilia) = thousand and μέτρο (metro) = count/measure). ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Flag carrier (disambiguation). ... Aer Lingus is the national airline of the Republic of Ireland. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Swissair (Swiss Air Transport Company Limited) was the former national airline of Switzerland. ... Qantas (Qantas Airways Limited) (pronounced ) is the name and callsign of the national airline of Australia. ...

The institutional investors that had been instrumental in helping the late Sir Adam Thomson and the late John de la Haye in launching Caledonian Airways back in 1961 were also among the shareholders of the newly constituted airline. They included the AA, GUS, Hogarth Shipping, Lyle Shipping, Industrial and Commercial Finance Corporation (ICFC)^[10] - one of the two predecessors of Investors in Industry (as 3i used to be known earlier on), Kleinwort Benson (now part of Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein), the Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) and Schroders.^[7] Airways Interests (Thomson), which had been set up at Caledonian's inception a decade earlier as an investment vehicle to hold the stakes of that airline's founders, initially continued holding the late Sir Adam's stake in the new airline combine.^[8] It was subsequently merged into Caledonian Airways (Prestwick).^[8] The Automobile Association (also referred to as The AA) is a British motoring organization. ... GUS plc (LSE: GUS) is a FTSE 100 retailing group based in the United Kingdom. ... Company Name: 3i PLC Company Logo: Company Type: Public Founded: 1945 Created by a syndicate of several British banks]] Location: [London]], England| Key people: Philip Yea, CEO Baroness Hogg, Chairman Industry = Venture Capital and Private Equity Homepage = [1] 3i Group PLC is a venture capital and private equity firm quoted... Kleinwort Benson was a merchant bank based in London. ... // Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein (DrKW) is the investment bank of Dresdner Bank AG, part of Allianz since July 2001. ... The Royal Bank of Scotland plc (Scottish Gaelic: [1]) is one of the retail banking subsidiaries of Royal Bank of Scotland Group plc, which together with NatWest, provides branch banking facilities in the UK. Royal Bank of Scotland has around 700 branches, mainly in Scotland though there are branches in... Schroders plc is a British investment management company with its headquarters in the City of London. ...

The merged entity initially traded under the interim name Caledonian/BUA before adopting the British Caledonian name on September 1, 1971. It carried a total of 2.6m passengers during its first year of operation.^[7] is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ...

During the interim period the VC-10s, five of the eight former BUA One-Eleven 500s as well as the eight One-Eleven 200s were operating the merged entities' scheduled services as these aircraft were already configured in a lower density scheduled seating arrangement, with some of the aircraft - notably the long-haul VC-10s - featuring a contemporary standard first and economy, two-class configuration. These aircraft were allocated to the airline's "BUA Division", which was responsible for all scheduled operations, pending full integration.^[8] All passenger-configured former Caledonian aircraft as well as three former BUA One-Eleven 500s featured a high density, single class seating arrangement. These aircraft were allocated to the company's "Caledonian Division", which was responsible for all charter operations during that period.^[8] Some of the 707s had an all-cargo configuration. Depending on whether these were used to operate scheduled or charter flights, they were either allocated to the "BUA Division" or the "Caledonian Division".^[8] This meant that at that time roughly 55% of the firm's combined aircraft fleet was allocated to its scheduled division whereas the remaining 45% of the fleet was allocated to the charter division. However, as the charter division's aircraft were configured in a higher density seating arrangement than the scheduled division's planes and charter flights generally tended to have higher load factors than scheduled services, two-thirds of all passengers - representing the bulk of the new carrier's passenger business - were carried on its charter flights during that time.^[7] A charter airline is one that operates charter flights, that is flights that take place outside normal schedules, by a hiring arrangement with a particular customer. ...

Former BUA air hostesses still wearing that airline's blue uniforms were working alongside their tartan-clad, former Caledonian counterparts in the cabins of all passenger flights - scheduled as well as non-scheduled - during the interim period. Eventually, the attractive Caledonian tartan uniforms became BCal's standard uniform for all female cabin crew members. Flight attendants, formerly called sky girls, air hostesses, stewardesses and stewards hold the primary responsibility for the safety and comfort of airline passengers. ... Three examples of tartan. ...

Following the end of the interim period, all former BUA aircraft were repainted adopting Caledonian's livery featuring a prominent Scottish Lion Rampant on its aircraft's fins. At that time all aircraft were named after famous Scots and well-known Scottish places. This tradition was continued throughout the airline's 17-year existence. Some BCal aircraft were also allocated out of sequence registrations. (For instance G-BCAL was allocated to one of the Boeing 707s, G-CLAN and G-CELT were the registrations of the Piper "Navajo Chieftains", G-DCIO was the registration of the eighth DC-10 and G-HUGE^[11] was the Boeing 747 "Combi" registration.) Moreover, all BCal aircraft were using retreaded tyres throughout the company's entire existence. Rather unusually, these Angels wear white hart (deer) badges, with the personal livery of King Richard II of England, who commissioned this, the Wilton diptych, about 1400 A livery is a uniform or other sign worn in a non-military context on a person or object (such as an airplane... Heraldry is the science and art of designing, displaying, describing and recording coats of arms. ... Scots may refer to: people from Scotland (i. ...

The "Second Force" inherited BUA's extensive network of scheduled routes serving the British Isles, Continental Europe, Africa and South America. The newly formed airline's future scheduled ambitions received a major boost when the UK Government agreed to transfer BOAC's West African trunk routes to Nigeria and Ghana as well as its North African route to Libya to it.^[12] (These routes represented 3% of BOAC's annual, worldwide turnover.) The Government also agreed to transfer an unused BEA route licence to serve Casablanca in Morocco. Furthermore, the Government agreed to license BCal to operate non-stop scheduled services between London and Paris and to begin negotiations with the French authorities to secure reciprocal approval for BCal to be able to commence scheduled operations on what was then the busiest international air route in Europe. BCal moreover received Government assurances that it would be designated as the UK's sole flag carrier on all routes transferred to it and that it would be assisted in obtaining traffic rights for additional, selected scheduled routes where it wished to compete with the Corporations, including the lucrative London-New York and London-Los Angeles routes.^[7] This article describes the archipelago in north-Western Europe. ... Continental Europe, also referred to as mainland Europe or simply the Continent, is the continent of Europe, explicitly excluding European islands and, at times, peninsulas. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Her Majestys Government, or when the Sovereign is male, His Majestys Government, abbreviated HMG or HM Government, is the formal title used by the Government of the United Kingdom. ...  Western Africa (UN subregion)  Maghreb[1] West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of the African continent. ...  Northern Africa (UN subregion)  geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ... For other uses, see Casablanca (disambiguation). ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... This article is about the state. ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Angels Location Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates , Government State County California Los Angeles County Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 1,290. ...

Another important concession by the Government designed to improve the competitiveness of the "Second Force" was to permit it to provide a first class cabin on its East African routes.^[13] (BUA, from whom BCal inherited these routes, had been prevented from offering a first class on its East African "Skycoach" schedules. To compensate for this loss of competitiveness, the late Sir Freddie Laker, BUA's managing director from 1960 to 1965, had come up with the novel idea of designing a cargo door to be installed on the right-hand side of the forward fuselage of that airline's long-haul VC-10s, where the first class cabin was normally located. This modification permitted the carriage of additional freight instead of first class passengers on the East African routes.^[14])  Eastern Africa (UN subregion)  East African Community  Central African Federation (defunct)  geographic, including above East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easternmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. ... Sir Frederick Alfred Laker (born August 6, 1922), better known as Sir Freddie Laker is a legendary British airline owner. ... Managing director is the term used for the chief executive of many limited companies in the United Kingdom, Commonwealth and some other English speaking countries. ...

In addition, BCal became the Government's "chosen instrument of the private sector".^[15] This meant that the Government agreed to accord preferential status to BCal's worldwide scheduled ambitions, especially in the award of additional licences to operate scheduled services on major domestic and international trunk routes.^[15] The Government hoped that putting BCal's requirements ahead of other UK-based Independent airlines' rival scheduled ambitions would help the new "Second Force" develop into a fully fledged, major international scheduled airline, thereby enabling it to acquire the "critical mass" to challenge the Corporations' near-monopoly among UK-based scheduled airlines. This article is about the economics of markets dominated by a single seller. ...

The Central London air terminal at Victoria Station in London's West End, which the "Second Force" inherited from BUA as well, allowed passengers to complete all check-in formalities - including dropping off their hold luggage - before boarding their train to the airport.^[16] Central London is a much-used but unofficial and vaguely defined term for the most inner part of London, the capital of England. ... Victoria station may refer to: London Victoria station Manchester Victoria station Victoria tube station Victoria Station, a restaurant chain which uses real train boxcars as dining rooms. ... The interior of Covent Garden Market in the West End The West End of London is an area of Central London, England, containing many of the citys major tourist attractions, businesses, and administrative headquarters. ...

BCal also had a Gatwick airside lounge for its premium passengers, which it named Clansmen Lounge.

A force to be reckoned with

BCal commenced scheduled operations from Gatwick to Lagos, Kano and Accra on April 1, 1971.^[17] Scheduled services from Gatwick to Tripoli began on July 1, 1971.^[18] On each of these routes BCal replaced BOAC as the designated UK flag carrier. On November 1, 1971 BCal inaugurated scheduled flights between London Gatwick and Paris Le Bourget Airport, where it replaced BEA's London Heathrow-Paris Le Bourget service and competed with that airline's Heathrow-Paris Orly Airport service.^[19] This was the first time ever that a wholly privately owned, Independent UK airline commenced a fully fledged scheduled service on a major international European trunk route. Gatwick Airport (IATA Airport Code: LGW, ICAO Airport Code: EGKK) is Londons second airport and the second largest airport in the UK after Heathrow. ... For other uses, see Lagos (disambiguation). ... Kano is the administrative center of the Kano State and the third largest city in Nigeria, in terms of geographical size, after Ibadan and Lagos. ... Accra, population 1,970,400 (2005), is the capital of Ghana. ... is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ... Tripoli (Arabic: طرابلس Tarābulus) is the capital city of Libya. ... is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ... is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ... Le Bourget airport (Aéroport du Bourget) is an airport, located in Le Bourget, close to Paris, France, nowadays only used for general aviation (business jets) as well as air shows. ... London Heathrow Airport (IATA:LHR, ICAO:EGLL), often referred to simply as Heathrow, is the United Kingdoms busiest and best-connected airport. ... Diagram of Orly airport Orly Airport (IATA: ORY, ICAO: LFPO) is an airport located in Orly and partially in Villeneuve-le-Roi, south of Paris, France ( ). It has flights to cities in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and the Caribbean. ...

BCal ended its 1970/'71 financial year to September 30, 1971 with a profit of £1.7m.^[20] is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

On November 1, 1972 BCal extended its East African network to the Seychelles. is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The same year BCal also introduced a new Edinburgh-Newcastle-Copenhagen regional scheduled service to live up to its claim of being "Scotland's international airline". This service complemented the Glasgow-Newcastle-Amsterdam regional route BCal had inherited from BUA. For other uses, see Edinburgh (disambiguation). ... , Newcastle upon Tyne (usually shortened to Newcastle) is a large city in Tyne and Wear, England. ... For other uses, see Copenhagen (disambiguation). ... This article is about the country. ... For other uses, see Glasgow (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Amsterdam (disambiguation). ...

1972 was also the year BCal introduced the UK's first-ever "walk-on", "walk-off" type of operation - including a reduced, "no frills" style on-board service - on the two main domestic trunk routes linking London and Scotland, at the time the only profitable scheduled services plying UK mainland domestic trunk routes. The airline introduced simultaneous night-time departures from Gatwick as well as Glasgow and Edinburgh, resulting in an overall frequency increase to six daily round-trips on each route. The company charged very low fares on these night-time services, which were marketed under the "Moonjet" trademark.^[21] ("Moonjet" was one of several trademarks BCal had begun using to market specific services during the early 1970s. Other trademarks used at the time included "Interjet" for the airline's domestic jet schedules and "Eurojet" for the company's jet-operated, international European scheduled services. However, these trademarks were dropped some time during the late '70s.) This move, which was modelled on the high-frequency-low-fares operation run by Pacific Southwest Airlines (PSA), the original "no frills" airline, on the busy San Diego-L.A.-San Francisco air corridor in California, boosted passenger numbers as well as the profitability on both routes.^[22] (Interestingly, Jet Airways, India's leading private sector airline, introduced a similar operation between Mumbai and Delhi as well as Delhi and Bangalore respectively, two of the busiest domestic trunk routes in India, during the 1990s.) Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... No-frills or no frills is the term used to describe any service or product for which the non-essential features (or frills) have been removed. ... “(TM)” redirects here. ... PSA logo from the 1980s Pacific Southwest Airlines (PSA) (IATA: PS, ICAO: PSA, and Callsign: PSA) was an airline headquartered in San Diego, California. ... Flag Seal Nickname: Americas Finest City Location Location of San Diego within San Diego County Coordinates , Government County San Diego Mayor City Attorney         City Council District One District Two District Three District Four District Five District Six District Seven District Eight Jerry Sanders (R) Michael Aguirre Scott Peters Kevin... This article is about the largest city in California. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... Jet Airways is an airline based in Mumbai, India, operating domestic and international services. ... , “Bombay” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Delhi (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Bangalore (disambiguation). ...

During that year larger capacity, longer range and more fuel-efficient Boeing 707s that had been re-configured featuring a lower density, two-class scheduled seating arrangement began replacing VC-10s on BCal's South American routes, where the 707's greater range enabled the airline to commence non-stop flights between London Gatwick and Rio de Janeiro, as well as on the West African trunk routes to Nigeria and Ghana. The maximal total range is the distance an aircraft can fly between takeoff and landing, as limited by fuel capacity in powered aircraft, or cross-country speed and environmental conditions in unpowered aircraft. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... This article is about the Brazilian city. ...

As a result of the then prevailing, ruinous rates in the charter market, which still accounted for well over half of BCal's business at the time, the airline incurred a loss of £194,000 during the financial year to September 30, 1972.^[23] Look up loss in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

To support its ambitious expansion plans, BCal acquired a number of additional, second-hand Boeing 707s from various sources through its British Caledonian Aircraft Trading subsidiary during the early 1970s. This included a pair of 320C series aircraft procured on a long-term lease from Britannia Airways featuring a two-class, "widebody look" interior. These aircraft were used to inaugurate the airline's transatlantic scheduled routes to New York and L.A. where the established competition was operating widebodied aircraft, such as the Boeing 747 "jumbo jet". It was thought that the aircraft's widebody style interiors would leave passengers under the impression that BCal was operating widebodied aircraft as well when in fact they were operating older generation, narrowbodied planes. During that time BCal also acquired two additional, second-hand BAC One-Eleven 500s, which were sourced from Court Line and Transbrasil respectively. (At the same time the airline disposed of some of the 707s that already were in its fleet - including the original pair of 399C series aircraft that were delivered to Caledonian Airways direct from the manufacturer's plant in 1967/'68 [-99 being Boeing's customer designator for Caledonian]. In addition, a VC-10 and a One-Eleven 200 were sold to the Royal Aircraft Establishment, which was using the aircraft as testbeds.) This article or section should include material from Tenancy agreement A lease is a contract conveying from one person (the lessor) to another person (the lessee) the right to use and control some article of property for a specified period of time (the term), without conveying ownership, in exchange for... The Boeing 747, commonly nicknamed the Jumbo Jet, is a long-haul, widebody commercial airliner manufactured by Boeing. ... The Boeing 747, which is also known as the jumbo jet, is the second largest passenger airliner after the Airbus A380. ... // [edit] Overview Court Line was a prominent UK holiday charter airline during the early 1970s based at Luton Airport in Bedfordshire. ... Transbrasil was a Brazilian International Airline which stopped operations in December, 2001. ... The Boeing Company (NYSE: BA, TYO: 7661) is a major aerospace and defense corporation, originally founded by William Edward Boeing. ... This article needs cleanup. ... A testbed is a platform for experimentation for large development projects. ...

BCal inaugurated its two transatlantic "flagship" services from London Gatwick to New York JFK and from Gatwick to Los Angeles International Airport on April 1, 1973. The late Earl Mountbatten of Burma was BCal's chief guest on board its inaugural Gatwick-JFK flight. (The flight diverted to Boston due to inclement weather in the New York area.^[24]) Again, this occasion marked the first time that an Independent British airline commenced transatlantic scheduled operations on what are sometimes referred to as two of aviation's "Blue Riband" routes linking the UK and the US. (Although British Eagle had managed to get a licence for a daily London Heathrow - New York JFK scheduled service due to commence in 1965, its inaugural flight was cancelled when the then UK Minister of Trade revoked its licence as a result of BOAC's last minute intervention.) An overview of the airport. ... Runway layout at LAX “LAX” redirects here. ... is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... The title Earl Mountbatten of Burma was created in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1947 for Louis Mountbatten, 1st Viscount Mountbatten of Burma, the last Viceroy of India. ... Nickname: City on the Hill, Beantown, The Hub (of the Universe)1, Athens of America, The Cradle of Revolution, Puritan City, Americas Walking City Location in Massachusetts, USA Counties Suffolk County Mayor Thomas M. Menino(D) Area    - City 232. ... Look up aviation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Blue Riband is an award held by the ship with the record for a transatlantic crossing. ... Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic  - President George Walker Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from... British Eagle was a British airline from 1948 to 1968. ...

In 1973 BCal also inaugurated its fourth scheduled domestic trunk route between London Gatwick and Manchester (in addition to the Gatwick-Glasgow, Gatwick-Edinburgh and Gatwick-Belfast routes inherited from BUA). The new service was subcontracted to British Island Airways (BIA), BUIA's successor, which was operating two daily return trips on that route using its Handley Page Dart Herald turboprops. For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... This article is about the City of Manchester in England. ... This article is about the city in Northern Ireland. ... British Island Airways (BIA) was the legal successor to BUIA. It commenced operations under that name in mid 1970. ... The Handley Page Herald was a 1950s British turboprop passenger aircraft. ... A Turboprop or turboshaft engine is a type of gas turbine. ...

On March 20, 1974 BCal switched its Gatwick-Paris services to the then brand-new Charles de Gaulle Airport near the Northern Paris suburb of Roissy-en-France, thus becoming the first scheduled carrier to operate between London and the new Paris airport. is the 79th day of the year (80th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... Charles de Gaulle International Airport (French: A roport de Roissy-Charles de Gaulle), also known as Roissy Airport (or just Roissy in French), serving Paris, is one of Europes principal aviation centers, as well as Frances main international airport. ... Roissy-en-France, or simply Roissy, is a commune of the Val-dOise département, near Paris, France. ...

To further extend the network's reach and its connectivity, BCal agreed to host Dan-Air's new, twice daily Gatwick-Newcastle flights, which commenced on April 20, 1974, in its computerised reservation system (CRS) as part of a combined marketing effort.^[25] is the 110th day of the year (111th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... CRS can mean: Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (a French riot police) Catholic Relief Services Combined Road Services (a British road haulage firm) cold rolled steel Cereal Research Station (at Berkhamstead in England) Cooperative Retail Service (a chain of shops in Britain) Computer reservations systems used by airlines, hotels... For the magazine, see Marketing (magazine). ...

June 1974 saw the launch of BCal's non-stop Gatwick-Brussels scheduled route, the third European trunk route on which the airline operated scheduled services in competition with the incumbent flag carriers' established services from Heathrow. (In addition to Gatwick-Paris, the company already operated daily non-stop Gatwick-Amsterdam scheduled services, the route being one of the European routes inherited from BUA.) For other places with the same name, see Brussels (disambiguation). ...

Plan S

The creation of British Airways (BA) as a result of the 1974 BEA-BOAC merger (one of the other two main recommendations contained in the 1969 Edwards Report on the future of British civil aviation) came against the background of the first global oil crisis in the wake of the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, which led to the quadrupling of the price of a barrel of oil as a consequence of OPEC's decision to boycott the West in retaliation for its support of Israel during that war. This meant that the newly merged Corporation's original revenue and profit projections were far too optimistic. During that time BA began exerting pressure on the Government, at the time its sole owner as well as the regulator for all UK airlines, to curtail the activities of its Independent competitors generally and of the "Second Force" in particular. // BA, Ba or ba may stand for: Abbreviations Bachelor of Arts, see Bachelors degree the chemical symbol for the element barium (Ba) Bashkir language (ISO 639 alpha-2 language code, ba) Brodmann area, according to Korbinian Brodmann Breathing apparatus Corporations & institutions British Army Bank of America Boeing Company (stock... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... Oil crisis may refer to: 1973 oil crisis 1979 energy crisis 1990 spike in the price of oil Oil price increases of 2004 and 2005 Hubbert peak theory Energy crisis This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... ... The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is made up of Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Venezuela; since 1965, its international headquarters have been in Vienna, Austria. ... The word projection can mean more than one thing. ...

The difficult operating environment at the time did not affect BA alone. In fact, the major scheduled airlines were all losing horrendous amounts of money at the time. The sudden spike in the oil price caused a major recession during the second half of 1974 as well as the first half of 1975 with much reduced demand for air travel. This, in turn, led to the collapse of a number of prominent travel companies and their associated airlines - most notably the Court Line group and Horizon Holidays, the latter having provided work for three BCal short-haul aircraft prior to its collapse. There was also massive overcapacity on the North Atlantic. In macroeconomics, the definition of recession is a decline in any countrys Gross Domestic Product (GDP), or negative real economic growth, for two or more successive quarters of a year. ... For other uses, see Atlantic (disambiguation) The Atlantic Ocean is Earths second-largest ocean, covering approximately one-fifth of its surface. ...

These circumstances forced BCal to put in place a major programme of retrenchment, known internally as Plan "S" ("S" for "survival") at the time, to avoid finding itself in a Court Line type of situation.^[26][27]

Plan "S" began to be implemented from November 1, 1974 onwards. It resulted in route cut-backs - including the suspension of the transatlantic "flagship" services, the immediate withdrawal and subsequent disposal of the remaining VC-10 long-haul aircraft, the temporary grounding of a number of short-haul aircraft pending disposal as well as several hundred redundancies among the company's staff (800 out of a total workforce of 5,600).^[28] is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ...

In addition to withdrawing from the prestigious long-haul routes to New York and L.A. after only 18 months, other specific measures the airline took at the time to ensure its survival included dropping all scheduled flights to Belfast, Copenhagen, Gibraltar, Ibiza, Malaga, Palma de Mallorca and Tunis, indefinitely suspending scheduled services on the Glasgow-Southampton route as well as cutting the number of frequencies on the Gatwick-Glasgow and Gatwick-Edinburgh routes from six to four daily round trips. The company furthermore retired its remaining two VC-10s. One of these aircraft was sold to Air Malawi enabling it to take over the Gatwick-Nairobi-Blantyre route, which BCal had been contracted to operate. (The other aircraft was acquired by the Omani government.) Moreover, eight of the 14-strong One-Eleven 500 fleet were temporarily grounded. Four of these aircraft were subsequently sold. (Dan-Air acquired two^[29] and Monarch Airlines one of these aircraft in 1975/'76.) A fifth aircraft was disposed of to Philippine Airlines in 1976. Two of the temporarily grounded aircraft that remained in BCal's fleet were leased out to Air Malta and Austrian Airlines respectively for the duration of the 1975 summer timetable period. Another aircraft was stationed at West Berlin's Tegel Airport during the month of July of that year to fulfill a short-term charter contract to carry Turkish migrant workers to and from Istanbul on behalf of a local tour operator. BCal also decided to increase its 707 freighter fleet from one to four aircraft and to acquire a five-seater Piper PA-23 "Aztec" to serve the rapidly growing executive charter market. These changes to the composition of the BCal fleet left the airline with 25 operational aircraft for the 1975 summer season, comprising eleven Boeing 707-320C long-haul aircraft (including four pure freighters) and 13 BAC One-Eleven short-haul planes (six larger series 500 and seven smaller series 200 models) as well as a single Piper "Aztec". In a further move to reduce its operating costs, BCal decided to contract out its scheduled operations between Gatwick and Le Touquet as well as between Gatwick and Rotterdam to BIA. The reason for replacing BCal's One-Eleven 200 jet aircraft with that airline's Herald turboprops on these routes with the beginning of the 1975 summer timetable period was the high price of jet fuel, which had made BCal's own jet operation on the aforesaid routes uneconomic. Ibiza (Catalan: Eivissa) is one of the Balearic Islands located in the Mediterranean Sea, belonging to Spain. ... Málaga, a port town in the province of Málaga in Andalusia, Southern Spain Malaga, a fortified wine originating in Málaga. ... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Palma (Catalan) Spanish name Palma de Mallorca Postal code 070XX Area code 34 (Spain) + 971 (Balearic Islands) Website http://www. ... For other uses, see Southampton (disambiguation). ... Air Malawi is an airline based in Blantyre, Malawi. ... Nairobi (pronounced ) is the capital and largest city of Kenya. ... Blantyre is the largest city in Malawi and the capital of the countrys Southern Region as well as the Blantyre District. ... Monarch Airlines Boeing 757-200 in the old livery, Alicante Airport, Spain. ... Philippine Airlines is the national airline of the Philippines. ... Year 1976 Pick up sticks(MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Air Malta is the national airline of Malta, based in Luqa. ... Austrian Airlines AG is the flag carrier airline of Austria, headquartered in Vienna. ... Boroughs of West Berlin West Berlin was the name given to the western part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990. ... Tegel International Airport is an airport in Berlin, Germany. ... A foreign worker (cf expatriate), is a person who works in a country other than the one of which he or she is a citizen. ... Istanbul (Turkish: , Greek: , historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see other names) is Turkeys most populous city, and its cultural and financial center. ... Piper Aztec The Piper PA-23, named Apache and later Aztec, was the first twin-engine aircraft built by Piper Aircraft. ... In economics, business, and accounting, a cost is the value of inputs that have been used up to produce something, and hence are not available for use anymore. ... Le Touquet-Paris-Plage, commonly referred to as Le Touquet, is a coastal town and commune of the Pas-de-Calais département, in northern France. ... Nickname: Motto: Sterker door strijd (Stronger through Struggle) Location of Rotterdam Coordinates: , Country Netherlands Province South Holland Government  - Mayor Ivo Opstelten  - Aldermen Jeannette Baljeu Hamit Karakus Orhan Kaya Lucas Bolsius Jantine Kriens Dominic Schrijer Roelf de Boer Leonard Geluk Area [1]  - City 319 km²  (123. ... Jet fuel is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in jet-engined aircraft. ...

Even during this period of severe retrenchment, BCal continued launching scheduled services to new destinations. Dakar joined the airline's network on November 1, 1974, followed by Kinshasa on April 1, 1975. From 1975 onwards, the BIA-operated BCal service to Manchester was extended to Blackpool and the Isle of Man during the peak summer travel period. Furthermore, BCal agreed to continue holding details of the Gatwick-Belfast service - an important feeder route for its long-haul services, which had been taken over by British Midland Airways (as bmi used to be known then) following BCal's withdrawal from that route - in its CRS. (City of Dakar, divided into 19 communes darrondissement) City proper (commune) Région Dakar Département Dakar Mayor Pape Diop (PDS) (since 2002) Area 82. ... is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... Kinshasa (formerly Léopoldville or, before 1960, also Leopoldstad) is the capital and largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ... is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... It has been suggested that South Shore, Blackpool be merged into this article or section. ... bmi is a scheduled airline based in the United Kingdom. ...

As a result of the "success" of Plan "S", BCal's fortunes quickly recovered. The airline operation itself managed to return to the black during the financial year ended September 30, 1975 with a small profit of £250,000 after having lost £4.3m the year before.^[30] (BCal's total loss for the 1973/'74 financial year was £5.6m.) However, BCal's operating profit for the 1974/'75 financial reporting period translated into an overall loss of £366,000, after taking into account the heavy costs relating to the early disposal of the remaining VC-10s and the grounding of several other aircraft as well as the voluntary redundancy programme to achieve the required reduction in headcount.^[31] A fiscal year or financial year is a 12-month period used for calculating annual (yearly) financial reports in businesses and other organizations. ... is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Moving the goal posts

The then Secretary of State for Trade Peter Shore conducted a review of the Government's aviation policy and in 1976 announced a new "spheres of influence" policy that ended "dual designation" for British airlines on all long-haul routes. As a result of this new aviation policy, BA and BCal were no longer permitted to run competing scheduled services on the same long-haul routes, and the latter was forced to withdraw from the East African routes inherited from BUA as well as the London-New York and London-Los Angeles routes, leading to the suspension of BCal's Gatwick-JFK and Gatwick-L.A. licences.^[32] In return, BCal became the sole British flag carrier to the entire South American mainland by taking over the former BA routes to Colombia, Peru and Venezuela.^[32] The Government's new "spheres of influence" aviation policy effectively confined BCal's long-haul scheduled operations to two continents only, i.e. Africa and South America.^[33] The loss of BCal's East African routes enabled the airline to replace the one-stop scheduled service via Nairobi to Lusaka with non-stop flights. Lusaka is the capital and largest city of Zambia. ...

During 1976 BCal's recovery continued leading to the introduction of two new scheduled routes to Algiers and Oran and the reinstatement of scheduled services to Tunis. It also led to BCal's decision to bring the operation of its Gatwick-Manchester service back in-house by replacing the two daily round-trips BIA had operated with its Herald turboprops since the route's launch in 1973 with a three-times-daily BCal One-Eleven schedule starting January 1, 1977. “Alger” redirects here. ... View of Oran Oran (Arabic: , pronounced Wahran) is a city in northwestern Algeria, situated on the Mediterranean coast. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ...

BCal ended its 1975/'76 financial year with a healthy profit of £5.6m.

Laying the foundation for further growth

Main article: British Caledonian in 1977

In 1977 British Caledonian began laying the foundation for further, profitable growth of its business by introducing the first two examples of a brand-new, state-of-the-art fleet of widebodied jet aircraft as well as by resuming transatlantic scheduled air services under a new bilateral agreement with the...

The Gatwick Year

Main article: British Caledonian in 1978

British Caledonian termed 1978 the Gatwick Year. There were several reasons for this. ...

Further diversification and expansion at the end of the 1970s

Main article: British Caledonian in 1979

1979 was another good year for British Caledonian. ...

The 1980s roller coaster

Main article: British Caledonian in the 1980s

Livery of British Caledonian on an Airbus A310-200 circa 1984 There were many ups and downs for British Caledonian during the 1980s. ...

Reasons for the failure of the Second Force concept and for British Caledonian's demise

Main article: Reasons for the failure of British Caledonian

The prime causes for the failure of the Second Force concept and British Caledonians demise were: The unwieldy route structure it had inherited from BUA. The Governments reluctance to live up to the spirit of the Second Force aviation policy through concrete deeds. ...

Facts of interest

• The late Sir Adam Thomson was born on July 7, 1926 into a working class family in Glasgow. He passed away on May 23, 2000 aged 73.

• A female first officer flying BAC One-Elevens for BCal during the 1970s and '80s went on to become a BA Concorde captain following BA's acquisition of BCal.

• Maureen Wimshurst, a BCal cabin crew member during the early 1970s, won the 1974 Miss London Airport award.

• Tim Clark, vice president of Emirates Airline, and Vic Sheppard, Emirates' vice president UK and Ireland, were former BCal employees.

is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 143rd day of the year (144th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... In commercial aviation, the first officer is the second pilot of an aircraft. ... The Pilot in Command (PIC) of an aircraft is the person aboard the aircraft who is ultimately responsible for its operation and safety during flight. ... “Emirates” redirects here. ...

Incidents and accidents

BCal had an unblemished safety record, in terms of not having any fatalities throughout its 17-year existence.

During that time there never was a fatal accident involving a BCal aircraft. The airline has been regarded as having pilots exercising good airmanship and an extremely high safety consciousness throughout the organisation. This made the airline stand out from many of its contemporary rivals. It also was one of the company's greatest contributions to commercial aviation.

According to the annual airline safety review for the year 1975 conducted by Flight International, BCal was one of the top three safest airlines in the world, behind Qantas and ahead of Lufthansa. The Luftansa headquarters in Cologne, Germany. ...

However, there were a few noteworthy non-fatal incidents involving BCal aircraft.

• On January 28, 1972 a BCal Vickers VC-10-1109 (registration: G-ARTA) sustained severe structural damage as a result of an exceptionally hard landing at Gatwick at the end of a short ferry flight from Heathrow, where the aircraft had been diverted due to Gatwick being fog-bound and where all passengers had disembarked. A survey of the aircraft's damage had revealed that its airframe had been bent out of shape and that it required extensive repairs to be restored to an airworthy condition. The airline's senior management decided that these repairs were not cost-effective. The aircraft was written off and a decision taken to have it scrapped. It was eventually broken up at Gatwick in 1975.^[34] (This aircraft had been the VC-10's prototype. It had subsequently been converted as a 1109 series passenger aircraft before being sold in 1969 to Laker Airways, which immediately leased it out to MEA. Laker Airways sold the aircraft to BUA in 1970.)

• During the summer of 1976, a BCal BAC One-Eleven 500 (registration: G-AZMF) burst all its main wheel tyres while landing at Gatwick at the end of a scheduled flight from Jersey. All occupants were safely evacuated via the aircraft's emergency exits.

• In 1981, a BCal McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 aquaplaned after touching down on the wet runway at Kano Airport in northern Nigeria. There were no injuries as a result of this incident.

is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with prototyping. ... Laker Airways was a wholly privately owned, Independent British airline founded by the late Sir Freddie Laker in 1966. ... Middle East Airlines (Arabic: طيران الشرق الأوسط), also known by its long name, Middle East Airlines Air Liban (Arabic: طيران الشرق الأوسط الخطوط الجوية اللبنانية), is the national flag-carrier airline of Lebanon, based in Beirut. ... Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ...

Code data

• Former IATA Code: BR
• Former callsign: Caledonian

In broadcasting and radio communication, a callsign or call sign (also call letters) is a unique designation for a transmitting station. ...

Notes

British United Airways (BUA) was the largest independent UK based airline during the 1960s. ...

References

• Thomson, Adam (1999). High Risk: The Politics of the Air. Sidgwick and Jackson. ISBN 0-2839-9599-8. 
• Eglin, Roger, and Ritchie, Berry (1980). Fly me, I'm Freddie. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-2977-7746-7. 
• Simons, Graham M. (1999). It was nice to fly with friends! The story of Air Europe. GMS Enterprises. ISBN 1-8703-8469-5. 
• Simons, Graham M. (1993). The Spirit of Dan-Air. GMS Enterprises. ISBN 1-8703-8420-2. 
• Calder, Simon (2002). No Frills - The Truth behind the Low-cost Revolution in the Skies. Virgin Books. ISBN 1-8522-7932-X. 
• (March 2004) "Aviation News - UK and Irish airlines since 1945 (Update 5 British United Airways)" 66 (3). HPC Publishing.  (Aviation News online)
• British Airports Authority Annual Report and Accounts 1977/8. British Airports Authority. 
• British Airports Authority Annual Report and Accounts 1978/9. British Airports Authority. 
• "Flight International". Reed Business Information. ISSN 0015-3710.  (various backdated issues relating to British Caledonian and the "Second Force" concept, 1969-1988)
• "OAG Flight Guide Worldwide". OAG Worldwide. ISSN 1466-8718.  (various backdated issues relating to British Caledonian scheduled flight information, 1970-1988)

British United Airways (BUA) was the largest independent UK based airline during the 1960s. ... BAA plc is the owner and operator of seven major United Kingdom airports and operator of several airports worldwide, making the company one of the largest transport companies in the world. ... BAA plc is the owner and operator of seven major United Kingdom airports and operator of several airports worldwide, making the company one of the largest transport companies in the world. ... ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ... ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ...

External links

• British Caledonian web site
• Monopolies and Mergers Commission report on proposed British Airways takeover of British Caledonian
• BA-BCal merger as reported on BBC News, 16 July, 1987
• contemporary timetable images
• British Caledonian Boeing 747-2D3B (SF) "Combi" G-HUGE being towed across the apron at London-Gatwick during March 1986
• late-1980s line-up of British Caledonian DC-10s at London-Gatwick's central pier
• 1987 London-Gatwick ramp scene dominated by an assortment of British Caledonian BAC One-Elevens and McDonnell-Douglas DC-10s
• 1986 portrait of Sir Adam Thomson, at the time chairman of British Caledonian Airways and the British Caledonian Group, standing inside Gatwick's hangar 3
• Daily Telegraph obituary of Sir Peter Masefield, BCal's former deputy chairman from 1978-1987
• History of British Caledonian's VC-10s
• Privatisation of British Airways: Its Management and Politics 1982-1987 (Kyohei Shibata, EUI Working Paper EPU No.93/9, European University Institute, Florence, Italy, 1994)