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Historically, the Britons (sometimes Brythons or British) were the indigenous peoples inhabiting the island of Britain who can be described as (Insular) Celts, before their language and culture was largely replaced by invading Anglo-Saxons. They were speakers of the Brythonic languages and shared common cultural traditions. In terms of language and culture, much of north western Europe was mainly Celtic during this period, although the island of Britain and Brittany were inhabited by Brythonic Celts. The inhabitants of Ireland, the Isle of Man and Dál Riata were Gaels or Gaelic Celts who spoke Goidelic languages. This article is about the modern people. ... The term indigenous peoples has no universal, standard or fixed definition, but can be used about any ethnic group who inhabit the geographic region with which they have the earliest historical connection. ... The Insular Celtic language hypothesis groups the Goidelic languages, which include Irish, Scottish Gaelic and the recently extinct Manx, together with the Brythonic languages, of which the modern ones are Welsh, Breton, and the moribund Cornish. ... Diachronic distribution of Celtic peoples:  core Hallstatt territory, by the 6th century BC  maximal Celtic expansion, by the 3rd century BC  the six Celtic nations which retained significant numbers of Celtic speakers into the Early Modern period  areas where Celtic languages remain widely spoken today Celts (pronounced or , see pronunciation... For other uses, see Anglo-Saxon. ... The Brythonic languages (or Brittonic languages) form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family. ... The word culture, from the Latin colo, -ere, with its root meaning to cultivate, generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. ... This article is about the European people. ... This article is about the historical kingdom, duchy and French province, as well as one of the Celtic nations. ... Dál Riata (also Dalriada or Dalriata) was a Goidelic kingdom on the western seaboard of Scotland and the northern coasts of Ireland, situated in the traditional Scottish and Northern Irish counties of Argyll, Bute and County Antrim. ... “Gael” redirects here. ... The Goidelic languages (also sometimes called, particularly in colloquial situations, the Gaelic languages or collectively Gaelic) have historically been part of a dialect continuum stretching from the south of Ireland, the Isle of Man, to the north of Scotland. ...

A number of scholars argue that the unknown Pictish language was Brythonic, but in Sub-Roman Britain the Picts were distinguished as a separate group, as were the Gaels of Dál Riata. Therefore, the term "Briton" or "Brython" traditionally refers to the inhabitants of ancient Britain excluding the Picts, because many Pictish cultural traits (for example their sculpture, pottery and monuments) differ from those of the Britons. The Pictish language is the extinct language of the Picts, in what is now Scotland. ... Sub-Roman Britain is a term derived from an archaeologists label for the material culture of Britain in Late Antiquity. ... Sculptor redirects here. ... Pottery on display in Dilli Haat, Delhi, India. ... For other uses, see Monument (disambiguation). ...

Etymology

Main article: Britain (name)

Further information: Priteni and Brittia

The earliest known reference to the Britons comes from Pytheas, a Greek geographer who made a voyage of exploration to northwestern Europe between 330-320 BC. Although none of his own writings remain, writers during the time of the Roman Empire made much reference to them. Pytheas called the Britons the Pritani or Pretani,^[1][2] and referred to the islands as the Pritanic or Pretanic islands. The term may have reached Pytheas from the Gauls, who may have used it as their term for the inhabitants of the islands.^[2][3] For the asteroid sometimes (incorrectly) identified as Earths second moon, see 3753 Cruithne. ... Pytheas (Πυθέας), ca. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... Gaul (Latin: ) was the name given, in ancient times, to the region of Western Europe comprising present-day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ...

Ultimately, the term Briton is from Celtic *Britto, plural *Britton-es, whence the Welsh collective Brython. The Latin name in the early Roman Empire period was Britanni or Brittanni, following the Roman conquest in 43 BC replaced by Britto, Brittones directly loaned from the native British language. The single -t- in modern Briton is from an erroneous Latin form Brito, Britones in medieval manuscript tradition; French Breton derives from the more correct Latin form with double -tt-.^[4] The Celtic languages are the languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, a branch of the greater Indo-European language family. ... Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ... British was an ancient Celtic language spoken in much of southern and central Britain, up to the central lowlands of Scotland. ... Breton can refer to: Brittany, as an adjective for this historical province of France The Breton language, a Celtic language spoken by some of the inhabitants of Brittany and Loire-Atlantique A Breton person, part of a Brythonic ethnic group inhabiting the region of Brittany André Breton (1896-1966), French...

In current usage, Briton is mostly used synonymously with British, the contemporary ethno-linguistic group. Welsh Brython was introduced into English usage by John Rhys in 1884 as a term unambiguously referring to the P-Celtic speakers of Great Britain, as complementing Goidel; hence the adjective Brythonic referring to the group of languages.^[5] Brittonic is a more recent coinage (first attested 1923 according to OED) intended to refer to the ancient Britons specifically. Sir John Rhys, (1840 - 1915) was the first Professor of Welsh at Oxford University. ... Brythonic is one of two major divisions of Insular Celtic languages (the other being Goidelic). ... Brythonic is one of two major divisions of Insular Celtic languages (the other being Goidelic). ... OED stands for Oxford English Dictionary Office of Enrollment & Discipline This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Language

Main article: Brythonic languages

The Britons were speakers of the Brythonic (or Brittonic) languages, a branch of the Insular Celtic languages. The other branch of Insular Celtic that co-existed with Brythonic was the Goidelic (or Gaelic) languages. The Brythonic languages are believed to have been spoken on the entire island of Britain as far north as the Clyde-Forth. Beyond this was the territory of the Picts and Gaels. However, Britons later migrated to Brittany and the Brythonic Breton language developed there. The Brythonic languages (or Brittonic languages) form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family. ... The Brythonic languages (or Brittonic languages) form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family. ... The Insular Celtic hypothesis concerns the origin of the Celtic languages. ... The Goidelic languages (also sometimes called, particularly in colloquial situations, the Gaelic languages or collectively Gaelic) have historically been part of a dialect continuum stretching from the south of Ireland, the Isle of Man, to the north of Scotland. ... Map of the Firth of Clyde and area The Seamill beach looks south down the outer firth towards southern Arran and Ailsa Craig. ... The Firth of Forth from Calton Hill The Forth Bridges cross the Firth Satellite photo of the Firth and the surrounding area Map of the Firth Firth of Forth (Scottish Gaelic: Linne Foirthe) is the estuary or firth of Scotlands River Forth, where it flows into the North Sea... A replica of the Hilton of Cadboll Stone. ... “Gael” redirects here. ... This article is about the historical kingdom, duchy and French province, as well as one of the Celtic nations. ... Breton (Brezhoneg) is a Celtic language spoken by some of the inhabitants of Brittany (Breizh) in France. ...

The Brythonic languages are believed to have developed from Proto-Celtic, after it was introduced to the British Isles from the continent. The first form of the Brythonic languages is believed to be British. After the Roman conquest of Britain, the British language adopted some words from Latin; hence it is sometimes termed Romano-British in this period. The Proto-Celtic language, also called Common Celtic, is the putative ancestor of all the known Celtic languages. ... For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ... Romano-British is a term used to refer to the Romanized Britons under the Roman Empire (and later the Western Roman Empire) and in the years after the Roman departure exposed to Roman culture and Christian religion. ...

The British language then branched into three dialects: Eastern, Western and Southwestern. The Eastern dialect was largely replaced by the invading Anglo-Saxons and their language. The Western and Southwestern developed into Cumbric, Welsh, Cornish and Breton. Only Welsh, Cornish and Breton survive today. Southwestern Brythonic is one of two dialects into which the Brythonic language split following the Battle of Deorham in A.D. 577, the other being Western Brythonic, which later evolved into Welsh and Cumbric. ... For other uses, see Anglo-Saxon. ... Cumbric was the Brythonic Celtic language spoken in England in Cumbria, Lancashire, some parts of Northumbria and Yorkshire and in southern Lowland Scotland, i. ... Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ... For the Cornish-English dialect, see West Country dialects. ... Breton (Brezhoneg) is a Celtic language spoken by some of the inhabitants of Brittany (Breizh) in France. ...

Territory

Main articles: British Iron Age, Roman Britain, and Sub-Roman Britain

The British Isles during the Anglo-Saxon conquest around 500AD. Brythonic kingdoms are labelled in black, Germanic kingdoms in red, Pictish kingdoms in brown, and Gaelic kingdoms in blue.

Throughout their existence, the territory inhabited by the Britons was composed of numerous ever-changing areas controlled by tribes. The extent of their territory before and during the Roman period is unclear, but is generally believed to include the whole of the island of Great Britain, as far north as the Clyde-Forth isthmus. The territory north of this was largely inhabited by the Picts, although a portion of it was eventually absorbed into the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata. The Isle of Man was originally inhabited by Britons also, but eventually it became Gaelic territory. Meanwhile, Ireland is generally believed to have been entirely Gaelic throughout this period. In the British Isles, the Iron Age lasted from about the 7th century BC until the Roman conquest and until the 5th century in non-Romanised parts. ... Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between 43 and 410. ... Sub-Roman Britain is a term derived from an archaeologists label for the material culture of Britain in Late Antiquity. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1262x829, 324 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): King Arthur States in Medieval Britain Battle of Mons Badonicus Cerdic of Wessex Constantine III of... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1262x829, 324 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): King Arthur States in Medieval Britain Battle of Mons Badonicus Cerdic of Wessex Constantine III of... The Anglo-Saxons refers collectively to the groups of Germanic tribes who achieved dominance in southern Britain from the mid-5th century, forming the basis for the modern English nation. ... A replica of the Hilton of Cadboll Stone. ... “Gael” redirects here. ... Some of the known Celtic tribes in Britain and Ireland were as follows: The Atrebates were an important tribe in Southern England. ... Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between 43 and 410. ... Map of the Firth of Clyde and area The Seamill beach looks south down the outer firth towards southern Arran and Ailsa Craig. ... The Firth of Forth from Calton Hill The Forth Bridges cross the Firth Satellite photo of the Firth and the surrounding area Map of the Firth Firth of Forth (Scottish Gaelic: Linne Foirthe) is the estuary or firth of Scotlands River Forth, where it flows into the North Sea... For other uses, see Isthmus (disambiguation). ... A replica of the Hilton of Cadboll Stone. ... “Gael” redirects here. ... Dál Riata (also Dalriada or Dalriata) was a Goidelic kingdom on the western seaboard of Scotland and the northern coasts of Ireland, situated in the traditional Scottish and Northern Irish counties of Argyll, Bute and County Antrim. ...

In 43 AD the Roman Empire invaded Britain. The Brythonic tribes continually opposed the Roman legions, but by 84 CE the Romans had conquered as far north as the Clyde-Forth isthmus, where they built the Antonine Wall. However, after just twenty years they retreated south to Hadrian's Wall. Although the native Britons mostly kept their land, they were subject to the Roman governers. The Roman Empire retained control of "Britannia" until its departure about 400 AD. Britain was the target of invasion by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire several times during its history. ... The Antonine Wall, looking east, from Barr Hill between Twechar and Croy The Antonine Wall, remains of Roman fortlet, Barr Hill, near Twechar Location of Hadrians Wall and the Antonine Wall in Scotland and Northern England. ... Hadrians Wall is a stone and turf fortification built by the Roman Empire across the width of modern-day England. ... This is a partial list of Governors of Roman Britain. ...

Around the time of the Roman departure, the Germanic Anglo-Saxons began large-scale migrations to the east coast of Britain, where they set up kingdoms. Eventually, Brythonic language and culture in these areas was largely replaced by those of the Anglo-Saxons. At the same time, some Brythonic tribes migrated across the channel to what is now called Brittany. There they set up their own small kingdoms and the Brythonic Breton language developed. By the end of the 1st millennium AD, the Anglo-Saxons had conquered most of the Brythonic territory in Britain, and the language and culture of the native Britons had largely been extinguished. For other uses, see Anglo-Saxon. ... This article is about the historical kingdom, duchy and French province, as well as one of the Celtic nations. ... Breton (Brezhoneg) is a Celtic language spoken by some of the inhabitants of Brittany (Breizh) in France. ... In the Gregorian calendar, the 1st millennium is the period of one thousand years that commenced with the year 1 Anno Domini. ...

Famous Britons

Main articles: King of the Britons and List of legendary kings of Britain

• Arthur – Romano-British war leader of debatable historicity.
• Boudica – Queen of the Iceni, who led the rebellion against Roman occupation in 60 CE.
• Caratacus – a leader of the defence against the Roman conquest of Britain.
• Cartimandua – Queen of the Brigantes during and after the Roman invasion.
• Cassivellaunus – led the defence against Julius Caesar's second expedition to Britain in 54 BCE.
• Mailoc - Bishop of Britonia (Galicia) in the 6th century AD
• Commius – historical King of the Belgic nation of the Atrebates, initially in Gaul, then in Britannia, during the 1st century BCE.
• Cunedda – post-Roman King and progenitor of the Kingdom of Gwynedd.
• Cunobelinus – historical King of southern Britain between the first and second Roman invasions. The basis for Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
• Cogidubnus - a British client-king, later made a citizen of Rome and awarded Fishbourne Roman Palace.
• Pelagius – an influential Christian monk and theologian, branded a heretic later in life.
• Prasutagus – husband of Boudica.
• Togodumnus – a leader of the defence against the Roman conquest of Britain.
• Urien – King of Rheged (modern Lancashire and Cumbria).
• Vortigern – warlord and King in the 5th century CE. Best known for inviting the Jutes to Kent.

The term King of the Britons refers to kings of Celtic Great Britain as recorded by much later authors, including Nennius, Gildas, and predominantly Geoffrey of Monmouth. ... // For historical kings who used or upon whom was bestowed (often retrospectively) the title King of the Britons, see King of the Britons. ... For other uses, see King Arthur (disambiguation). ... The historical basis of King Arthur is a source of considerable debate among historians. ... A sculpture depicting Boudica, the warrior queen of the Iceni who led the revolt against the Romans in AD 61, and her daughters, commissioned by Prince Albert and executed by Thomas Thornycroft, stands near Westminster Pier, London Boudica (also spelt Boudicca, formerly better known as Boadicea) (d. ... The Iceni or Eceni were a Brythonic tribe who inhabited an area of Britain corresponding roughly to the modern-day county of Norfolk between the 1st century BC and 1st century AD. The Cenimagni, who surrendered to Julius Caesar during his second expedition to Britain in 54 BC, may have... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... Caratacus (Brythonic *Caratācos, Greek Καράτακος; variants Latin Caractacus, Greek Καρτάκης) was a historical British chieftain of the Catuvellauni tribe, who led the British resistance to the Roman conquest. ... Britain was the target of invasion by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire several times during its history. ... Cartimandua (or Cartismandua, ruled ca. ... The Brigantes were a British Celtic tribe which lived between Tyne and Humber. ... Cassivellaunus was a historical British chieftain who led the defence against Julius Caesars second expedition to Britain in 54 BC. He also appears in British legend as Cassibelanus, one of Geoffrey of Monmouths kings of Britain, and in the Mabinogion and Welsh Triads as Caswallawn, son of Beli... For other uses, see Julius Caesar (disambiguation). ... Mailoc (or Maeloc) was a Galician-British bishop who participated in the Council of Braga (572). ... Britonia is the historical name of a settlement in Galicia (northern Spain) which was settled in the late fifth and early sixth centuries by Romano-Britons escaping the advancing Anglo-Saxons who were conquering Britain at the time. ... There are two well-known places called Galicia: Galicia, one of Spains autonomous communities. ... Commius was a historical king of the Gaulish and British Atrebates tribes in the 1st century BC. When Julius Caesar conquered the Atrebates in Gaul in 57 BC he appointed Commius as king of the tribe. ... The first recorded mention of Belgae, part of the mix that make up modern Belgians, was in the year 58 B.C.; Gaius Julius Caesar, departing from the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis (now Provence), decided to conquer the rest of the Gauls. ... The Atrebates (meaning settlers) were a Belgic tribe of Gaul and Britain before the Roman conquests. ... Gaul (Latin: ) was the name given, in ancient times, to the region of Western Europe comprising present-day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ... For other uses, see Britannia (disambiguation). ... Cunedda ap Edern (AD 386-460; reigned from the 440s or 450s) (Latin: Cunetacius; English: Kenneth), also known as as Cunedda Wledig (the Imperator), was an important early Welsh leader, and the progenitor of the royal dynasty of Gwynedd. ... For the fictional Kingdom of Gwynedd in the Deryni series of novels, see Gwynedd (fictional). ... Cunobelinus (also written Kynobellinus, Cunobelin) was a historical king of the Catuvellauni tribe of pre-Roman Britain. ... Dame Ellen Terry as Imogen This article is about Shakespeares play. ... Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus (or Togidubnus) was king of the Regnenses, a southern British tribe. ... Mosaics at Fishbourne Roman Palace Fishbourne Roman Palace, in the village of Fishbourne in West Sussex, is one of the most important archaeological sites in England. ... For other uses, see Pelagius (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ... Theology is literally rational discourse concerning God (Greek θεος, theos, God, + λογος, logos, rational discourse). By extension, it also refers to the study of other religious topics. ... For other uses, see Heresy (disambiguation). ... Prasutagus was king of a British Celtic tribe called the Iceni, who inhabited roughly what is now Norfolk, in the 1st century AD. His wife was Boudicca. ... A sculpture depicting Boudica, the warrior queen of the Iceni who led the revolt against the Romans in AD 61, and her daughters, commissioned by Prince Albert and executed by Thomas Thornycroft, stands near Westminster Pier, London Boudica (also spelt Boudicca, formerly better known as Boadicea) (d. ... Togodumnus was a historical king of the British Catuvellauni tribe at the time of the Roman conquest. ... Urien, father of Owain mab Urien (later known as Ywain), was an historical king of Rheged in northern England and southern Scotland during the 6th century. ... Entrance to the Rheged Discovery Centre Rheged was a Brythonic nation of Sub-Roman Britain, where the natives spoke Cumbric. ... Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea. ... Cumbria (IPA: ), is a shire county in the extreme North West of England. ... Vortigern (also spelled Vortiger and Vortigen, and in Welsh Gwrtheyrn), was a 5th century warlord in Britain, a leading ruler among the Britons (Brythons). ... For the coarse vegetable textile fiber, see Jute. ... For other uses, see Kent (disambiguation). ...

References

1. ^ Snyder, Christopher A. (2003). The Britons. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22260-X. 
2. ^ ^{a b} Foster (editor), R F; Donnchadh O Corrain, Professor of Irish History at University College Cork: Prehistoric and Early Christian Ireland (1 November 2001). The Oxford History of Ireland. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280202-X. 
3. ^ Encyclopedia of the Celts: Pretani
4. ^ OED s.v. "Briton". See also Online Etymology Dictionary: Briton
5. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary: Brythonic

Blackwell Publishing was formed in 2001 from two Oxford-based academic publishing companies, Blackwell Science and Blackwell Publishers and is the worlds leading society publisher, partnering with 665 academic and professional societies. ... is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... OED stands for Oxford English Dictionary Office of Enrollment & Discipline This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

See also

• Albion
• Armorica
• Roman Britain
• Britons
• British
• Alternative words for British
• British Isles
• British Isles (terminology)
• King of the Britons
• List of legendary kings of Britain
• History of Britain
• Cornish people
• Cornovii
• Welsh people
• Scottish people
• Picts
• Caledonia
• English people
• Anglo-Saxons
• Irish people
• Hibernia
• Gododdin
• Dumbarton
• Celtic nations
• List of Celtic tribes

This article is about the archaic name for Great Britain. ... Armorica or Aremorica is the name given in ancient times to the part of Gaul that includes the Brittany peninsula and the territory between the Seine and Loire rivers, extending inland to an indeterminate point and down the Atlantic coast. ... Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between 43 and 410. ... The term Briton may have the following meanings: in a historical context: an inhabitant of Great Britain in pre-Roman times a descendant of Britons during a later period (e. ... This article is about terms applied to people some of which are controversial. ... This article explains the archipelago in north-western Europe. ... . For the disagreement and different views on using the term British Isles, particularly in relation to Ireland, see British Isles naming dispute. ... The term King of the Britons refers to kings of Celtic Great Britain as recorded by much later authors, including Nennius, Gildas, and predominantly Geoffrey of Monmouth. ... // For historical kings who used or upon whom was bestowed (often retrospectively) the title King of the Britons, see King of the Britons. ... The History of Britain, until the last few hundred years, was one of struggle and competition between the separate nation-states that occupied various parts of the island of Great Britain. ... The Cornish people are a British ethnic group originating in Cornwall. ... The Cornovii (perhaps meaning people of the horn Cornwall), were a people of Iron Age and Roman Britain, who lived in the modern counties of North Staffordshire, Shropshire and Cheshire in the English West Midlands. ... This article is about Welsh people who are considered to be an ethnic group and a nation. ... This article is about the Scottish people as an ethnic group. ... A replica of the Hilton of Cadboll Stone. ... Caledonia is the Latin name given by the Roman Empire to a northern area of the island of Great Britain. ... This article is about the English as an ethnic group and nation. ... For other uses, see Anglo-Saxon. ... The Irish people (Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European ethnic group who originate in Ireland, in north western Europe. ... True colour image of Ireland, captured by a NASA satellite on 4 January 2003. ... Gododdin (pronounced god-o-th-in), or Guotodin (Votadini in Latin), refers to both the people and to the region of a Dark Ages Brythonic kingdom south of the Firth of Forth, extending from the Stirling area to the Northumberland kingdom of Brynaich, and including what are now the Lothian... Dumbarton (Dùn Breatainn in Scottish Gaelic) is a burgh in Scotland, lying on the north bank of the River Clyde where the River Leven flows into the Clyde estuary. ... The Six Nations considered the heartland of the modern Celts Celtic nations are areas of Europe inhabited by members of Celtic cultures, specifically speakers of Celtic languages. ... This is a list of Celtic tribes and associated celtic peoples with their geographical localization. ...

External links

• The History Files: The Island of Britain AD 450-600 (Map of British territories)
• The History Files: Main Index
• BBC - History - Native Tribes of Britain
• DNA from ethnic Britons found in Ireland

v • d • e Celts Ancient Celts and Celtic studies Peoples: Names of the Celts  · Gaels (Early Ireland  · Medieval Ireland  · Gaelic Ireland  · Scoti)  · Brythons (British Iron Age  · Roman Britain  · Picts)  · Gauls (Gallo-Roman)  · Celtiberians (Celtic Gallaecia)  · Galatians Religion: Celtic polytheism  · Celtic Christianity Mythology: Celtic mythology  · Irish mythology  · Scottish mythology  · Welsh mythology  · Breton mythology  · British legends Society: Celtic calendar  · Celtic law  · Gaelic clothing and fashion  · Celtic warfare  · Gaelic warfare Diachronic distribution of Celtic peoples:  core Hallstatt territory, by the 6th century BC  maximal Celtic expansion, by the 3rd century BC  the six Celtic nations which retained significant numbers of Celtic speakers into the Early Modern period  areas where Celtic languages remain widely spoken today Celts (pronounced or , see pronunciation... Celts, normally pronounced //, is a modern term used to describe any of the European peoples who spoke, or speak, a Celtic language. ... Celtic Studies is the academic discipline occupied with the study of any sort of cultural output relating to a Celtic people. ... “Gael” redirects here. ... Newgrange, a famous Irish passage tomb built c3,200 BC // What little is known of pre-Christian Ireland comes from a few references in Roman writings, Irish poetry and myth, and archaeology. ... The Early Medieval era in Ireland, from 800 to 1166 is characterised by Viking raids, then settlement, in what had become a stable and wealthy country. ... Arms of the Kings of Ireland1 Capital Hill of Tara (ceremonial) Language(s) Irish Government Monarchy High King  - 1002-1014 Brian Boru  - 1151-1154 Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair History  - Established prehistory  - Norman invasion 1 May 1169  - Flight of the Earls September, 1607 1 The Wijnbergen Roll dating from c. ... Scoti or Scotti (Old Irish Scot, modern Scottish Gaelic Sgaothaich) was the generic name given by the Romans to Gaelic raiders from Ireland. ... In the British Isles, the Iron Age lasted from about the 7th century BC until the Roman conquest and until the 5th century in non-Romanised parts. ... Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between 43 and 410. ... A replica of the Hilton of Cadboll Stone. ... Gaul (Latin: ) was the name given, in ancient times, to the region of Western Europe comprising present-day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ... This article covers the culture of Romanized areas of Gaul. ... Main language areas in Iberia circa 200 BC. The Celtiberians (or Celt-Iberians)[1] were a Celtic people of late La Tène culture living in the Iberian Peninsula, chiefly in what is now north central Spain and northern Portugal, before and during the Roman Empire. ... Celtic Gallaecia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Celtic polytheism refers to the religious beliefs and practices of ancient Celts until the Christianization of Celtic-speaking lands. ... Celtic Christianity, or Insular Christianity (sometimes commonly called the Celtic Church) broadly refers to the Early Medieval Christian practice that developed around the Irish Sea in the fifth and sixth centuries: that is, among Celtic/British peoples such as the Irish, Scottish, Welsh, Cornish, Manx, Cumbrians (the inhabitants of the... The nature and functions of these ancient gods can be deduced from their names, the location of their inscriptions, their iconography, the Roman gods they are equated with, and similar figures from later bodies of Celtic mythology. ... The mythology of pre-Christian Ireland did not entirely survive the conversion to Christianity, but much of it was preserved, shorn of its religious meanings, in medieval Irish literature, which represents the most extensive and best preserved of all the branches of Celtic mythology. ... Scottish mythology consists of the myths and legends historically told by the people of Scotland. ... Welsh mythology, the remnants of the mythology of the pre-Christian Britons, has come down to us in much altered form in medieval Welsh manuscripts such as the Red Book of Hergest, the White Book of Rhydderch, the Book of Aneirin and the Book of Taliesin. ... Breton mythology is the mythology or corpus of explanatory and herioc tales originating in Brittany, now in France. ... ‹ The template below is being considered for deletion. ... The term Celtic calendar is used to refer to a variety of calendars used by Celtic-speaking peoples at different times in history. ... Celtic Law The social structure of Iron Age Celtic society was highly developed. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... ==unique aspect versus other Celts is the reliance on a battle axe in earlier society. ... Art: Celtic art  · Triple spiral  · Celtic knot  · Celtic cross  · Celtic maze Modern Celts and Celtic Revival Celtic music  · Celtic nations  · Celtic Neopaganism  · Pan-Celticism (Celtic Congress  · Celtic League)  · Pronunciation of Celtic Languages Proto-Celtic Insular Celtic (Brythonic  · Goidelic) Muiredacha Cross. ... A modern form of the triple spiral symbol Triple spiral visible on entrance stone at Newgrange The triple spiral or triskele is a Celtic and pre-Celtic symbol found on a number of Irish Megalithic and Neolithic sites, most notably inside the Newgrange passage tomb, on the entrance stone, and... A classic Celtic knot pattern Celtic knots are a variety of (endless) knots and stylized graphical representations of knots used for decoration, first known to have been used by the Celts. ... For the band, see Celtic Cross (band). ... This article concerns those peoples who consider themselves, or have been considered by others, to be Celts in modern times, ie post 1800. ... The Celtic Revival, also known as the Irish Literary Revival, was begun by Lady Gregory, Edward Martyn and William Butler Yeats in Ireland in 1896. ... Celtic music is a term utilized by artists, record companies, music stores and music magazines to describe a broad grouping of musical genres that evolved out of the folk musical traditions of the Celtic peoples of Northern Europe. ... The Six Nations considered the heartland of the modern Celts Celtic nations are areas of Europe inhabited by members of Celtic cultures, specifically speakers of Celtic languages. ... A group of Neo-druids from the Sylvan Grove of the OBOD at Stonehenge on the morning of the summer solstice 2005. ... Pan-Celticism is the name given to a variety of movements that espouse greater contact between the various Celtic countries. ... The International Celtic Congress is a cultural organisation that seeks to promote the Celtic languagues of the nations of Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Brittany, Cornwall and the Isle of Man. ... The Celtic League is a political and cultural organisation in the modern Celtic nations of Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Brittany, Cornwall and the Isle of Man. ... The pronunciation of the words Celt and Celtic in their various meanings has been surrounded by some confusion: the initial, <c> can be realised either as /k/ or as /s/. Both can be justified philologically and both are correct in terms of English prescriptive usage. ... The Proto-Celtic language, also called Common Celtic, is the putative ancestor of all the known Celtic languages. ... The Insular Celtic language hypothesis groups the Goidelic languages, which include Irish, Scottish Gaelic and the recently extinct Manx, together with the Brythonic languages, of which the modern ones are Welsh, Breton, and the moribund Cornish. ... The Brythonic languages (or Brittonic languages) form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family. ... The Goidelic languages (also sometimes called, particularly in colloquial situations, the Gaelic languages or collectively Gaelic) have historically been part of a dialect continuum stretching from the south of Ireland, the Isle of Man, to the north of Scotland. ... Continental Celtic (Celtiberian  · Gaulish  · Galatian  · Lepontic  · Noric) Celtic Festivals Samhain  · Imbolc  · Beltane  · Lughnasadh Lists List of Celtic tribes · List of Celtic deities · List of Celts · List of English words of Celtic origin