The chemical compound bromomethane is an organic halogen compound with formula CH₃Br. It is a colorless, nonflammable gas with no distinctive smell. Its chemical properties are quite similar to those of chloromethane. Other names for bromomethane are methyl bromide, mono-bromomethane, and methyl fume. Trade names include Embafume and Terabol. A chemical compound is a chemical substance formed from two or more elements, with a fixed ratio determining the composition. ... An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon, with the exception of carbides, carbonates, carbon oxides and gases containing carbon. ... The halogens are a chemical series. ... A chemical formula (also called molecular formula) is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ... General Name, Symbol, Number carbon, C, 6 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 14, 2, p Appearance black (graphite) colorless (diamond) Atomic mass 12. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... General Name, Symbol, Number bromine, Br, 35 Chemical series halogens Group, Period, Block 17, 4, p Appearance gas/liquid: red-brown solid: metallic luster Atomic mass 79. ... Chloromethane or Methyl chloride is a chemical compound once widely used as a refrigerant. ...

Origin

Bromomethane originates from both natural and human sources. It occurs naturally in the ocean, where it is probably formed by algae and kelp. It is also produced by certain terrestrial plants, such as members of the Brassica family. It is manufactured for agricultural and industrial use by reacting methanol with hydrobromic acid. The worlds oceans as seen from the South Pacific Ocean (from Okeanos, Greek for river, the ancient Greeks noticed that a strong current flowed off Gibraltar, and assumed it was a great river); covers almost three quarters (71%) of the surface of the Earth, and nearly half of the... A seaweed (Laurencia) up close: the branches are multicellular and only about 1 mm thick. ... Families Alariaceae Chordaceae Laminariaceae Lessoniaceae Phyllariaceae Pseudochordaceae Kelp are large seaweeds, belonging to the brown algae and classified in the order Laminariales. ... Species See text Brassica is a genus of plants in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). ... Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol or wood alcohol, is a chemical compound with chemical formula CH3OH. It is the simplest alcohol, and is a light, volatile, colourless, flammable, poisonous liquid with a very faint odor. ... Hydrobromic Acid is a chemical compound, with the chemical formula HBr. ...

Uses

Until its production and use was curtailed by the Montreal Protocol, it was widely used as a soil sterilant, mainly for production of seed but also for some crops such as strawberries. In seed production, unlike crop production it is of vital importance to avoid contaminating the crop with off-type seed of the same species. Therefore, selective herbicides cannot be used. While bromomethane is dangerous to use, it is considerably safer and more effective than the few other soil sterilants available. Its loss to the seed industry has resulted in changes to cultural practices, with increased reliance on mechanical rogueing and fallow seasons. The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number of substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. ... Soil is material capable of supporting plant life. ... Sterilization (or sterilisation) is the elimination of all transmissible agents (such as bacteria, prions and viruses) from a surface, a piece of equipment, food or biological culture medium. ... A seed is the ripened ovule of gymnosperm or angiosperm plants. ... Strawberries Promo Strawberries is an album by The Damned released October 1982 on Bronze Records (catalogue #BRON 542). ... A herbicide is a pesticide used to kill unwanted plants. ... Growing the same crop repeatedly in the same place eventually depletes the soil of various nutrients. ...

Bromomethane was also used as a general-purpose fumigant to kill a variety of pests including rats, insects , and fungi (and therefore also for killing 'bugs' and fungi according the IPPC esp. ISPM number 15, regulations when exporting wooden packaging to certain countries). It is also a precursor in the manufacture of other chemicals, and has been used as a solvent to extract oil from seeds and wool. Fumigation is a method of pest control that completely fills an area with gaseous pesticides to suffocate or poison the pests within. ... Species 50 species; see text<br> <nowiki>*</nowiki>Several subfamilies of Muroids<br>include animals called rats. ... Classes & Orders See taxonomy Insects are invertebrate animals of the Class Insecta, the largest and (on land) most widely-distributed taxon within the phylum Arthropoda. ... Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota The Fungi (singular: fungus) are a large group of organisms ranked as a kingdom within the Domain Eukaryota. ... The Internation Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) is an international treaty organization that works to prevent the international spread of plant diseases. ... A solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution. ... In chemistry, liquid-liquid extraction is a useful method to separate components (compounds) of a mixture. ... Oil is a generic term for organic liquids that are not miscible with water. ... A seed is the ripened ovule of gymnosperm or angiosperm plants. ... Wool in a shearing shed Long and short hair wool at the South Central Family Farm Research Center in Boonesville, AR Wool sheep, Royal Melbourne Show Wool is the fibre derived from the hair of animals of the Caprinae family, principally sheep and goats, but the hair of other mammals...

CAS # 74-83-9

Ozone depletion

Bromomethane is on the list of banned ozone-depleting substances of the Montreal Protocol. Because bromine is 45 times more destructive to ozone than chlorine, even small amounts of bromomethane cause considerable damage to the ozone layer. Image of the largest Antarctic ozone hole ever recorded in September 2000. ... The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number of substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. ... General Name, Symbol, Number bromine, Br, 35 Chemical series halogens Group, Period, Block 17, 4, p Appearance gas/liquid: red-brown solid: metallic luster Atomic mass 79. ... For the Moldavian pop group see O-Zone Ozone (O3) is an allotrope of oxygen, the molecule consisting of three oxygen atoms instead of the more stable diatomic O2. ... General Name, Symbol, Number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series halogens Group, Period, Block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Atomic mass 35. ... The ozone layer, or ozonosphere layer (rarely used term), is that part of the Earths atmosphere which contains relatively high concentrations of ozone (O3). ...

Health effects

If inhaled in high concentration for a short period, it produces headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and weakness; this may be followed by mental excitement, convulsions and even acute mania. More prolonged inhalation of lower concentrations may cause bronchitis and pneumonia.^[1] This article is about the medical term, epileptic seizure, as distinct from psychogenic non-epileptic seizure. ... This article is about the medical condition. ... Bronchitis is an obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by inflammation of the bronchi of the lungs. ... Pneumonia is an illness of the lungs and respiratory system in which the microscopic, air-filled sacs (alveoli) responsible for absorbing oxygen from the atmosphere become inflamed and flooded with fluid. ...

The liquid burns the skin, producing itching and reddening, then blisters several hours after contact. Both liquid and vapour severely damage the eyes.^[1]

Exposure levels leading to death vary from 1,600 to 60,000 ppm, depending on the duration of exposure.

The respiratory, kidney, and neurologic effects are of the greatest concern to people. No cases of severe effects on the nervous system from long-term exposure to low levels have been noted in people, but studies in rabbits and monkeys have shown moderate to severe injury. The nervous system of an animal coordinates the activity of the muscles, monitors the organs, constructs and also stops input from the senses, and initiates actions. ... Genera Pentalagus Bunolagus Nesolagus Romerolagus Brachylagus Sylvilagus Oryctolagus Poelagus Rabbits are small mammals in the family Leporidae, found in many parts of the world. ... Cynomolgus Monkey at Batu Caves, Malaysia Monkeys, Mori Sosen (1749-1821) A monkey is any member of two of the three groupings of simian primates. ...

Sources and sinks

Sources of CH₃Br include oceanic production, biomass burning, leaded fuel combustion, plant and marsh emissions, and fumigation of soils, durable goods, perishables, and structures. Sinks include photochemical decomposition in the atmosphere (reaction with hydroxyl radicals (OH) and photolysis at higher altitudes), loss to soils, chemical and biological degradation in the ocean, and uptake by green plants. Biomass is organic non-fossil material, collectively. ... Freshwater marsh in Florida In geography, a marsh is a type of wetland, featuring grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, and other herbaceous plants (possibly with low-growing woody plants) in a context of shallow water. ... Fumigation is a method of pest control that completely fills an area with gaseous pesticides to suffocate or poison the pests within. ... Photochemistry is the study of the interaction of light and chemicals. ... Hydroxyl group The term hydroxyl group is used to describe the functional group -OH when it is a substituent in an organic compound. ... In chemistry, radicals (often refered to as free radicals) are atomic or molecular species with unpaired electrons or an otherwise open shell configuration. ... Photolysis refers to any chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down by light. ...

References

1. ↑ ^a b Muir, GD (ed.) 1971, Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory, The Royal Institute of Chemistry, London.

External links

• http://www.the-scientist.com/article/display/18858/ The banned pesticide in our soil