Brugia malayi
B. malayi, blood smear, Giemsa stain.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Nematoda Class: Secernentea Order: Spirurida Family: Filariidae Genus: Brugia Species: B. malayi
Binomial name
Brugia malayi Brug 1927

Brugia malayi is a filarial roundworm which causes filariasis in humans.^[1] Identified by Lichtenstein and named by Brug in 1927 as distinct from Wuchereria bancrofti, they called it Filaria malayi. In 1958 the separate genus Brugia was proposed by Buckley, and Filaria malayi became known as Brugia malayi. Image File history File links Brugia_malayi. ... Giemsa stain is used for the histopathological diagnosis of Malaria and other parasites. ... For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ... Classes Adenophora    Subclass Enoplia    Subclass Chromadoria Secernentea    Subclass Rhabditia    Subclass Spiruria    Subclass Diplogasteria The roundworms (Phylum Nematoda) are one of the most common phyla of animals, with over 20,000 different described species. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Superfamilies Acuarioidea Aproctoidea Diplotriaenoidea Filarioidea Gnathostomatoidea Habronematoidea Physalopteroidea Rictularioidea Spiruroidea Thelazioidea Spirurida is an order of spirurian nematodes. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Classes Adenophorea    Subclass Enoplia    Subclass Chromadoria Secernentea    Subclass Rhabditia    Subclass Spiruria    Subclass Diplogasteria The roundworms or nematodes (Phylum Nematoda from Gr. ... Wuchereria bancrofti (named for O.E.H. Wucheria and Joseph Bancroft), a parasitic filarial nematode, affects over 120 million people, and is spread by mosquitoes. ... For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ...

B. malayi is limited to tropical regions of Asia. The tropics are the geographic region of the Earth centered on the equator and limited in latitude by the two tropics: the Tropic of Cancer in the north and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere. ... For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ...

Life cycle

The life cycle of Brugia malayi.

Infective larvae are transmitted by infected biting arthropods during a blood meal. The larvae migrate to the appropriate site of the host's body, where they develop into microfilariae-producing adults. The adults dwell in various human tissues where they can live for several years. The agents of lymphatic filariasis reside in lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes. B. malayi dwells particularly in the lymphatics, as with Wuchereria bancrofti. The female worms produce microfilariae which circulate in the blood. Image File history File links B_malayi_LifeCycle. ... Image File history File links B_malayi_LifeCycle. ... A life cycle is a period involving one generation of an organism through means of reproduction, whether through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction. ... Larvae are the plural of larva, juvenile form of animals with indirect development. ... Subphyla and Classes Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Trilobita - trilobites (extinct) Subphylum Chelicerata Arachnida - spiders,scorpions, etc. ... Biological tissue is a collection of interconnected cells that perform a similar function within an organism. ... Lymph nodes are components of the lymphatic system. ... Wuchereria bancrofti (named for O.E.H. Wucheria and Joseph Bancroft), a parasitic filarial nematode, affects over 120 million people, and is spread by mosquitoes. ... Human blood smear: a - erythrocytes; b - neutrophil; c - eosinophil; d - lymphocyte. ...

The microfilariae infect mosquitoes. Inside the mosquito, the microfilariae develop in 1 to 2 weeks into infective filariform (third-stage) larvae. During a subsequent blood meal by the insect, the larvae infect the vertebrate host. They migrate to the lymphatics, where they develop into adults, a slow process that can require up to 18 months. For other uses, see Mosquito (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Recently B. malayi was found to contain an endosymbiotic bacterium, Wolbachia, in all life stages.^[2] The genome sequence of this bacteria was determined at New England Biolabs. Experimental results indicate that the Wolbachia can be killed by treatment of the human host with doxycycline. Nematodes cured of the Wolbachia are sterile and have increased morbidity. An endosymbiont (also known as intracellular symbiont) is any organism that lives within cells of another organism, i. ... Wolbachia is a genus of inherited bacterium that infects arthropod species, including a high proportion of all insects. ... In biology the genome of an organism is its whole hereditary information and is encoded in the DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). ... New England Biolabs (NEB) produces and supplies reagents for the life science industry. ... Doxycycline (INN) (IPA: ) is a member of the tetracycline antibiotics group and is commonly used to treat a variety of infections. ... Infertility primarily refers to the biological inability of a man or a woman to contribute to conception. ... In medicine, epidemiology and actuarial science, the term morbidity can refer to the state of being diseased (from Latin morbidus: sick, unhealthy), the degree or severity of a disease, the prevalence of a disease: the total number of cases in a particular population at a particular point in time, the...

Laboratory diagnosis

Identification of microfilariae by microscopic examination is the most practical diagnostic procedure. This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... In general, a diagnosis (plural diagnoses) has two distinct dictionary definitions. ...

Examination of blood samples will allow identification of microfilariae of Brugia malayi. It is important to time the blood collection with the known periodicity of the microfilariae. The blood sample can be a thick smear, stained with Giemsa or hematoxylin and eosin. For increased sensitivity, concentration techniques can be used. These include centrifugation of the blood sample lyzed in 2% formalin (Knott's technique), or filtration through a Nucleopore membrane. A complex of stains specific for the phosphate groups of DNA. Used in Giemsa banding (or G-banding) to stain chromosomes and often used to create a karyotype. ... Haematoxylin is extracted from the wood of the logwood tree. ... Eosin is an orange-pink dye derived from coal tar. ... Centrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures. ... The chemical compound formaldehyde (also known by IUPAC nomenclature as methanal), is a gas with a strong pungent smell. ... A nucleopore filter is a kind of filter in which holes a few micrometres in size have been created in a plastic (e. ...

Antigen detection using an immunoassay for circulating filarial antigens constitutes a useful diagnostic approach, because microfilaremia can be low and variable. Molecular diagnosis using polymerase chain reaction is also possible. For the server security software, see Microsoft Forefront. ... An immunoassay is a biochemical test that measures the concentration of a substance in a biological liquid, typically serum or urine, using the reaction of an antibody or antibodies to its antigen. ... PCR tubes in a stand after a colony PCR The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a biochemistry and molecular biology technique[1] for exponentially amplifying DNA, via enzymatic replication, without using a living organism (such as E. coli or yeast). ...

Identification of adult worms is possible from tissue samples collected during nodulectomies (onchocerciasis), or during subcutaneous biopsies or worm removal from the eye (loiasis). Binomial name Onchocerca volvulus Bickel 1982 Onchocerciasis (pronounced ) or river blindness is the worlds second leading infectious cause of blindness. ... Brain biopsy A biopsy (in Greek: bios = life and opsy = look/appearance) is a medical test involving the removal of cells or tissues for examination. ... For other uses, see Eye (disambiguation). ... Loa loa filariasis (also loiasis) is a disease caused by the worm loa loa filaria. ...

Genome deciphered

On September 20, 2007, scientists mapped the genome or genetic content of Brugia malayi, worm which cause elephantiasis (lymphatic filariasis). Figuring out the content of the genes might lead to development of new drugs and vaccines.^[3] is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For a List of scientists, see: List of anthropologists List of astronomers List of biologists List of chemists List of computer scientists List of economists List of engineers List of geologists List of inventors List of mathematicians List of meteorologists List of physicists Scientist pairs List of scientist pairs See... In biology the genome of an organism is the whole hereditary information of an organism that is encoded in the DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). ... Look up Genetic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up content in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Worm (disambiguation). ... Elephantiasis (Greek ελεφαντίασις, from ελέφαντας, the elephant) is a disease that is characterized by the thickening of the skin and underlying tissues, especially in the legs and genitals. ... Lymphatic filariasis is parasitic infection of the lymphatic circulation which may result in the deforming disease known as elephantiasis. ... This stylistic schematic diagram shows a gene in relation to the double helix structure of DNA and to a chromosome (right). ... Many drugs are provided in tablet form. ... A bottle and a syringe containing the influenza vaccine. ...

References

1. ^ Cross JH (1996). Filarial Nematodes. In: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al, eds.), 4th ed., Univ of Texas Medical Branch. (via NCBI Bookshelf) ISBN 0-9631172-1-1. 
2. ^ Taylor MJ (2002). "A new insight into the pathogenesis of filarial disease". Curr Mol Med 2 (3): 299-302. PubMed. 
3. ^ Reuters, Genome deciphered for elephantiasis-causing worm

• The article is based on the public domain (U.S. Government website) source US Dept. of Health and Human Services / Center for Disease Control: Filariasis

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