Philippoteaux and Girardet, Die Folterung von Brunhilde.

Brunhilda^[1] (circa 543 – 613) was a Frankish queen who ruled the eastern kingdoms of Austrasia and Burgundy in the names of her sons and grandsons. Initially known as a liberal ruler of great political acumen, she became notorious for her cruelty and avarice. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 410 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (793 × 1160 pixel, file size: 192 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) From German Wikipedia, see http://upload. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 410 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (793 × 1160 pixel, file size: 192 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) From German Wikipedia, see http://upload. ... Events The doctrine of apocatastasis is condemned by the Synod of Constantinople. ... Events Clotaire II reunites the Frankish kingdoms by ordering the murder of Sigebert II. Saint Columbanus founds the monastery of Bobbio in northern Italy. ... Statue of Charlemagne (also called Karl der Große, Charles the Great) in Frankfurt, Germany. ... Austrasia & Neustria Austrasia formed the north-eastern portion of the Kingdom of the Merovingian Franks, comprising parts of the territory of present-day eastern France, western Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands. ... région of Bourgogne, see Bourgogne. ...

Life

She was possibly born about 543 in Toledo, the Visigothic capital, the daughter of the Visigoth king Athanagild and Ingund, his queen. She was the younger of his two daughters. She was only eleven years old when her father was elevated to the kingship (554). She was educated in Toledo as an Arian Christian. Toledo is a city and municipality located in central Spain, about 70 kilometers south of Madrid. ... Migrations The Visigoths were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe (the Ostrogoths being the other). ... Athanagild (d. ... Ingonde (born c. ... This article is about theological views like those of Arius. ...

First marriage

In 567, she was married to king Sigebert I of Austrasia, a grandson of Clovis I who had sent an embassy to Toledo loaded with gifts. She joined him at Metz. Upon her marriage, she abjured Arianism and converted to orthodox Roman Catholicism.^[2] Events Livva I succeeds Athanagild as king of the Visigoths. ... Sigebert I (535-575) was a Frankish King, one of the sons of Clotaire I and Ingund. ... Clovis I (variously spelled Chlodowech or Chlodwig, giving modern French Louis and modern German Ludwig) (c. ... For other uses of Metz, see Metz (disambiguation) City motto: Si paix dedans, paix dehors (French: If peace inside, peace outside) City proper (commune) Région Lorraine Département Moselle (57) Mayor Jean-Marie Rausch Area 41. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ...

Sigebert's father, Clotaire I, had reunited the four kingdoms of the Franks, but when he died, Sigebert and his three brothers divided them again. According to Gregory of Tours, Sigebert's marriage to a Visigothic princess was a criticism of his brothers' choices in wives. Instead of marrying low-born and promiscuous women, Sigebert contracted a princess of education and morals. Clotaire I (or Chlothar or Chloderic) (497 – 561), a king of the Franks, was one of the four sons of Clovis. ... Saint Gregory of Tours (c. ...

In response to Sigebert's noble marriage, his brother King Chilperic of Soissons sent to Spain for Brunhilda's sister, Galswintha. Gregory of Tours suggests that he proposed because he envied his brother's marriage to Brunhilda.^[3] However, Galswintha ordered him to purge his court of prostitutes and mistresses and he soon grew tired of her. He and his favourite mistress, one Fredegund, conspired to murder her within the year. He then married Fredegund. Brunhilda so detested Fredegund for the death of her sister—and this hatred was so fiercely reciprocated—that the two queens persuaded their husbands to go to war.^[4] Sigebert persuaded their other brother, the elder Guntram of Burgundy, to mediate the dispute between the queens. He decided that Galswintha's dower of Bordeaux, Limoges, Cahors, Béarn, and Bigorre should be turned over to Brunhilda in restitution. However, Chilperic did not easily give up the cities and Brunhilda did not forget the murder. Germanus, Bishop of Paris, negotiated a brief peace between them. Between 567 and 570, Brunhilda bore Sigebert three children: Ingund, Chlodosind, and Childebert. Chilpéric I was born c. ... Soissons is a town and commune in the Aisne département, Picardie, France, located on the Aisne River, about 60 miles northeast of Paris. ... Galswintha (540-568) was the daughter of Athanagild, Visigothic king of Spain; the sister of Brunhilda, queen of Austrasia; and the wife of Chilperic I, the Merovingian king of Neustria. ... Queen Frédégonde, seated on her Throne, gives orders to two young Men of Térouanne to assassinate Sigebert, King of Austrasia. ... Guntram I(c. ... région of Bourgogne, see Bourgogne. ... Dower (Lat. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Location within France Limoges (Limòtges in Occitan) is a city and commune in France, the préfecture of the Haute-Vienne département, and the administrative capital of the Limousin région. ... Cahors is a town in Western France in the Lot département. ... Béarn coat of arms Béarn (Gascon: Bearn or Biarn) is a former province of France, located in the Pyrenees mountains and in the plain at their feet, in southwest France. ... Bigorre (Gascon: Bigòrra) is a historically independent county, and later a province of France, located in the upper watershed of the Adour, in the Pyrenees, in southwest France. ... Saint Germain (born near Autun 496; died in Paris, May 28, 576), was a bishop of Paris, who was canonized in 754. ... The archbishop of Paris is one of twenty-three archbishops in France. ... Events Livva I succeeds Athanagild as king of the Visigoths. ... This limestone statue of a Boddhisattva was probably created in the Henan province of China around 570, in the Northern Qi Dynasty. ... Childebert II (570-595) was the king of Austrasia from 575 until his death in 595, the eldest and succeeding son of Sigebert I, and the king of Burgundy from 592 to his death, as the adopted and succeeding son of his uncle Guntram. ...

The peace was then broken by Chilperic, who invaded the Sigebert's dominions. Sigebert defeated Chilperic, who fled to Tournai. The people of Paris hailed Sigebert as a conqueror when he went there with Brunhilda and their children. Germanus wrote to Brunhilda, asking her to persuade her husband to restore the peace and to spare his brother. Chroniclers of Germanus' life say that she ignored this; certainly Sigebert set out to besiege Tournai. Fredegund responded to this threat to her husband by hiring two assassins, who killed Sigebert at Vitry with poisoned daggers (scramasaxi, according to Gregory). Brunhilda was captured and imprisoned at Rouen. Tournai (in Dutch: Doornik in Latin: Tornacum) is a municipality located 85 kilometres southwest of Brussels, on the river Scheldt (in French: Escaut, in Dutch: Schelde), in the Belgian province of Hainaut. ... Vitry is part of the name of several communes in France: Vitry-aux-Loges, in the Loiret département Vitry-en-Artois, in the Pas-de-Calais département Vitry-en-Charollais, in the Saône-et-Loire département Vitry-en-Montagne, in the Haute-Marne département Vitry... King or Chief of Franks armed with the Scramasax, from a Miniature of the Ninth Century, drawn by H. de Vielcastel. ... Rouen Cathedral The entrance to Rouen Cathedral Abbey church of Saint-Ouen, (chevet) in Rouen Rouen, medieval house Rouen (pronounced in French, sometimes also ) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on the River Seine, and presently the capital of the Haute-Normandie (Upper Normandy) région. ...

Second marriage

When, after disobeying his father's direct orders, Merovech, son of Chilperic and Audovera, went to Rouen on pretext of visiting his mother, he fell in love with the widowed Brunhilda. Thus he strengthened his chances of becoming a king. His stepmother was determined that only her sons should succeed as kings, and she eliminated her husband's sons by other women. They were married by the bishop Praetextatus to prevent a scandal, though the marriage was contrary to canon law, as Gregory is quick to note,^[5] she being his aunt. Quickly, Chilperic besieged them in the church of St Martin on the walls. Eventually he made peace with them, but he took Merovech away with him to Soissons. Saint Prætextatus (ass. ...

In an effort to nullify the marriage, Chilperic had Merovech tonsured and sent to the monastery of Le Mans to become a priest. Merovech fled to the sanctuary of St Martin at Tours, the church of Gregory (who is thus an eyewitness to these events),^[6] and later Champagne. He finally returned to Tours in 578, and when his bid for power failed, he asked his servant to kill him.^[7] Tonsure is the practice of some Christian churches of cutting the hair from the scalp of clerics as a symbol of their renunciation of worldly fashion and esteem. ... Le Mans is a city in France, located at the Sarthe River. ... Location of the Champagne province in France Champagne (archaic English: ) is a historic province in the northeast of France, best known for the production of the sparkling white wine that bears the regions name. ... Events Tiberius II Constantine succeeds Justin II as Byzantine Emperor Births Deaths July 30 - Jacob Baradaeus, bishop of Edessa October 5 - Justin II, Roman emperor Northern Zhou Wu Di, Chinese ruler John Malalas, Byzantine chronicler Categories: 578 ...

First regency

Brunhilda now tried to seize the regency of Austrasia in the name of her son Childebert II, but she was resisted fiercely by her nobles and had to retire briefly to the court of Guntram of Burgundy before obtaining her goal. At that time, she ruled Austrasia as queen. Not being a fighter, she was primarily an administrative reformer, with a Visigothic education. She repaired the old Roman roads, built many churches and abbeys, constructed the necessary fortresses, reorganised the royal finances, and restructured the royal army. However, she antagonised the nobles by her continued imposition of royal authority wherever it was lax. To reinforce her positions and the crown's prestige and power, she convinced Guntram, newly heirless, to adopt Childebert as his own son and heir. This he did in 577.^[8] In 579, she married her daughter Ingunda, then only thirteen, to the Visigothic prince Hermenegild, allying her house to that of the king of her native land. However, Hermenegild converted to Catholicism and he and his wife both died in the ensuing religious wars which tore apart the Visigothic kingdom in Spain. Childebert II (570-595) was the king of Austrasia from 575 until his death in 595, the eldest and succeeding son of Sigebert I, and the king of Burgundy from 592 to his death, as the adopted and succeeding son of his uncle Guntram. ... Events The Anglo-Saxons under Ceawlin of Wessex defeat the British (Welsh) at the Battle of Deorham. ... Events End of the Northern Qi Dynasty in China. ... Triunfo de San Hermenegildo (1654), by Francisco de Herrera Saint Hermenegild (d. ...

Brunhilda ruled Austrasia until Childebert came of age in 583, at the traditional Merovingian majority of thirteen. Categories: 583 ...

Relations with King Guntram

The conflict with Fredegund flared up once more upon the death of Chilperic. Now in the regency in Neustria, Fredegund was in a position to renew the war with her old enemy. Firstly, however, Brunhilda had to deal with her own internal enemies.

Many of the dukes opposed strongly her influence over her son, the king. Three of them—Rauching, Ursio, and Berthefrid—conspired to assassinate Childebert; however, their plot was found out. Rauching was killed and Ursio and Berthefrid fled to a fortress. Upon this, Guntram immediately begged for Childebert, Brunhilda, and Childebert's new sons to take refuge at his court. This they did and soon Ursio and Berthefrid were killed. In 587, Guntram, Childebert, and Brunhild settled the Pact of Andelot^[9] securing for Childebert the Burgundian succession and a continuing alliance of the two realms for the rest of Guntram's life. Events End of the Nan Liang Dynasty in China. ... Guntram and Childebert II, from the Grandes Chroniques de France. ...

In that same year, King Reccared I of the Visigoths sent embassies to both Childebert and Guntram, the former accepting them and consolidating an alliance and the latter refusing to see them for some reason or another. Thus, when Brunhilda and Childebert negotiated a marriage for the king's sister Chlodosind with the king of Spain, it was rejected by Guntram and abandoned. In 592, Guntram died and Childebert, as per the treaty, succeeded to his kingdom, immediately making war on Clotaire of Neustria. The Visigothic king Reccared (ruled 586—601) was the younger son of Liuvigild by his first marriage. ... Events After the great slaughter at Woddesbeorg, Ceawlin is deposed as both king of Wessex and Bretwalda. ...

Second regency

Upon Childebert's death in September or October 595 at the age of only twenty-six, Brunhilda attempted to govern Austrasia and Burgundy in the name of her grandsons Theudebert II and Theuderic II, respectively. Though she attributed the death of Childebert to Fredegund, the latter died in 597 and the direct conflict between her and Brunhilda ended. Peace would elude the Franks, however, for many years more as the conflict raged between the two queens' descendants. Events The first mention of the state of Karantania on monuments. ... Theudebert II (586-612), king of Austrasia (595-612), was the son and heir of Childebert II. He received the kingdom of Austrasia at the death of his father in 595, but was dominated by his grandmother Brunhilda, whom he succeeded in driving away in 599. ... Theuderic II (or Theuderich, Theoderic, or Theodoric; in French, Thierry) (587-613), king of Burgundy (595-613) and Austrasia (612-613), was the second son of Childebert II. At his fathers death in 595, he received the kingdoms of Orleans and Burgundy. ... Events Saint Augustine is created Archbishop of Canterbury. ...

In 599, Brunhilda's eldest grandson, Theudebert, at whose court she was staying, exiled her. She was found wandering near Arcis in Champagne by a peasant, who brought her to Theuderic. The peasant was rewarded with the bishopric of Auxerre, as the legend goes. Theuderic welcomed her and readily fell under her influence, which was inclined to vengeful war with Theudebert at the time. Soon the brothers were at war. Events The Chinese win the war at Ordos. ... Location of the Champagne province in France Champagne (archaic English: ) is a historic province in the northeast of France, best known for the production of the sparkling white wine that bears the regions name. ... Coordinates Administration Country France Region Bourgogne Department Yonne (Prefecture) Arrondissement Auxerre Canton Chief town of 5 cantons Intercommunality Communauté de Communes de lAuxerrois Mayor Guy Ferez (2001-2008) Statistics Altitude 93 m–217 m (avg. ...

It is at this point that Brunhilda begins to display that ruthlessness which led to her especially violent demise. Brunhilda first took to herself Protadius as lover and, desiring to promote him to high office, conspired to have Berthoald, the mayor of the palace, killed. In 604, she convinced Theuderic to send Berthoald to inspect the royal villae along the Seine. Clotaire, probably alerted by men of Brunhilda's bidding, sent his own mayor Landric (ironically, a former paramour of Fredegund) to meet Berthoald, who had only a small contingent of men with him. Realising that he had been the victim of courtly plotting, Berthoald, in the ensuing confrontation, overchased the enemy till he was surrounded and killed. Protadius was promptly put in his place. Protadius (d. ... Berthoald (or Bertoald) (d. ... Mayor of the Palace was an early medieval title and office, also known by the Latin name, maior domus or majordomo, used most notably in the Frankish kingdoms in the 7th and 8th centuries. ... Events April 13 - Sabinianus becomes Pope, succeeding Gregory I. September 13 - Pope Sabinianus is consecrated. ... The idea and function of a villa has evolved considerably since its invention towards the end of the Roman Republic. ... The Seine (pronounced in French) is a major river of north-western France, and one of its commercial waterways. ... Landric or Landeric (French: ; died 613) was the mayor of the palace of Neustria. ...

Brunhilda and Protadius soon persuaded Theuderic to return to war with Theudebert, but the mayor was murdered by his warriors, who did not wish to fight to assuage to ego of queen. The man who ordered Protadius' execution, Duke Uncelen, was soon arrested by Brunhilda and tortured and executed. He was not the first ducal victim of the queen's revenges.

It was also during these later regencies that Desiderius, Bishop of Vienne (later Saint Didier) publicly accused her of incest and cruelty. Desiderius finally enraged her with a pointed sermon on chastity preached in 612 before her and Theuderic, with whom she hired three assassins to murder the bishop at the village now called Saint-Didier-sur-Chalaronne. Desiderius, the last king of the Lombards, is chiefly known through his connection with Charlemagne. ... Events Saint Columbanus moves to Italy to establish the monastery of Bobbio (approximate date). ... Saint-Didier-sur-Chalaronne is a commune in the French département of Ain. ...

In that year, at the battle of Tolbiac, Theuderic defeated and captured Theudebert, whom the queen was now claiming was in fact the son of a gardener, and brought him and his royal paraphernalia to his Brunhilda, who had him put up in a monastery. She probably had him murdered (along with his son Merovech) to allow Theuderic to succeed to both thrones unhindered. This he did and died of dysentery in his Austrasian capital of Metz in late 613. Zülpich is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany between Aachen and Bonn. ... Dysentery is an illness (formerly known as the bloody flux or simply flux) involving severe diarrhea that is often associated with blood in the feces. ... For other uses of Metz, see Metz (disambiguation) City motto: Si paix dedans, paix dehors (French: If peace inside, peace outside) City proper (commune) Région Lorraine Département Moselle (57) Mayor Jean-Marie Rausch Area 41. ... Events Clotaire II reunites the Frankish kingdoms by ordering the murder of Sigebert II. Saint Columbanus founds the monastery of Bobbio in northern Italy. ...

Third regency

The successor of Theuderic II was his bastard son Sigebert, a child. The mayor of the palace of Austrasia, Warnachar, fearing that at his young age he would fall under the influence of his great-grandmother, brought him before a national assemby, where he was proclaimed by the nobles, who did homage to him over both his father's kingdoms. Nonetheless, he could not be kept out of the hands of Brunhilda. Thus, for the last time in a long life, she was regent of the Franks, this time for her own great-grandson. Sigebert II can refer to: Sigebert II of the East Saxons, a seventh century ruler of Essex Sigebert II of Austrasia and Burgundy, an early seventh century Frankish ruler This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Warnachar (sometimes numbered Warnachar II; in modern French, Warnachaire or Garnier) was the mayor of the palace of Burgundy (617-626) and briefly Austrasia (612-617). ...

But Warnachar and Rado, mayor of the palace of Burgundy, along with Pepin of Landen and Saint Arnulf, bishop of Metz, abandoned the cause of Brunhilda and the young king and joined with Clotaire, promising not to rise in defence of the queen-regent and recognising Clotaire as rightful regent and guardian of Sigebert. Brunhilda, with Sigebert, met Clotaire's army on the Aisne, but the dukes yet again betrayed her: the Patrician Aletheus, Duke Rocco, and Duke Sigvald deserted her and she and her king had to flee. As far as the Orbe they got, hoping to enlist the aid of certain German tirbes, but Clotaire's minions caught up with them by the lake Neuchâtel. The young king and his brother Corbo were killed. Thus ended the long and bloody feud between Austrasia and Neustria, and reuniting the two kingdoms, Clotaire then had the entire realm of the Franks. Clotaire accused Brunhilda of the death of ten kings of the Franks^[10]and many churchmen, including Desiderius. According to the Liber Historiae Francorum: Rado or Radon was the mayor of the palace of Burgundy from 613 to 617. ... Saint Pepin of Landen, also known as Pepin the Elder (b. ... Arnulf of Metz (August 13, 582 – August 16, 640) was a Frankish noble who had great influence in the Merovingian kingdoms as a bishop and was later canonized as a saint. ... The (Roman Catholic) Diocese of Metz is an territorial subdivision of the catholic church in France. ... Aisne is a département in the northern part of France named after the Aisne River. ... This article is about the social and political class in ancient Rome. ... Location within Switzerland Neuchâtel 47. ... Liber historiae Francorum (The book of the history of the Franks) is a primary source for writing the history of the early Franks and the Merovingians, and a major example of Carolingian historiography, recently explored by Rosamond McKitterick (History and Memory in the Carolingian World). ...

"Then the army of the Franks and Burgundians joined into one, all shouted together that death would be most fitting for the very wicked Brunhilda. Then King Clotaire ordered that she be lifted on to a camel and led through the entire army. Then she was tied to the feet of wild horses and torn apart limb from limb. Finally she died. Her final grave was the fire. Her bones were burnt."

One legend has her being dragged by a wild mare down the Roman road La Chaussée Brunehaut at Abbeville. A Roman road in Pompeii Road Construction on Trajans Column The Roman roads were essential for the growth of their empire, by enabling them to move armies. ... Collégiale St Vulfran Beffroi Abbeville is a city in the Picardie région, in the north of France. ...

Religion

In 576, Sigebert's brother Guntram founded a bishopric that was suffragan of Vienne at Maurienne, which belonged to the Diocese of Turin. The Bishop of Turin protested this to Brunehaut for more than twenty years but even when Pope Gregory the Great supported his complaint in 599, Brunhilda dismissed it. In general, however, she protected the church and treated Gregory with great respect. He wrote a series of positive letters to her; in 597 he wrote to her about interdicting pagan rites such as tree worship. Gregory of Tours was another favoured cleric; he was a trusted courtier to her and her son from 587 until his death. She also took a keen personal interest in the bishoprics and monasteries within her dominion. This brought her into conflict with Columbanus, abbot of Luxeuil, whom she eventually exiled to Italy, where he founded Bobbio. This article is about the French département. ... Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne is a commune in the upper valley of the River Arc, and the capital and name of a canton and an arrondissement (formerly in the in the Départment of Haute Savoie) of the present Savoie département, in the southeastern Rhône-Alpes region of... Pope Pius XI blesses Bishop Stephen Alencastre as fifth Apostolic Vicar of the Hawaiian Islands in a Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace window. ... Torino redirects here. ... Saint Gregory redirects here. ... Heathen redirects here. ... Tree worship refers to the tendency of many societies throughout history to worship or otherwise mythologize trees. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Abbots coat of arms The word abbot, meaning father, has been used as a Christian clerical title in various, mainly monastic, meanings. ... Luxeuil-les-Bains is a town and commune of eastern France, in the Haute-Saône département. ... Stone arch bridge over the Trebbia river Bobbio is a city in the Piacenza province of the Emilia-Romagna region in northern Italy. ...

Brunhilda was buried in the Abbaye de St. Martin at Autun that she founded in 602 on the spot where the bishop of Tours had cut down a beech-tree that served as an object of pagan worship. The abbey was destroyed in 1793 and Brunhilda's sarcophagus is now in the Musée Lapidaire in Avignon. Autun is a town in the Saône-et-Loire département in Burgundy, France, and has a history which dates back to Roman times. ... Events Phocas kills Byzantine Emperor Maurice I and makes himself emperor Beginning of a series of wars between the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanids Births Muawiyah, founder of the Umayyad Dynasty of caliphs (approximate date) Xuanzang, famous Chinese Buddhist monk. ... 1793 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Stone sarcophagus of Pharaoh Merenptah Detail of a stone sarcophagus in the Istanbul Archeological Museum showing a hunting scene Anthropoid sarcophagus discovered at Cádiz A sarcophagus is a stone container for a coffin or body. ... City flag City coat of arms Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Région Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur Département Vaucluse (préfecture) Arrondissement Avignon Canton Chief town of 4 cantons Intercommunality Communauté dagglomération du Grand Avignon Mayor Marie-Josée Roig...

Brunhilda commissioned the building of several churches and the abbey of St. Vincent at Laon (founded in 580). She is also credited with founding the castle of Bruniquel and having a Roman road resurfaced near Alligny-en-Morvan (where the name of a nearby hill Terreau Bruneau is believed to be derived from hers). The part of Mauves-sur-Loire known as la Fontaine Bruneau is named after Brunehaut who may have cooled herself with the fountain's water when she suffered heat exhaustion. Laon is a city and commune of France, préfecture (capital) of the Aisne département. ... Ethelbert becomes king of Kent. ... Bruniquel is one of the 195 Communes of the Tarn-et-Garonne département of France. ... Hyperthermia is an acute condition resulting from excessive exposure to heat, it is also known as heat stroke or sunstroke. ...

In legend

Many scholars have seen Brunhilda as inspiration for both Brunnhild and Kriemhild, two rival characters from the Nibelungenlied. Kriemhild married Siegfried, who in many respects resembles Sigebert, Brunhilda's husband. There is remblance between a multitude of characters and events in the Nibelungenlied and those of the latter half of the sixth century in Merovingian Gaul. As Thomas Hodgkin remarks: Sigurd and Brynhilds funeral In Norse mythology, Brynhildr was a shieldmaiden and a valkyrie. ... This article should be merged with Grimhild In the medieval Nibelungenlied, Kriemhild is one of four children of Uote. ... The Nibelungenlied is an epic poem in Middle High German. ... Siegfried could refer to: The opera by Richard Wagner; see Siegfried (opera). ...

Notes

Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... The Chronicle of Fredegar is a chronicle that recounts the events of Frankish Gaul from 584 to around 641, although a number of later authors have continued the history to the coronation of Charlemagne and his brother Carloman on 9 October 768. ...

Further reading

• Joseph Henry Dahmus, Seven Medieval Queens, 1972.

Joseph Henry Dahmus (March 22, 1909 - March 7, 2005) was an American scholar of medieval history and the author of many books, including the Dictionary of Medieval Civilization (Macmillan, 1984). ...

Sources

Wikisource has an original article from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica about:

Brunhilda

• Gregory of Tours, History of the Franks: Books I-X
• John Michael Wallace-Hadrill (translator), The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar with its Continuations, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1960.
• Bernard S. Bachrach (translator), Liber Historiae Francorum, 1973.
• Encyclopaedia Britannica 2004:
  • Brunhild, retrieved 19 February 2005.
  • Brunhild, retrieved 17 September 2005.
• Nicolas and Paul Chalmin, "L'Etrange Histoire de la Chaussée Brunehaut", Nordmag, Calais: 2004, retrieved 19 February 2005.
• Ian Wood, The Merovingian Kingdoms, 1994.
• Hodgkin, Thomas. Italy and her Invaders. Clarendon Press, 1895.

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.