Bruno Bauer (September 6, 1809 - April 13, 1882), was a German theologian, philosopher and historian. This article is about the day of the year. ... 1809 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 13 April is the 103rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (104th in leap years). ... 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Theology is reasoned discourse concerning God (Greek θεος, theos, God, + λογος, logos, word or reason). It can also refer to the study of other religious topics. ... A philosopher is a person who thinks deeply regarding people, society, the world, and/or the universe. ... A historian is a person who studies history. ...

Biography

Bauer was the son of a painter in a porcelain factory at Eisenberg in Saxe-Altenburg. He studied directly under G.W.F. Hegel until Hegel died in 1831. Hegel once awarded the young Bruno Bauer an academic prize for a philosophical essay criticizing Immanuel Kant. Isenberg was a County of mediæval Germany. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel [] (August 27, 1770–November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher born in Stuttgart, Württemberg, in present-day southwest Germany. ... It has been suggested that Kantianism be merged into this article or section. ...

Bauer studied at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin, where he attached himself to the so-called Right Hegelians under Philip Marheineke. In 1834 he began to teach in Berlin as a licentiate of theology, and in 1839 was transferred to the University of Bonn. In 1838 he published his Kritische Darstellung der Religion des Alten Testaments (2 vols.), which shows that at that date he was still faithful to the Hegelian Right. Soon afterwards his opinions underwent a change, and in two works, one on the Fourth Gospel, Kritik der evangelischen Geschichte des Johannes (1840), and the other on the Synoptics, Kritik der evangelischen Geschichte der Synoptiker (1841), as well as in his Herr Hengstenberg, kritische Briefe uber den Gegensatz des Gesetzes und des Evangeliums, he announced his complete rejection of his earlier orthodoxy. Bauer became associated with the radical Young Hegelians or "Left Hegelians". In 1842 the government revoked his license and he retired for the rest of his life to Rixdorf, near Berlin. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin The Humboldt University of Berlin (German Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) is Berlins oldest university, founded in 1810 as the University of Berlin (Universität zu Berlin) by the liberal Prussian educational reformer and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt whose university model has strongly influenced... (help· info), IPA: , is the capital city as well as a state of Germany, and also the countrys largest city. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Philip Konrad Marheineke (May 1, 1780 - May 31, 1846), was a German Protestant church leader. ... 1834 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The main building, viewed from the Hofgarten. ... | Jöns Jakob Berzelius, discoverer of protein 1838 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The Synoptic Gospels is a term used by modern New Testament scholars for the Gospels according to Matthew, Mark, and Luke of the New Testament in the Bible. ... The Young Hegelians, later known as the Left Hegelians, were a group of students and young professors at the University of Berlin following Georg Hegels death in 1831. ... (help· info), IPA: , is the capital city as well as a state of Germany, and also the countrys largest city. ...

From then on, he took a deep interest in modern history and politics, as well as in theology, and published Geschichte der Politik, Kultur und Aufklärung des 18ten Jahrhunderts (4 vols. 1843?1845), Geschichte der französischen Revolution (3 vols. 1847), and Disraelis romantischer und Bismarcks' socialistischer Imperialismus (1882). Other critical works are: a criticism of the gospels and a history of their origin, Kritik der Evangelien und Geschichte ihres Ursprungs (1850-1852), a book on the Acts of the Apostles, Apostelgeschichte (1850), and a criticism of the Pauline epistles, Kritik der paulinischen Briefe (1850-1852). He died at Rixdorf on the 13th of April 1882. The Acts of the Apostles (Greek Praxeis Apostolon) is a book of the Bible, which now stands fifth in the New Testament. ...

Bauer's criticism of the New Testament was highly deconstructive. David Strauss, in his Life of Jesus, had accounted for the Gospel narratives as half-conscious products of the mythic instinct in the early Christian communities. Bauer ridiculed Strauss's notion that a community could produce a connected narrative. His own contention, embodying a theory of C. G. Wilke (Der Urevangelist, 1838), was that the original narrative was the Gospel of Mark. See New Covenant for the concept translated as New Testament in the KJV. The New Testament, sometimes called the Greek Testament or Greek Scriptures, and, in recent times, also New Covenant, is the name given to the part of the Christian Bible that was written after the birth of Jesus. ... Portrait of David Strauss. ... The Gospel of Mark is traditionally the second of the New Testament Gospels. ...

For Bruno Bauer, the Gospel of Mark was completed in the reign of Hadrian (where its prototype, the 'Ur-Marcus,' identifiable within the Gospel of Mark by a critical analysis, was begun around the time of Josephus and the Roman-Jewish Wars). Bauer, like other advocates of this 'Marcan Hypothesis,' affirmed that all the other Gospel narratives used the Gospel of Mark as their model within their writing communities. The Gospel of Mark is traditionally the second of the New Testament Gospels. ... A bust of Hadrian. ... The Gospel of Mark is traditionally the second of the New Testament Gospels. ... The Gospel of Mark is traditionally the second of the New Testament Gospels. ...

As one of Bruno Bauer’s reviewers Albert Schweitzer has said, he had “originally sought to defend the honour of Jesus by rescuing his reputation from the inane parody of a biography that the Christian apologists had forged”. However, he eventually came to the conclusion after considerable study of the new testament that it was a complete fiction and "regarded the Gospel of Mark not only as the first narrator, but even as the creator of the gospel history, thus making the latter a fiction and Christianity the invention of a single original evangelist" (Otto Pfleiderer). Albert Schweitzer, Etching by Arthur William Heintzelman Albert Schweitzer, OM, (January 14, 1875 – September 4, 1965) was a German theologian, musician, philosopher, and physician. ...

Although Bauer did investigate the 'Ur-Marcus,' it was his remarks on the current version of the Gospel of Mark that captured popular attention. In particular, some key themes in the Gospel of Mark appeared to be purely literary. The well-known, Messianic Secret theme, in which Jesus continually performed wonders and then continually told the viewers not to tell anybody that he did this, seemed to Bauer to be an example of fiction. If that is the case, Bauer wrote, then the redactor who added that theme was probably the final redactor of our current version of the Gospel of Mark. Nor was Bauer a lone theologian in that speculation. The Gospel of Mark is traditionally the second of the New Testament Gospels. ... The Gospel of Mark is traditionally the second of the New Testament Gospels. ... The Gospel of Mark is traditionally the second of the New Testament Gospels. ...

For example, for some influential theologians in the Tubingen School, several Pauline epistles were regarded as forgeries of the 2nd century. Bauer agreed with some of their conclusions and added his own, penetrating theological analyses. For example, he suggested, the Pauline epistles were written in the West in antagonism to the Paul of THE ACTS. Bauer argued further for the preponderance of the Graeco-Roman element, over and above the Jewish element, in the Christian writings, and he added a wealth of historical background to support his theory. // Events Roman Empire governed by the Five Good Emperors (96–180) – Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius. ... An early portrait of the Apostle Paul. ...

According to Bruno Bauer, the writer of Mark's gospel was "an Italian, at home both in Rome and Alexandria"; that of Matthew's gospel "a Roman, nourished by the spirit of Seneca"; Christianity is essentially "Stoicism triumphant in a Jewish garb." Mark the Evangelist (Markus) (1st century) is traditionally believed to be the author of the Gospel of Mark, drawing much of his material from Peter. ... Rembrandts The Evangelist Matthew Inspired by an Angel Matthew the Evangelist (מתי Gift of the LORD, Standard Hebrew and Tiberian Hebrew Mattay; Septuagint Greek Ματθαιος, Matthaios) is traditionally believed to be the author of the Gospel of Matthew. ... Portrait bust formerly identified as Seneca the Younger Lucius Annaeus Seneca (often known simply as Seneca, or Seneca the Younger) (ca. ... A restored Stoa in Athens. ...

It is obvious that Mark is a Roman name, not a Jewish name. What Bruno Bauer added was a deep review of European literature in the first century. In his estimation, many key themes of the New Testament, especially those that are opposed to themes in the Old Testament, can be found with relative ease in Greco-Roman literature that flourished during the first century. (We should note here that such a position was also maintained by some Jewish scholars.)

Bauer's final book, CHRIST AND THE CAESARS (1877) offers a penetrating analysis that shows common key-words in the words of first century writers like Seneca the Stoic and New Testament texts. While this had been perceived even in ancient times, the ancient explanation was that Seneca 'must have been' a secret Christian. Bruno Bauer was perhaps the first to demonstrate carefully that some New Testament writers freely borrowed from Seneca the Stoic.

In that book, also, Bruno Bauer showed how Judaism entered Rome during the era of the Maccabees, and increased in population and influence in Rome since that time. He cited literature from the first century to strengthen his case that Jewish influence in Rome was far greater than historians had yet reported. The Imperial throne was influenced by the Jewish religious genius, he said, citing Herod's relation with the Caesar family, as well as the famous relationship between Josephus, and the Flavians, Vespasian and Titus, and also one of the poems of Horace. Judaism. ... City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus – SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BC mythical, 1st millennium BC Region Latium Mayor Walter Veltroni (Left-Wing Democrats) Area  - City Proper  1285 km² Population  - City (2004)  - Metropolitan  - Density (city proper) 2,553,873 almost 4,300,000 1. ... The Maccabees (Hebrew: מכבים, Makabim) were Jewish rebels who fought against the rule of Antiochus IV Epiphanes of the Hellenistic Seleucid dynasty, who was succeeded by his infant son Antiochus V Eupator. ... City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus – SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BC mythical, 1st millennium BC Region Latium Mayor Walter Veltroni (Left-Wing Democrats) Area  - City Proper  1285 km² Population  - City (2004)  - Metropolitan  - Density (city proper) 2,553,873 almost 4,300,000 1. ... Josephus (c. ... Vespasian sestertius, struck in 71 to celebrate the victory in the Jewish Rebellion. ... This article is about the emperor of ancient Rome. ... Horace Quintus Horatius Flaccus, (December 8, 65 BC - November 27, 8 BC), known in the English-speaking world as Horace, was the leading lyric poet in Latin. ...

According to Bruno Bauer, Julius Caesar sought to interpret his own life as an Oriental miracle story, and Augustus Caesar completed that job by commissioning Virgil to write his AENEID, making Caesar into the Son of Venus and a relative of the Trojans, thereby justifying the Roman conquest of Greece and insinuating Rome into a much older history. A bust of Julius Caesar. ... A sculpture of Virgil, probably from the 1st century AD. For other uses, see Virgil (disambiguation). ...

By contrast, said Bauer, Vespasian was far more fortunate, since he had Josephus himself to link his reign with an Oriental miracle. Josephus had prophesied that Vespasian would become Emperor of Rome and thus ruler of the world. This actually happened, and in this way the Roman conquest of Judea was justified and insinuated Rome into an even older history. Vespasian sestertius, struck in 71 to celebrate the victory in the Jewish Rebellion. ... Josephus (c. ... Josephus (c. ... Vespasian sestertius, struck in 71 to celebrate the victory in the Jewish Rebellion. ...

According to Albert Schweitzer, who was a devout Christian, Bruno Bauer's criticisms of the New Testament provided the most interesting questions about the historical Jesus that he had seen. Schweitzer's own theology was partly based on Bauer's writings. Albert Schweitzer, Etching by Arthur William Heintzelman Albert Schweitzer, OM, (January 14, 1875 – September 4, 1965) was a German theologian, musician, philosopher, and physician. ...

This line of criticism has found a few supporters, mostly in the Netherlands. It certainly had its value in emphasizing the importance of studying the influence of environment in the formation of the Christian Scriptures. Bauer was a man of restless creativity, impetuous activity and independent judgment. Many lesser-informed reviewers have charged that Bauer's judgment was ill-balanced, but history has barely begun to review his life. It is surprising that a writer who was so influential in the 19th century would have so few of his major writings translated, and would have so few monographs of his biography ready to hand. Indeed, this Wikipedia article is among the most detailed reports of Bauer's biography that is anywhere to be found in the English language.

Bauer was banned from public teaching by a reactionary Prussian monarch. After many years of such maltreatment, Bauer came to resign himself to his place as a free-lance critic, rather than as an official teacher.

His biography has obtained more kindly reviews these days, even by opponents. In his own day, his opponents often respected him, since he was not afraid of taking a line on principle. One point that is often raised in this regard is his line that was displeasing to his liberal friends on the Jewish question (Die Judenfrage, 1843).

In this controversial book about the question of Civil Rights for Jews, Bauer asked, how can Jews obtain Civil Rights until Germans themselves obtain Civil Rights?

The topic of atheism is a continuing debate in contemporary scholarship about Bruno Bauer. Most 20th century references to Bauer presume that he was an atheist. However, in the 19th century, perhaps most academic books about theology reference Bruno Bauer. Bauer's philosophy was not less complicated and not less controversial than that of Hegel his teacher. A few writers today make a case that Bauer remained a radical theologian who criticized specific types of Christianity, and maintained a novel interpretation of Christianity throughout his life.

In 1836, during his early days as a tutor, Bruno Bauer taught a teenage Karl Marx. Marx later was to turn against Bauer with criticisms in two books, THE HOLY FAMILY, and, THE GERMAN IDEOLOGY. A generation later, Bauer was a mentor to a teenage Friedrich Nietzsche, who at that time called Bauer, 'my entire reading public.' But when Nietzsche embraced the philosophy of Schopenhauer, the well-known anti-Hegelian, he also abandoned Bruno Bauer, the Hegelian. Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 Trier, Germany – March 14, 1883 London) was an immensely influential German philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary organizer of the International Workingmens Association. ... Marx is a common German surname. ... This article is becoming very long. ... Friedrich Nietzsche, 1882 Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15, 1844 - August 25, 1900) was a highly influential German philosopher. ... Arthur Schopenhauer Arthur Schopenhauer (February 22, 1788 – September 21, 1860) was a German philosopher born in Gdańsk (Danzig), Poland. ...

Because Karl Marx abandoned him, and because the Prussian monarch, Friedrich Wilhelm IV banned him from holding a professorial post, Bruno Bauer's famous intellect was buried under the cross-currents of left-wing and right-wing battles at the turn of the 20th century. Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 Trier, Germany – March 14, 1883 London) was an immensely influential German philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary organizer of the International Workingmens Association. ... Photograph of Frederick King Frederick William IV of Prussia (October 15, 1795 - January 2, 1861), the eldest son and successor of Frederick William III of Prussia, reigned as King of Prussia from 1840 to 1861. ...

As a result, the great bulk of Bauer's writings have still not been translated into English. Only two books by Bauer have been formally translated; a comedic parody, THE TRUMPET OF THE LAST JUDGMENT AGAINST HEGEL THE ATHEIST AND ANTICHRIST (1841, trans. Lawrence Stepelevich, 1989), and a book that was immediately banned upon publication, its publisher arrested, CHRISTIANITY EXPOSED: A RECOLLECTION OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY AND A CONTRIBUTION TO THE CRISIS OF THE NINETEENTH (1843, ed. Paul Trejo, 2002).

Personality

Bauer's attitude towards the Jews is dealt with in the article in the Jewish Encyclopedia. See generally Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopedie; and cf. Otto Pfleiderer, Development of Theology, p. 226; Karl Schwarz, Zur Geschichte der neuesten Theologie, pp. 142 if.; and F Lichtenberger, History of German Theology in the 19th Century (1889), pp. 374?378. Karl Schwarz (November 19, 1812 - March 25, 1885), was a German Protestant theologian. ...

However, one may still consider the question open. For example, Bauer's attitude toward the Jewish writers of the first century, Philo and Josephus, was one of open admiration. In general terms Bauer's attitude toward Civil Rights for German Jews may be summarized in his question, 'how can Jews obtain Civil Rights until Germans themselves obtain Civil Rights?' That question should be answered in detail before judgment is passed on Bruno Bauer.

The first English-language rendering of Bruno Bauer's career was published in March, 2003 by Douglas Moggach, a professor at the University of Ottawa. His book is entitled THE PHILOSOPHY AND POLITICS OF BRUNO BAUER. Professor Moggach develops a republican interpretation of Bruno Bauer, in which Bauer is portrayed as reaching atheist conclusions because of his political commitments to free self-consciousness and autonomy, and his criticisms of the Restoration union of church and state. Other scholars continue to dispute that portrait.

Bauer's personality was complex. During his career and even after he died he was difficult to classify. The left-wing tried to define him as one of their own. The right-wing tried to define him as one of their own. He was praised by the right-Hegelians, and he was praised by the left-Hegelians.

However, Bauer never considered himself as either left or right. He was a Young Hegelian.

Bauer had studied directly under the great innovator in philosophy, Hegel. Hegel had awarded an academic prize to Bauer when Bauer was about 20 years old. Hegel died when Bruno Bauer was 22 years old. Perhaps this affected Bauer's personality strongly; he may have seen himself as sitting very close to the highest academic post in Prussia and possibly he imagined that he would one day have that post. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel [] (August 27, 1770–November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher born in Stuttgart, Württemberg, in present-day southwest Germany. ... Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (August 27, 1770 - November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher born in Stuttgart, Württemberg, in present-day southwest Germany. ...

When Hegel unexpectedly died of cholera Bruno Bauer's official connections were drastically reduced. Bauer had very few powerful friends during the academic fallout after Hegel's death. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (August 27, 1770 - November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher born in Stuttgart, Württemberg, in present-day southwest Germany. ...

In 1840 a chance came for Bauer to prove himself. The theologian, David Strauss, had made a scandal for the Fundamentalist Christian monarch, Friedrich Wilhelm IV, by publishing his book, THE LIFE OF CHRIST (1835). This famous book argued that much of Jesus' biography was legend, and that de-mythologization was the correct approach of Bible interpretation. In a surprise move, Strauss claimed that he obtained these ideas from the philosophy of Hegel. The monarch demanded that the Hegelians respond. Portrait of David Strauss. ... Portrait of David Strauss. ... Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (August 27, 1770 - November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher born in Stuttgart, Württemberg, in present-day southwest Germany. ...

The Old Hegelians selected Bruno Bauer (now 26 years old) to respond. Bauer didn't care to defend Fundamentalism -- he took care to show that David Strauss used Hegel's name in vain. His ideas were not the same as Hegel's. Hegel died the year that Strauss entered Berlin University, so Strauss got his ideas from other sources. Portrait of David Strauss. ... Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (August 27, 1770 - November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher born in Stuttgart, Württemberg, in present-day southwest Germany. ... Portrait of David Strauss. ... Portrait of David Strauss. ...

In his book, IN DEFENSE OF MY 'LIFE OF JESUS' AGAINST THE HEGELIANS (1838), David Strauss refused to debate with Bauer, insulted Bauer, and invented the rubric of left-right Hegelians to portray Bauer on the right-wing and himself on the left-wing. Strauss said Bauer's arguments were 'a foolish bit of pen-pushing' and did his best to portray Bauer as a right-wing radical. Actually, Strauss had no effective arguments against Bauer. David Strauss never published another major book. Portrait of David Strauss. ... Portrait of David Strauss. ... Portrait of David Strauss. ...

For a long time the title stuck; Bruno Bauer was called a right-Hegelian by many, but Bauer didn't accept it. When the monarch decided that the Hegelian response was not good enough, that is, it did not stop the soaring sales of Strauss' book, the monarch chose to ban almost all Hegelians from teaching. Bruno Bauer was among the first to go.

This also affected Bauer's personality.

Bauer went underground and began to write Hegelian newspapers here and there. In this journey he met some socialists, including Karl Marx, his former student, and Marx' new friends, Fredrick Engels and Arnold Ruge. They were all left-wing radicals. Bauer was not a left-wing radical, but he was happy to be their leader if it could lead them back to a Hegelian understanding of the dialectic. Another member of those Young Hegelians, Max Stirner, became Bauer's life long friend. Stirner was no socialist, on the contrary, he was a radical egoist. Although Bauer was not a radical egoist, he preferred the writings of Stirner to the writings of Marx, Engels and Ruge. Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 Trier, Germany – March 14, 1883 London) was an immensely influential German philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary organizer of the International Workingmens Association. ... Friedrich Engels Friedrich Engels (November 28, 1820 - August 5, 1895) was a German Socialist philosopher and the co-founder of modern Communist theory with Karl Marx. ... Arnold Ruge (13 September 1802 _ 31 December 1880) was a German philosopher and political writer. ... Max Stirner, as portrayed by Friedrich Engels. ... Marx is a common German surname. ... The term Engels could refer to more than one thing: Friedrich Engels, German socialist Engels, Russia, formerly known as Pokrovsk This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Arnold Ruge (13 September 1802 _ 31 December 1880) was a German philosopher and political writer. ...

Shortly after, Marx and Engels broke sharply with Bruno Bauer and attacked him and the Young Hegelians in two books, THE HOLY FAMILY, and THE GERMAN IDEOLOGY. They never spoke to Bruno Bauer again. Marx is a common German surname. ... The term Engels could refer to more than one thing: Friedrich Engels, German socialist Engels, Russia, formerly known as Pokrovsk This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Suppressed by the right-wing, and now suppressed by the left-wing, the influential Bruno Bauer settled into his family's tobacco shop to work, writing books at night. He never married, and he wrote books for the rest of his life.

As an older man Bauer received visits from a very young Friedrich Nietzsche, whose ambitions led him to seek out famous people, including the famous composer, Richard Wagner (who was roughly the same age as Bruno Bauer). Bauer was delighted by Nietzsche's witty attacks on David Strauss, and so Bauer encouraged Nietzsche as much as he could. During this period, Nietzsche called Bauer, 'my entire reading public.' However, under the influence of Richard Wagner, the young Nietzsche didn't struggle with the complexity of Hegel's dialectic, and turned instead to Hegel's philosophical nemesis, Arthur Schopenhauer, after Wagner's example. At this point Bauer and Nietzsche ended their friendship. This article is becoming very long. ... Richard Wagner Wilhelm Richard Wagner (May 22, 1813 in Leipzig – February 13, 1883 in Venice) was an influential German composer, conductor, music theorist, and essayist, primarily known for his operas (or music dramas as he later came to call them). ... Portrait of David Strauss. ... Friedrich Nietzsche, 1882 Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15, 1844 - August 25, 1900) was a highly influential German philosopher. ... Friedrich Nietzsche, 1882 Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15, 1844 - August 25, 1900) was a highly influential German philosopher. ... Richard Wagner Wilhelm Richard Wagner (May 22, 1813 in Leipzig – February 13, 1883 in Venice) was an influential German composer, conductor, music theorist, and essayist, primarily known for his operas (or music dramas as he later came to call them). ... Friedrich Nietzsche, 1882 Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15, 1844 - August 25, 1900) was a highly influential German philosopher. ... Richard Wagner Wilhelm Richard Wagner (May 22, 1813 in Leipzig – February 13, 1883 in Venice) was an influential German composer, conductor, music theorist, and essayist, primarily known for his operas (or music dramas as he later came to call them). ... Friedrich Nietzsche, 1882 Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15, 1844 - August 25, 1900) was a highly influential German philosopher. ...

When Max Stirner died, the story goes, Bruno Bauer was the only person at his funeral. Max Stirner, as portrayed by Friedrich Engels. ...

Major works

• Kritik der evangelischen Geschichte des Johannes (1840)
• Kritik der evangelischen Geschichte der Synoptiker (1841)
• Die Posaune des jungsten Gerichts uber Hegel, den Atheisten und Antichristen (comedy, 1841)
• Die gute Sache der Freiheit und meine eigene Angelegenheit (1842)
• Hegels Lehre von der Religion und Kunst von dem Standpunkte des Glaubens aus beurteilt (1843)
• Das Entdeckte Christentum im Vormärz (banned, 1843)
• Die Geschichte des Lebens Jesu mit steter Rücksicht auf die vorhandenen Quellen (1843)
• Christus und die Caesaren (1877)

Quotes

"We save the honor of Jesus when we restore His Person to life from the state of inanity to which the apologists have reduced it, and give it once more a living relation to history, which it certainly possessed." — Bruno Bauer, SYNOPTIKER, 1840

"Therefore, criticism has to direct itself against itself, and against the mysterious Substance in which it has up to now hid itself. In this way criticism must resolve things such that the development of this Substance drives itself forward to the Universality and Certainty of the Idea of its actual existence, the Eternal Self-consciousness." — Bruno Bauer, SYNOPTIKER, 1840

"The pure Christian State is a State in which theological law prevails. This law attains to real power or, to be more exact, absolute power, when through its results which are identical with those of opium, it puts all parts of humanity to sleep. If some occasionally awake they carry out crimes that horrify humanity which has not yet become Christian in the full sense of the word or has already abandoned the Christian framework." — Bruno Bauer, 1841, THE CHRISTIAN STATE AND OUR TIMES

"After fulfilling its destructive urge towards everything that is noble and good on earth, it [naive Religion] sketches, in its opium intoxication, a picture of the future situation, which differs drastically from the order of this world, since everything changes and is renewed." — Bruno Bauer, 1842, THE GOOD CAUSE OF FREEDOM AND MY OWN CASE

"Reason is the true creative power, for it produces itself as Infinite Self-consciousness, and its ongoing creation is...world history. As the only power that exists, Spirit can therefore be determined by nothing other than itself, that is, its essence is Freedom...Freedom is the infinite power of Spirit...Freedom, the only End of Spirit, is also the only End of History, and history is nothing other than Spirit's becoming *conscious* of its Freedom, or the becoming of Real, Free, Infinite Self-consciousness." — Bruno Bauer, 1842, HEGEL'S LEHRE VON DER RELIGION UND KUNST VON DEM STANDPUNKTE DES GLAUBENS AUS BEURTEILT, trans. Moggach, 2001

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Bruno Bauer

"It is not as uncommon ... [for some to] accept the reality of phenomena that are not yet understood, as it is very common for physicists to disbelieve the reality of phenomena that seem to contradict contemporary beliefs of physics" — Bruno Bauer

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External links

• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry

• Freedom from Religion Foundation entry

• The Quest of the Historical Jesus: Chapter 11 Bruno Bauer

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication in the public domain. Encyclopædia Britannica, the 11th edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...