NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Bruno Schulz

Bruno Schulz (July 12, 1892 – November 19, 1942) was a Polish writer, graphic artist and literary critic, who is widely considered to be one of the great Polish-language prose stylists of the 20th century. Schulz was born in Drohobycz, Austro-Hungarian Empire, in the province of Galicia, to assimilated Jewish parents. Self-portrait of Bruno Schulz. ... is the 193rd day of the year (194th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Drohobycz (the Polish and German name; in Russian Дpoгoбыч Drogobych, in Ukrainian Дpoгoбич Drohobych; in Yiddish דראָביטש Drobitsh or Drubitsh) is a city in Ukraine, in the Lvivska oblast. Population 77,200 (2004). ... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about work. ... In English usage, nationality is the legal relationship between a person and a country. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Poland. ... A literary genre is one of the divisions of literature into genres according to particular criteria such as literary technique, tone, or content. ... For other uses, see Novel (disambiguation). ... This article is in need of attention. ... ... For Christian theological modernism, see Liberal Christianity and Modernism (Roman Catholicism). ... Max Ernst. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Street of Crocodiles (Polish: Sklepy cynamonowe, lit. ... Kafka redirects here. ... Rainer Maria Rilke (4 December 1875 â€“ 29 December 1926) is considered one of the German languages greatest 20th century poets. ... For other persons named Thomas Mann, see Thomas Mann (disambiguation). ... Witold Marian Gombrowicz (August 4, 1904 in MaÅ‚oszyce, near Kielce, Congress Poland, Russian Empire â€“ July 24, 1969 in Vence, near Nice, France) was a Polish novelist and dramatist. ... Jerzy KosiÅ„ski (June 18, 1933 â€“ May 3, 1991) was a novelist of Jewish origin, born in ÅÃ³dÅº, Poland. ... This article is considered orphaned, since there are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... StanisÅ‚aw Lem ( , September 12, 1921 â€“ March 27, 2006) was a Polish science fiction, philosophical and satirical writer. ... is the 193rd day of the year (194th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A writer is anyone who creates a written work, although the word more usually designates those who write creatively or professionally, or those who have written in many different forms. ... Graphic arts is a term applied historically to the art of printmaking and drawing. ... Literary criticism is the study, discussion, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. ... Polish (polski, język polski) is the official language of Poland. ... Drohobycz (the Polish and German name; in Russian Дpoгoбыч Drogobych, in Ukrainian Дpoгoбич Drohobych; in Yiddish דראָביטש Drobitsh or Drubitsh) is a city in Ukraine, in the Lvivska oblast. Population 77,200 (2004). ... Official languages Latin, German, Hungarian Established church Roman Catholic Capital & Largest City Vienna pop. ... For other uses, see Galicia. ... Jewish Assimilation is social religious process of loss of the Jewish identity of the individual by marriage to a spouse that is not Jewish, or the changing ones religion to a different religion which is more acceptable at the new habitat of the soon to be former Jew. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ...

Biography

Bruno Schulz was the son of cloth merchant Jakub Schulz and Henrietta, née Kuhmerker.^[1] At a very early age, he developed an interest in the arts. He studied at a gymnasium in Drohobycz from 1902 to 1910, and proceeded to study architecture at Lwów University. In 1917 he briefly studied architecture in Vienna. After World War I, the region of Galicia which included Drohobycz became a Polish territory. In the postwar period, Schulz came to teach drawing in a Polish gymnasium, from 1924 to 1941. His employment kept him in his hometown, although he disliked his profession as a schoolteacher, apparently maintaining it only because it was his sole means of income.^[2] A gymnasium (pronounced with or, in Swedish, as opposed to ) is a type of school providing secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to English Grammar Schools and U.S. High Schools. ... The building of the University. ... For other uses, see Vienna (disambiguation). ... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... For other uses, see Galicia. ...

The author nurtured his extraordinary imagination in a swarm of identities and nationalities: a Jew who thought and wrote in Polish, was fluent in German, and immersed in Jewish culture though unfamiliar with the Yiddish language.^[3] Yet there was nothing cosmopolitan about him; his genius fed in solitude on specific local and ethnic sources. He preferred not to leave his provincial hometown, which over the course of his life belonged to four countries. His adult life was often perceived by outsiders as that of a hermit: uneventful and enclosed. Secular Jewish culture embraces several related phenomena; above all, it is the culture of secular communities of Jewish people, but it can also include the cultural contributions of individuals who identify as secular Jews, or even those of religious Jews working in cultural areas not generally considered to be connected... Yiddish ( yidish or idish, literally: Jewish) is a non-territorial Germanic language, spoken throughout the world and written with the Hebrew alphabet. ...

Schulz seems to have become a writer by chance, as he was discouraged by influential colleagues from publishing his first short stories. His aspirations were refreshed, however, when several letters that he wrote to a friend, in which he gave highly original accounts of his solitary life and the details of the lives of his fellow citizens, were brought to the attention of the novelist Zofia Nałkowska. She encouraged Schulz to have them published as short fiction, and The Cinnamon Shops (Sklepy Cynamonowe) was published in 1934; in English-speaking countries, it is most often referred to as The Street of Crocodiles, a title derived from one of the chapters. This novel-memoir was followed three years later by Sanatorium Under the Sign of the Hourglass (Sanatorium Pod Klepsydrą). The original publications were fully illustrated by Schulz himself; in later editions of his works, however, these illustrations are often left out or are poorly reproduced. He also helped his fiancée translate Franz Kafka's The Trial into Polish, in 1936. In 1938, he was awarded the Polish Academy of Literature's prestigious Golden Laurel award. Graves of Julian Tuwim and Zofia NaÅ‚kowska in PowÄ…zki Cemetery in Warsaw Zofia NaÅ‚kowska (1884, Warsaw, Poland - 1954, Warsaw, Poland) was a Polish writer. ... The Street of Crocodiles (Polish: Sklepy cynamonowe, lit. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Kafka redirects here. ... This article is about the novel by Kafka. ...

The outbreak of World War II in 1939 caught Schulz living in Drohobycz, which was occupied by the Soviet Union. There are reports that he worked on a novel called The Messiah, but no trace of this manuscript survived his death. Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union, as a Jew he was forced to live in the ghetto of Drohobycz, but he was temporarily protected by Felix Landau, a Gestapo officer who admired his drawings. During the last weeks of his life, Schulz painted a mural in Landau's home in Drohobycz, in the style with which he is identified. Shortly after completing the work, Schulz was bringing home a loaf of bread when he was shot and killed by a German officer, a rival of his protector. Over the years his mural was covered with paint and forgotten. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Original German plan Operation Barbarossa (Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the German codename for Nazi Germanys invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II, which commenced on June 22, 1941. ... For other uses, see Ghetto (disambiguation). ... Felix Landau was a SS HauptscharfÃ¼hrer, a member of an Einsatzkommando during World War II, based first in Lviv and later in Drohobycz. ... The (contraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: â€œsecret state policeâ€) was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. ...

Writings

Schulz's body of written work is rather small: The Street of Crocodiles, Sanatorium Under the Sign of the Hourglass and a few other compositions that the author did not add to the first edition of his short story collection. A collection of Schulz's letters were published in Polish in 1975, entitled The Book of Letters, and a number of critical essays Schulz wrote for various newspapers are also available. Several of Schulz's works have been lost, including some short stories from the early 1940s that the author had sent to be published in magazines, and his final unfinished novel The Messiah.

A new edition of Schulz's stories was published in 1957, leading to French, German, and later English translations. Cynthia Ozick's 1987 novel, The Messiah of Stockholm, contributed to popularizing Schulz's work. Her text concerns a Swiss man convinced that he is the son of Schulz, who comes into possession of what he believes to be a manuscript of Schulz's final project, The Messiah. Schulz's presence also informs Israeli novelist David Grossman's 1989 novel See Under: Love. In a chapter entitled "Bruno," the narrator imagines Schulz embarking on a phantasmagoric sea journey rather than remaining in Drohobycz to be shot.^[4] The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Cynthia Ozick (born April 17, 1928, New York City), is an American writer, the daughter of William Ozick and Celia Regelson. ...

The Street of Crocodiles (Polish: Sklepy cynamonowe, lit. ... John Hoyer Updike (born March 18, 1932 in Shillington, Pennsylvania) is an American novelist, poet, short story writer and literary critic. ...

Mural controversy

In February 2001, after a long search, Benjamin Geissler, a German documentary filmmaker, discovered the mural Schulz had created for Landau. The meticulous task of restoration was begun by Polish conservation workers, who informed Yad Vashem about the findings. In May of that year representatives of Yad Vashem in Israel were allowed to come to Drohobycz to examine the mural. They removed five fragments of the mural, which had already been restored, smuggled them out of the country, and transported to Jerusalem. Geissler has documented the search, the finding and restoration, as well as the destruction of the mural in the film entitled “Finding Pictures”.^[5] The Hall of Names containing books of all those who perished in the Holocaust. ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ...

International controversy ensued.^[3]^[6]^[7] While Yad Vashem claims that parts of the mural were legally purchased, Ukraine has officially stated that they were removed without authority or export licenses. As of 2007, parts of the mural are in storage in Yad Vashem, and their status is being negotiated.^[8] The fragments left by Yad Vashem in place have since been restored and, after a tour in Polish museums, are now part of the collection at the Bruno Schulz Museum in Drohobycz.^[3]

This gesture by Yad Vashem precipitated much public outrage in Poland and the Ukraine, where Schulz is a beloved figure.^[3]

Film Adaptations

Schulz's work has provided the basis for two films: Wojciech Has's The Hour-Glass Sanatorium (1973), drawing from a dozen of his stories and emphasizing the unforgettably dreamlike quality of his writings; and a short stop-motion animated film called Street of Crocodiles (1986) by Stephen and Timothy Quay. Wojciech Jerzy Has (born April 1, 1925 in KrakÃ³w - died October 3, 2000 in ÅÃ³dÅº, Poland) was a Polish director, screenwriter and producer. ... The Hour-Glass Sanatorium or The Sandglass is the English title for Sanatorium Pod KlepsydrÄ…, a film released in 1973, directed by Wojciech Has. ... // Events The Marx Brothers Zeppo Marx divorces his second wife, Barbara Blakely. ... A stop motion animation of a moving coin. ... Street of Crocodiles is a 21 minute long stop-motion animation short subject directed and produced by the Brothers Quay and released in 1986. ... // April 12 - Actor Morgan Mason marries The Go-Gos Belinda Carlisle Actor Arnold Schwarzenegger marries television journalist Maria Shriver. ... Stephen and Timothy Quay (b. ... Stephen and Timothy Quay (b. ...

Theatatrical Adaptations

A play based on Cinnamon Shops was performed at the Jewish Culture Festival in Karkow in 2008 bu - theater performance based on a novel by Bruno Schulz, directed by Frank Soehnle, performed by the Puppet Theater from Białystok.

References

^ Wójcikowski, Grzegorz. "Rocznica urodzin i śmierci Brunona Schulza". Forum Polonijne 3 (2007): 38. ISSN 1234-2807.
^ Schulz, Bruno. The Street of Crocodiles. 1992, page 15.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Who Owns Bruno Schulz?", by Benjamin Paloff Boston Review (December 2004/January 2005)
^ David Grossman, See Under: Love. Trans. Betsy Rosenberg. New York: Washington Square Press, 1989.
^ “Finding Pictures”, film by Benjamin Geissler
^ "Bruno Schulz's Frescoes", by Mark Baker, M.B.B. Biskupski, John Connelly, Ronald E. Coons et al. The New York Review of Books (Volume 48, Number 19 • November 29, 2001)
^ "All Things Considered", NPR (Monday, July 9, 2001)
^ מסתמן הסדר שיאפשר הצגת ציורי ברונו שולץ בי-ם - חדשות -הארץ

Boston Reviews July/August 2006 Issue Boston Review is a national political and literary magazine, published bimonthly by Boston Critic, Inc. ... This article is about the literary magazine. ... NPR logo For other meanings of NPR see NPR (disambiguation) National Public Radio (NPR) is a private, not-for-profit corporation that sells programming to member radio stations; together they are a loosely organized public radio network in the United States. ...

External links

Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Wikiquote is one of a family of wiki-based projects run by the Wikimedia Foundation, running on MediaWiki software. ... Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to digitize, archive and distribute cultural works. ... Stephen and Timothy Quay (born 17 June 1947 in Norristown, Pennsylvania, United States), are American identical twin brothers better known as the Brothers Quay or Quay Brothers. ... is the 193rd day of the year (194th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Drohobych (Ukrainian: , German: , Polish: , Russian: ) is a city located at the confluence of the Tysmenytsia river and Seret, a tributary of the latter, in the Lviv Oblast (province), in western Ukraine. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Drohobych (Ukrainian: , German: , Polish: , Russian: ) is a city located at the confluence of the Tysmenytsia river and Seret, a tributary of the latter, in the Lviv Oblast (province), in western Ukraine. ...

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