Unité d'Habitation, Marseilles (Le Corbusier 1952)

Trellick Tower, London (Goldfinger 1972)

Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia (Erickson/Massey 1965)

Royal National Theatre, London (Lasdun 1976)

Regenstein Library, Chicago (Netsch 1970)

Robarts Library, Toronto (Mathers/Haldenby 1973)

Cameron Offices (detail), Canberra (Andrews 1972)

Tricorn Centre, Portsmouth UK (Luder 1964)

Home Office building, London (Spence 1976)

Thomas Rees Memorial Carillon, Springfield, Illinois (Turley 1962)

Indiana University Art Museum, Bloomington, Indiana (Pei 1972)

Brutalism is an architectural style that spawned from the Modernist architectural movement and which flourished from the 1950s to the 1970s. The early style was largely inspired by the work of Swiss architect, Le Corbusier (in particular his Unité d'Habitation building) and of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. The term originates from the French béton brut, or "raw concrete". Brutalist buildings are usually formed with striking blockish, geometric, and repetitive shapes, and often revealing the textures of the wooden forms used to shape the material, which is normally rough, unadorned poured concrete. Download high resolution version (684x1024, 260 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (684x1024, 260 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Unite dHabitation, Marseilles The Unité dHabitation is the name of a modernist residential housing design principle developed by Charles Edouard Jeanneret-Gris (aka Le Corbusier), which formed the basis of numerous housing developments designed by Le Corbusier throughout Europe with this name. ... Trellick Tower by Ernö Goldfinger, from Golborne Road. ... Trellick Tower by Ernö Goldfinger, from Golborne Road. ... Trellick Tower in west London Trellick Tower in London was designed by Brutalist architect Ernö Goldfinger in the 1960s. ... SFU AQ File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... SFU AQ File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Simon Fraser University (SFU) is located in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, a suburb of Vancouver, British Columbia. ... The South Bank Centre showing elevated terraces and walkways. ... The South Bank Centre showing elevated terraces and walkways. ... The Royal National Theatre from Waterloo Bridge The Royal National Theatre of Great Britain is a building and theatre company on Londons South Bank. ... Regenstein Library, University of Chicago Credit: Archival Photofiles, [apf image number, e. ... Regenstein Library, University of Chicago Credit: Archival Photofiles, [apf image number, e. ... Regenstein Library is the main library of the University of Chicago. ... Credit: Photo created by Sascha Noyes Info: Taken in Toronto 2004 with a Canon A70 digital camera. ... Credit: Photo created by Sascha Noyes Info: Taken in Toronto 2004 with a Canon A70 digital camera. ... The front of Robarts Library Robarts Library is the main humanities and social sciences library of the University of Toronto. ... Cameron Offices #2 by Larry Speck (Detail) Detail by Keith D. Tyler [flame] of Image:Cameron Offices - Speck 2. ... Cameron Offices #2 by Larry Speck (Detail) Detail by Keith D. Tyler [flame] of Image:Cameron Offices - Speck 2. ... Tricorn at sunset File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Tricorn at sunset File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Tricorn Centre was a famed Brutalist shopping centre, apartment complex, nightclub and car park complex in Portsmouth, Hants, United Kingdom; designed by Owen Luder It was home to the first Virgin Megastore. ... Download high resolution version (600x907, 160 KB) The Home Office, London. ... Download high resolution version (600x907, 160 KB) The Home Office, London. ... The modern concept of Small Office and Home Office or SoHo , or Small or Home Office deals with the category of business which can be from 1 to 10 workers. ... Download high resolution version (981x1961, 320 KB)Thomas Rees Memorial Carillon, Springfield, Illinois Credit: John Carlson Date: May 21, 2004 Location: Springfield, Illinois Source: Pics4Learning [1] URL: [2]  ©  This image is copyrighted. ... Download high resolution version (981x1961, 320 KB)Thomas Rees Memorial Carillon, Springfield, Illinois Credit: John Carlson Date: May 21, 2004 Location: Springfield, Illinois Source: Pics4Learning [1] URL: [2]  ©  This image is copyrighted. ... Indiana University Art Museum File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Indiana University Art Museum File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Indiana University Art Museum was designed by I.M. Pei & Partners as a commission by the board of trustees of Indiana University. ... This article focuses on the cultural movement labeled modernism or the modern movement. See also: Modernism (Roman Catholicism) or Modernist Christianity; Modernismo for specific art movement(s) in Spain and Catalonia. ... Architecture (in Greek αρχή = first and τέχνη = craftsmanship) is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. ... Millennia: 1st millennium - 2nd millennium - 3rd millennium // Events and trends The 1950s in Western society was marked with a sharp rise in the economy for the first time in almost 30 years and return to the 1920s-type consumer society built on credit and boom-times, as well as the... This article provides extensive lists of events and significant personalities of the 1970s. ... Architect at his drawing board, 1893 An architect is a person involved in the art of planning, designing and overseeing the construction of buildings, or more generally, the designer of a scheme or plan. ... The Villa Savoye near Paris Le Corbusier (October 6, 1887–August 27, 1965) was a Swiss architect famous for what is now called the International Style, along with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Walter Gropius, and Theo van Doesburg. ... Unite dHabitation, Marseilles The Unité dHabitation is the name of a modernist residential housing design principle developed by Charles Edouard Jeanneret-Gris (aka Le Corbusier), which formed the basis of numerous housing developments designed by Le Corbusier throughout Europe with this name. ... The reconstructed Barcelona Pavilion Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (born Maria Ludwig Michael Mies) (March 27, 1886 - August 17, 1969) was an architect and designer. ... This article is about the construction material. ...

Brutalism as an architectural style was also associated with a social utopian ideology which tended to be supported by its designers, especially Peter and Alison Smithson, near the height of the style. The failure of positive communities to form early on in some Brutalist structures, possibly due to the natural urban decay of the post-WWII period (especially in the United Kingdom), led to the combined unpopularity of both the ideology and the architectural style. See Utopia (disambiguation) for other meanings of this word Utopia, in its most common and general meaning, refers to a hypothetical perfect society. ... English architects Alison Smithson (1928-1993) and Peter Smithson (18 September 1923-3 March 2003) together formed an architectural partnership, and are often associated with the Brutalist style. ...

Style

Boston City Hall, part of Government Center, Boston, Massachusetts
(Pei et. al. 1969)

Brutalism is related and similar to (and often confused with) the Modernist, Minimalist and Internationalist styles of architecture. All of these styles make heavy use of repetition and regularity in their features, but brutalist designs also often incorporate striking, abject irregularities as well. Boston City Hall, Boston, Massachusetts Source: Library of Congress Collection: Historic American Buildings Survey Origin: National Park Service URL: http://memory. ... Boston City Hall, Boston, Massachusetts Source: Library of Congress Collection: Historic American Buildings Survey Origin: National Park Service URL: http://memory. ... Government Center is a city square and plaza in Boston, Massachusetts, bounded by Cambridge, Court, Congress, and Sudbury Streets. ... Le Corbusiers Villa Savoye, 1929-30: The modern style is noted for its rigorous geometrical forms. ... Minimalism describes movements in various forms of art and design, especially visual art and music, where the work is stripped down to its most fundamental features. ... International style can refer to International style in ballroom dancing - see ballroom dance; International style in architecture - see international style. ... Repetition is the occurrence of an event which has occurred before. ...

Another common theme in brutalist designs is the exposition of the building's functions -- ranging from their structure and services to their actual human use -- in the exterior of the building. In other words, Brutalist style is "the celebration of concrete." In the Boston City Hall (illustration left), strikingly different and projected portions of the building indicate the special nature of the rooms behind those walls, such as the mayor's office or the city council chambers. From another perspective of this theme, the design of the Hunstanton Secondary School included placing the facility's water tank, a normally hidden service feature, in a prominently placed and visible tower.

Critics note that this abstract nature of Brutalism makes the style unfriendly and uncommunicative, instead of integrating and protective as its proponents intended. For example, the location of the entrance of a Brutalist structure is rarely obvious to the visitor.

Brutalism is also criticised for its disregard for the social, historic, and architectural environment of its surroundings, making the introduction of such structures in existing developed areas appear very stark, out of place, and alien.

History

Brutalism gained large momentum in Britain during the middle 20th century, as economically depressed (and WWII-ravaged) communities sought inexpensive construction and design methods for low-cost housing, shopping centers, and government buildings. Combined with the socially progressive intentions behind brutalist "streets in the sky" housings like Corbusier's Unité, brutalism was promoted as a positive option for forward-moving, modern urban housing. In practice however, many of the buildings lacked many of the community-serving features of Corbusier's vision, and instead developed into claustrophobic, crime-ridden tenements. Some such buildings took decades to develop into positive communities. The rough coolness of concrete lost its appeal under a damp and gray northern sky, and its fortress-like material touted as vandalproof soon proved vulnerable to spray-can graffiti. Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km (over 11 miles) into the air, August 9, 1945 after the Allied atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. ... Progressive can refer to: Progressive music, including Progressive rock, Progressive metal and Progressive electronica Political Progressivism Several Progressive Parties Progressive Era in the United States (1890-1913) Progressive, a company providing auto insurance The Progressive, a left-wing monthly magazine The progressive tense in grammar Progressive lenses, used to correct... Graffiti is a type of deliberately inscribed marking made by humans on surfaces, both private and public. ...

Brutalist designs were also often initially criticised as eyesores. The current Fodor's guide to London mentions the Home office structure as "hulking." Because the style is essentially that of poured concrete it tends to be inexpensive to build and maintain (but very difficult to modify). However, in the case of Trellick Tower, the design has ultimately proved very popular with both tenants and owner-occupier residents. In time, many brutalist structures become appreciated as landmarks by their communities for their uniqueness and eye-catching appearance. This article is about the construction material. ...

In recent years, the bad memories of underserved Brutalist community structures have led to their eager demolition to make way for newer, more traditionally oriented community structures. Despite a nascent Modernist appreciation movement, and the identified success that some of this style's offspring have had, many others have been or are slated to be demolished. A massive crane is used to demolish this tower block in northern England Demolition is the opposite of construction: the tearing-down of buildings and other structures. ...

"The New Barbarism"

Brutalism has some severe critics, one of the most famous being Charles, Prince of Wales, whose speeches and writings on architecture have excoriated brutalism. The architecture column of Private Eye, "Nooks and Corners", began life as "Nooks and Corners of the New Barbarism", with "new barbarism" clearly intended as a reference to "new brutalism". The column is skeptical about modern architecture in general, but over the course of some four decades has reserved its strongest wrath for brutalism, especially in government-sponsored projects. HRH The Prince of Wales His Royal Highness The Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, KG, KT, GCB, OM, AK, QSO, PC, ADC (Charles Philip Arthur George Mountbatten-Windsor) (born 14 November 1948), the eldest son of HM Queen Elizabeth II and HRH The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, is Heir... March 4, 2005 cover of Private Eye; this is a typical example of the magazines front cover. ...

Figures

Architects associated with the brutalist style include Erno Goldfinger, husband-and-wife pairing Peter and Alison Smithson, and, to a lesser extent perhaps, Sir Denys Lasdun. Outside of Britain, Louis Kahn's government buildings in Asia and John Andrews's government and institutional structures in Australia exhibit the creative height of the style. More recent Modernists such as I.M. Pei and Tadao Ando have also designed notable Brutalist works. The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... English architect Peter Smithson (18 September 1923-3 March 2003) formed an architectural partnership with his wife Alison, and is often associated with the Brutalist style. ... English architect Alison Smithson (1928-1993) formed an architectural partnership with her husband Peter, and is often associated with the Brutalist style. ... Sir Denys Lasdun (8 September 1914-11 January 2001) was an eminent English architect of the 20th century, particularly associated with the Modernist design of the Royal National Theatre on Londons South Bank of the River Thames. ... Louis Isadore Kahn (February 20, 1901 – March 17, 1974) practised as an architect in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and taught architecture there and at Yale. ... Ieoh Ming Pei (貝聿銘 pinyin Bèi Yùmíng) is a Chinese American architect born in Suzhou, China on April 26, 1917. ... The Westin Awaji Island designed by Ando The Water Temple in Awaji Shima, Japan Tadao Ando (安藤忠雄 Andō Tadao, born September 13, 1941 in Osaka, Japan) is a Japanese architect whose approach to architecture is sometimes categorised as Critical Regionalism. ...

List of brutalist structures

(Structure name, location, architect(s), year built)

• Balfron Tower, West London, UK (Ernö Goldfinger, 1971)
• The Barbican, London, UK
• Berkshire House, Toronto, Ontario
• Boston City Hall, Boston, Massachusetts (I.M. Pei/Kallmann, McKinnell & Knowles/Campbell, Aldrich & Nulty, 1969)
• Brantford City Hall, Brantford, Ontario (Michael Kopsa, 1966)
• Le Brasilia, Marseille, France (F. Boukobza, 1966)
• Brunel University Uxbridge Campus, London, United Kingdom, 1966. The Lecture Centre is possibly the finest remaining example of Brutalist Architecture in the UK
• Brunswick Centre, London, UK (Patrick Hodgkinson, 1972)
• Buffalo City Court, Buffalo, New York (Phohl, Roberts and Biggie, 1964)
• Cameron Offices, Canberra, Australia (John Andrews, 1972) (demolished 2002)
• Carpenter Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts (Le Corbusier, 1963)
• Chapel on Mount Rokko, Kobe, Japan (Tadao Ando, 1986)
• Chapel on the Water, Hokkaido, Japan (Tadao Ando, 1988)
• Chateau Granville hotel, Vancouver, British Columbia (unknown, 1977)
• Genex Tower, Belgrade, Serbia (Mihajlo Mitrovic,1980)
• George Crawford Manor, New Haven, Connecticut (Paul Rudolph, 1966)
• Crosley Tower, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio (A. M. Kinney, 1969)
• Dewan Tunku Canselor, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Datuk Kington Loo, unknown)
• The Evergreen State College, most administrative buildings, Olympia, Washington (various, 1971-1977)
• Freeway Park, Seattle, Washington, (Lawrence Halprin, 1972–1976)
• Front Hi-Rise, St. Paul, Minnesota (Freerks, Sperl, & Flynn, 1969)
• Group Residence for Young Adults, Manhattan (Horace Ginsbern & Associates, 1968) (possibly demolished)
• Habitat 67, 1967 World's Fair, Montreal, Quebec (Moshe Safdie, 1967)
• Hayward Gallery, London, UK (Dennis Crompton/Warren Chalk/Ron Herron, 1968)
• High Court building, Canberra, Australia (Edwards Madigan Torzillo and Briggs, 1980)
• Home Office Building, London, UK (Sir Basil Spence, 1976)
• J. Edgar Hoover Building, Federal Bureau of Investigation Headquarters Washington, D.C. (Charles F. Murphy and Associates, designed 1964, completed 1974)
• Hunstanton Secondary School, Norfolk, UK (Peter and Alison Smithson, 1954)
• Indiana University Art Museum, Bloomington, Indiana (I.M. Pei, 1982)
• Islamic Cultural Center, Manhattan
• Jatiyo Sangsad Bhaban (Dhaka National Assembly), Dhaka, Bangladesh (Louis Khan, 1982 (designed 1962)
• Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art (Cornell University), Ithaca, New York (I.M. Pei, 1973)
• Kanchanjunga Apartments, Mumbai, India (Charles Correa, 1974)
• King George Tower, Sydney, Australia (John Andrews, 1976)
• Kingsbury Apartments, Trenton, New Jersey
• Lauderdale Tower, London, UK (Chamberlin, Powell & Bon, 1974)
• Manhattan Church of Christ, Manhattan (unknown, 1968)
• St. Mary of Nazareth Hospital Center, Chicago
• Middleton Grange Shopping Centre, Hartlepool (unknown, 1968)
• Daniel Morits Towers, Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Israel
• Moore Office Building, Vancouver, British Columbia (Blair MacDonald, 1968) (demolished)
• Mummers Theater, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (John M. Johansen, 1970)
• Oklahoma State Department of Health, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
• Chapel of Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, France (Le Corbusier, 1956)
• Pan Am Building, New York (Emery Roth & Sons, 1963)
• Park Hill, Sheffield, UK (Ivor Smith/Jack Lynn, 1961)
• Queen Elizabeth Hall, London, UK (unknown, 1967) (demolition planned)
• Thomas Rees Memorial Carillon, Springfield, Illinois (Fred Turley, 1962)
• Regenstein Library, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (Walter Netsch, 1970)
• Riverside Plaza Buildings (McKnight Tower Apartments, Chase House Apartments, Towers B, D, E, and F), Minneapolis, Minnesota (Ralph Rapson, 1973)
• John P. Robarts Research Library, Toronto, Ontario (A.S. Mathers and E.J. Haldenby, 1973)
• Rochdale College, Toronto (Tampold and Wells, 1968)
• Robin Hood Gardens, London, UK (Peter and Alison Smithson, 1972?)
• Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York
• Rokko Housing One, Kobe, Japan (Tadao Ando, 1983)
• Royal National Theatre, London, UK (Sir Denys Lasdun, 1976)
• Monastery of Saint Marie de la Tourette, Eveux-sur-Arbresle, France (Le Corbusier, 1960?)
• Simon Fraser University, most buildings and plazas, Burnaby, British Columbia (Arthur Erickson/Geoffrey Massey et. al., 1965)
• St Peter's Seminary, Cardross, Scotland (Gillespie, Kidd & Coia, 1966)
• Tartu College, Toronto (Tampold and Wells, 1969)
• Tel Aviv City Hall House, Tel Aviv, Israel (unknown, 1966)
• Trellick Tower, London, UK (Erno Goldfinger, 1972)
• Tricorn Centre, Portsmouth, UK (Owen Luder, 1964)(demolished 2004)
• Unité d'Habitation de Marseille (Cité Radieuse), Marseille, France (Le Corbusier, 1952)
• Unité d'Habitation de Nantes, Marseille, France (Le Corbusier, 1955)
• Unité d'Habitation (Corbusierhaus), Berlin, Germany (Le Corbusier, 1956-1959)
• Unité d'Habitation de Briey en Forêt, Briey en Forêt, France (Le Corbusier, 1956-1963)
• Unité d'Habitation Les Bruneaux, Firminy, France (Le Corbusier, 1967)
• United States Tax Court, Washington, D.C., 1974
• University of California, Berkeley, numerous buildings, Berkeley, California (Joseph Esherick?, unknown)
• University of California, Irvine, most original buildings, Irvine, California (William Pereira and Associates, 1960s)
• Student Residences, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia (John Andrews, 1975)
• University of Minnesota, Moos Health Sciences Tower and Phillips Wangensteen Building, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Hammel, Green & Abrahamson, 1974)
• University of Washington, some dormitories, Seattle, Washington
• Engineering & Math Sciences building, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Grelinger, Rose, Klumb, Jurenec, Hass, 1971)
• Weldon Library, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario (Ronald E. Murphy/John Andrews, 1972)
• Wells Fargo Building, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (1969)
• Robert W. Woodruff Library (Geoffrey Freeman?, 1969) and other buildings (unknown, 1974-77), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
• numerous government and office buildings in Basingstoke, UK (unknown, 1970s); also the Basingstoke Town Centre (late 1960s) (demolished)
• the support columns of the Seattle Monorail track (ALWEG, 1962) have been identified as "brutalist"
• numerous highway elevation projects in the United States from the late 1960s and 1970s resemble brutalist designs for their use of stark, blocky concrete shapes

Balfron Tower Balfron Tower is a multi-story housing block in the Poplar district of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. ... St Stevens Tower - The Clock Tower of the Palace of Westminster which contains Big Ben London (see also different names) is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ... ErnÅ‘ Goldfinger (November 11, 1902 - November 15, 1987) was a Hungarian born architect and designer of furniture, and a key member of the architectural Modern Movement after he had moved to the United Kingdom. ... Barbican (from mediæval Latin barbecana) - a fortified outpost or gateway, such as an outer defence to a city or castle and any tower situated over a gate or bridge which was used for defence purposes. ... St Stevens Tower - The Clock Tower of the Palace of Westminster which contains Big Ben London (see also different names) is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ... }|135px|City of Toronto, Ontario Official Flag]]|Coat Image=[[Image:{{{Coat Image}}}|135px|City of Toronto, Ontario Coat of Arms]]}} {{Canadian City/Disable Field={{{Disable Motto Link}}}}} Motto: Diversity Our Strength {{Canadian City/Location Image is:{{{Location Image Type}}}|[[Image:{{{Location Image}}}|thumbnail|250px|City of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Location. ... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Loyal it began, loyal it remains) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Lieutenant Governor James K. Bartleman Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Area 1,076,395 km² (4th)  - Land 917,741 km²  - Water 158,654 km² (14. ... Nickname: Beantown, The Hub (of the Universe), Athens of America Location in Massachusetts Founded  -Incorporated September 17, 1630  1820, as a city County Suffolk County Mayor Thomas Menino (Dem) Area  - Total  - Water 232. ... Ieoh Ming Pei (貝聿銘 pinyin Bèi Yùmíng) is a Chinese American architect born in Suzhou, China on April 26, 1917. ... Brantford (2001 population 86,417)[1] is a city located on the Grand River in southwestern Ontario, Canada. ... City motto: Actibus immensis urbs fulget Massiliensis. ... Brunel University is one of the new British universities, having been founded within the last half century. ... Uxbridge is the name of many places, including: Uxbridge, London, England Uxbridge, Massachusetts, USA Uxbridge, Ontario, Canada This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... St Stevens Tower - The Clock Tower of the Palace of Westminster which contains Big Ben London (see also different names) is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ... St Stevens Tower - The Clock Tower of the Palace of Westminster which contains Big Ben London (see also different names) is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ... Aerial view of downtown Buffalo, New York Buffalo, also known as The Queen City, and the City of Good Neighbors, is an American city in western New York. ... Two of Canberras best-known landmarks, Parliament House and (foreground) Old Parliament House. ... Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and a member of the Ivy League. ... Nickname: Beantown, The Hub (of the Universe), Athens of America Location in Massachusetts Founded  -Incorporated September 17, 1630  1820, as a city County Suffolk County Mayor Thomas Menino (Dem) Area  - Total  - Water 232. ... Port Tower at night Kōbe (Japanese: 神戸市; -shi) is a city in Japan, located on the island of Honshu. ... The Westin Awaji Island designed by Ando The Water Temple in Awaji Shima, Japan Tadao Ando (安藤忠雄 Andō Tadao, born September 13, 1941 in Osaka, Japan) is a Japanese architect whose approach to architecture is sometimes categorised as Critical Regionalism. ... Hokkaidō (Japanese: 北海道, literal meaning: North Sea Route, Ainu: Mosir), formerly known as Ezo, is the second largest island of Japan. ... This article refers to the city in British Columbia, Canada. ... Genex Tower Genex Tower, a 35 floor skyscraper in Belgrade (Serbia), which was designed in 1980 by Mihajlo Mitrovic in brutalist style. ... Belgrade (Serbian, Београд, Beograd   listen?), is the capital (2003–) of Serbia since 1404, Serbia and Montenegro and Yugoslavia (1918–2003). ... Serbia and Montenegro  â€“ Serbia    â€“ Kosovo and Metohia        (UN administration)    â€“ Vojvodina  â€“ Montenegro Official language Serbian1 Capital Belgrade Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % water  88,361 km²  n/a Population  â€“ Total (2002)     (without Kosovo)  â€“ Density  7. ... City nickname: The Elm City Location in the state of Connecticut Founded April 24, 1638 County New Haven County Mayor John DeStefano, Jr. ... The University of Cincinnati is located in Cincinnati, Ohio. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The University of Malaya (Universiti Malaya in Malay) is the first university of Malaysia, and is situated on a 750 acre (3. ... Mayor Datuk Ruslin Hasan District Kuala Lumpur District Area  - Total (City) 243. ... The Evergreen State College wordmark The Evergreen State College is an accredited public baccalaureate college, founded in 1967 in the state capital, Olympia, Washington. ... State Capitol and waterfront, Olympia, Washington. ... Seattle skyline City nickname: The Emerald City Location of Seattle in King County and Washington State County King Mayor Greg Nickels (NP) Area   â€“Land   â€“Water 369. ... Lawrence Halprin (1916 New York City - ) is a prolific and accomplished American landscape architect and educator. ... State capitol building in Saint Paul Saint Paul is the capital and second-largest city of the state of Minnesota in the United States of America. ... Manhattan is an island bordering the lower Hudson River. ... The 1967 International and Universal Exposition, or simply Expo 67 was a Worlds Fair held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in 1967 to coincide with the Canadian Centennial that year. ... This article needs cleanup. ... Moshe Safdie, CC , B.Arch , LL.D. , F.R.A.I.C. (born July 14, 1938) is a famous architect and urban designer. ... St Stevens Tower - The Clock Tower of the Palace of Westminster which contains Big Ben London (see also different names) is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ... High Court entrance The High Court of Australia is the court of last resort for the jurisdiction of Australia. ... Two of Canberras best-known landmarks, Parliament House and (foreground) Old Parliament House. ... The modern concept of Small Office and Home Office or SoHo , or Small or Home Office deals with the category of business which can be from 1 to 10 workers. ... St Stevens Tower - The Clock Tower of the Palace of Westminster which contains Big Ben London (see also different names) is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ... Sir Basil Spence (13 August 1907_19 November 1976 was a notable Scottish architect, most famously associated with the Cathedral in Coventry, but also responsible for numerous other buildings in the Modernist style. ... Hoover in 1961 John Edgar Hoover (January 1, 1895 – May 2, 1972) was the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from May 10, 1924, until his death in 1972, having been appointed to that position for life by President John Calvin Coolidge. ... <HTML><HEAD><TITLE>.: bidadari-komputer :.</TITLE> <META http-equiv=Content-Type content=text/html; charset=utf-8> <STYLE fprolloverstyle>A:hover { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: red } </STYLE> <STYLE type=text/css>BODY { CURSOR: url(http://www. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the... For alternative meanings see: Norfolk (disambiguation) Norfolk (pronounced NOR-fk) is a low-lying county in East Anglia in the east of southern England. ... English architect Peter Smithson (18 September 1923-3 March 2003) formed an architectural partnership with his wife Alison, and is often associated with the Brutalist style. ... The Indiana University Art Museum was designed by I.M. Pei & Partners as a commission by the board of trustees of Indiana University. ... A Fourth of July parade passes the Monroe County courthouse in Bloomington, Indiana Bloomington is a city located in Monroe County, Indiana. ... Manhattan is an island bordering the lower Hudson River. ... Jātiyo Sangshad Bhaban is the National Assembly Building of Bangladesh, located in the capital Dhaka. ... Note: You may need a Bangla Font to see all the characters on this page. ... For other uses of the name Cornell, see Cornell (disambiguation). ... The city of Ithaca (named for the Greek island of Ithaca in Homers Odyssey) sits on the southern shores of Cayuga Lake, in Central New York. ... Mumbai (Marathi: मुम़बई IPA: ), formerly known as Bombay (IPA: ), is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and is the most populous Indian city. ... Sydney Harbour looking south from the vicinity of the Sydney Harbour Bridge towards the CBD skyline; the Opera House is visible in the background on the left. ... Location in New Jersey Founded  -Incorporated c. ... St Stevens Tower - The Clock Tower of the Palace of Westminster which contains Big Ben London (see also different names) is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ... Manhattan is an island bordering the lower Hudson River. ... Chicago (officially named the City of Chicago) is the third largest city in the United States (after New York City and Los Angeles), with an official population of 2,896,016, as of the 2000 census. ... Hartlepool (pronounced HART-lee-pool) is a North Sea port in North East England. ... Tel Aviv at night Dizengof Center Allenby Street Tel Aviv-Yafo (Hebrew תל אביב-יפו; Arabic تل ابيب-يافا Tal Abīb-Yāfā) is an Israeli city on the coast of the Mediterranean sea. ... Members of Parliament Libby Davies, Ujjal Dosanjh, David Emerson, Hedy Fry, Stephen Owen Members of the Legislative Assembly Gordon Campbell, David Chudnovsky, Adrian Dix, Colin Hansen, Jenny Kwan, Lorne Mayencourt, Wally Oppal, Gregor Robertson, Shane Simpson, Carole Taylor Mayor Larry Campbell Governing Body Vancouver City Council Latitude: Longitude: 49°16... Motto: Splendor Sine Occasu (Splendour without diminishment) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Lieutenant Governor Iona Campagnolo Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Area 944,735 km² (5th)  - Land 925,186 km²  - Water 19,549 km² (2. ... Downtown Oklahoma City The State Capitol of Oklahoma Oklahoma City is the capital and largest city of the state of Oklahoma in the United States of America. ... Downtown Oklahoma City The State Capitol of Oklahoma Oklahoma City is the capital and largest city of the state of Oklahoma in the United States of America. ... Oklahoma is a South Central state of the United States (with strong western and even Midwestern influences) and its U.S. postal abbreviation is OK; others abbreviate the states name Okla. ... Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, France The interior of Notre Dame du Haut Informally known as Ronchamp, the chapel of Notre Dame du Haut in Ronchamp, France is considered one of the finest examples of architecture by the late French/Swiss architect Le Corbusier. ... Ronchamp is a town and commune of the Haute-Saône département in northeastern France. ... The MetLife Building in New York City The MetLife Building, formerly the Pan Am Building, is located at 200 Park Avenue in New York City. ... Midtown Manhattan, looking north from the Empire State Building, 2005 New York City (officially named the City of New York) is the most populous city in the state of New York and the entire United States. ... Park Hill is a housing estate in Sheffield, England. ... Sheffield is a city and metropolitan borough in the south of England. ... The Queen Elizabeth Hall (QEH) is a music venue on the South Bank in London. ... St Stevens Tower - The Clock Tower of the Palace of Westminster which contains Big Ben London (see also different names) is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ... The Netherlands Carillon in Arlington, Virginia, USA A carillon is a keyboard percussion instrument composed of a range of bells controlled by a keyboard. ... City nickname: Location in the state of Illinois Founded 1819 County Sangamon County Mayor Timothy Davlin Area  - Total  - Water 156. ... Regenstein Library is the main library of the University of Chicago. ... The University of Chicago is a private co-educational university located in Chicago, Illinois. ... Chicago, Illinois — officially the City of Chicago and colloquially known as Chicago, the Second City and the Windy City — is the third largest city of the United States after New York City and Los Angeles and is the largest inland city of the nation. ... Downtown Minneapolis as viewed from the Stone Arch Bridge Minneapolis is the largest city in Minnesota and the county seat of Hennepin County. ... The front of Robarts Library Robarts Library is the main humanities and social sciences library of the University of Toronto. ... Motto: Diversity Our Strength Map of Ontario Counties, Toronto being red Area: 641 sq. ... The former location of Rochdale College on Bloor Street in Toronto. ... St Stevens Tower - The Clock Tower of the Palace of Westminster which contains Big Ben London (see also different names) is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ... Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) is a private higher education institute, with emphasis on career preparation, in Rochester, New York founded in 1829. ... Rochester, also known as both The Flower City, and The Flour City, is a city in Monroe County, New York, United States. ... Port Tower at night Kōbe (Japanese: 神戸市; -shi) is a city in Japan, located on the island of Honshu. ... The Royal National Theatre from Waterloo Bridge The Royal National Theatre of Great Britain is a building and theatre company on Londons South Bank. ... St Stevens Tower - The Clock Tower of the Palace of Westminster which contains Big Ben London (see also different names) is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ... Sir Denys Lasdun (8 September 1914-11 January 2001) was an eminent English architect of the 20th century, particularly associated with the Modernist design of the Royal National Theatre on Londons South Bank of the River Thames. ... Simon Fraser University (SFU) is located in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, a suburb of Vancouver, British Columbia. ... Burnaby, British Columbia, is a city immediately east of Vancouver. ... Cardross is a large village in Scotland, on the north side of the Firth of Clyde, roughly halfway between Dumbarton and Helensburgh. ... Scotland (Alba in Scottish Gaelic) is a country in northwest Europe, occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain. ... Gillespie, Kidd & Coia were a Scottish architectural firm famous for their application of modernism in churches and universities, as well as at St Peters Seminary in Cardross. ... Tartu College Tartu College is an independently-owned and maintained student residence on Bloor Street, just west of Madison Avenue, in Toronto, Canada. ... Tel Aviv at night Dizengof Center Allenby Street Tel Aviv-Yafo (Hebrew תל אביב-יפו; Arabic تل ابيب-يافا Tal Abīb-Yāfā) is an Israeli city on the coast of the Mediterranean sea. ... Trellick Tower in west London Trellick Tower in London was designed by Brutalist architect Ernö Goldfinger in the 1960s. ... St Stevens Tower - The Clock Tower of the Palace of Westminster which contains Big Ben London (see also different names) is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ... The Tricorn Centre was a famed Brutalist shopping centre, apartment complex, nightclub and car park complex in Portsmouth, Hants, United Kingdom; designed by Owen Luder It was home to the first Virgin Megastore. ... This article is about the English city of Portsmouth. ... Unite dHabitation, Marseilles The Unité dHabitation is the name of a modernist residential housing design principle developed by Charles Edouard Jeanneret-Gris (aka Le Corbusier), which formed the basis of numerous housing developments designed by Le Corbusier throughout Europe with this name. ... City motto: Actibus immensis urbs fulget Massiliensis. ... Unite dHabitation, Marseilles The Unité dHabitation is the name of a modernist residential housing design principle developed by Charles Edouard Jeanneret-Gris (aka Le Corbusier), which formed the basis of numerous housing developments designed by Le Corbusier throughout Europe with this name. ... City motto: Actibus immensis urbs fulget Massiliensis. ... Unite dHabitation, Marseilles The Unité dHabitation is the name of a modernist residential housing design principle developed by Charles Edouard Jeanneret-Gris (aka Le Corbusier), which formed the basis of numerous housing developments designed by Le Corbusier throughout Europe with this name. ...   Berlin? (pronounced: , German ) is the capital of Germany and its largest city, with 3,426,000 inhabitants (as of January 2005); down from 4. ... Unite dHabitation, Marseilles The Unité dHabitation is the name of a modernist residential housing design principle developed by Charles Edouard Jeanneret-Gris (aka Le Corbusier), which formed the basis of numerous housing developments designed by Le Corbusier throughout Europe with this name. ... Unite dHabitation, Marseilles The Unité dHabitation is the name of a modernist residential housing design principle developed by Charles Edouard Jeanneret-Gris (aka Le Corbusier), which formed the basis of numerous housing developments designed by Le Corbusier throughout Europe with this name. ... The United States Tax Court is a special court created by the U.S. Congress to adjudicate disputes over tax assessments. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the... University of California, Berkeley The University of California, Berkeley (also known as Cal, UC Berkeley, UCB, or simply Berkeley) is a public coeducational university situated in the foothills of Berkeley, California, USA to the east of San Francisco Bay, overlooking the Golden Gate. ... Berkeley as seen from the Claremont Canyon reserve Berkeley is a city in the San Francisco Bay Area of northern California, United States. ... University of California, Irvine The University of California, Irvine is a public, coeducational university situated in suburban Irvine, California. ... Location of Irvine within Orange County, California. ... The University of Canberra, or UC, is primarily located in the suburb of Bruce in Canberra, the capital of Australia, near the Belconnen Town Centre. ... Two of Canberras best-known landmarks, Parliament House and (foreground) Old Parliament House. ... Affectionately referred to by locals as the U or U of M, The University of Minnesota is a large university with several campuses spread throughout the U.S. state of Minnesota. ... Downtown Minneapolis as viewed from the Stone Arch Bridge Minneapolis is the largest city in Minnesota and the county seat of Hennepin County. ... The University of Washington, founded in 1861, is a major public research university in the Seattle metropolitan area. ... Seattle skyline City nickname: The Emerald City Location of Seattle in King County and Washington State County King Mayor Greg Nickels (NP) Area   â€“Land   â€“Water 369. ... The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee is a public university located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. ... Milwaukee is the largest city in the state of Wisconsin, United States and the county of Milwaukee. ... The University of Western Ontario is located in London, Ontario, Canada. ... Motto: Nickname: The Forest City City of London, Ontario, Canada Location. ... This article is about Milwaukee in Wisconsin. ... One of the periods of glaciation was also termed the Wisconsin glaciation. ... Emory University is an undergraduate, graduate, and research institution in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Emory is one of the most prestigious large private universities in the South and within the United States, according to yearly rankings by US News & World Report. ... City nickname(s): The A-T-L, The Horizon City, The Capital of the South, The Phoenix City, The City Too Busy to Hate, Hotlanta, A-Town, The Big A, The New York of the South, The Big Peach County Fulton County, Georgia Area  - Total  - Water 343. ... Location within the British Isles. ... The Seattle Center Monorail is an elevated monorail line in Seattle, Washington, that runs one mile along Fifth Avenue from Westlake Center in Downtown to Seattle Center in Lower Queen Anne. ... The 1960s, or The Sixties, in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1960 and 1969, but the expression has taken on a wider meaning over the past twenty years. ... This article provides extensive lists of events and significant personalities of the 1970s. ...

See also

• Modernism
• Concrete

Le Corbusiers Villa Savoye, 1929-30: The modern style is noted for its rigorous geometrical forms. ... This article is about the construction material. ...

External links

• Ontario Architecture: Brutalism
• From Here to Modernity includes many Brutalist examples
• Sarah J. Duncan photos of brutalist structures
• Charles Mudede, "Topography of Terror", The Stranger (newspaper) (Seattle), Vol 11 No. 49, Aug 22–Aug 28 2002.