Pancha Sila

Buddhism's ethical foundation for laypeople is the Pancasila: no killing, stealing, lying, sexual misconduct, or intoxicants. (Some Mahayana followers add further items such as gambling.) That is, in becoming a Buddhist--or affirming one's commitment to Buddhism--a layperson is encouraged to vow to abstain from these negative actions, in order to avoid accumulating negative karma. Buddhist monks and nuns take many hundreds more such vows (see vinaya). Pancasila or pañca-sila is the fundamental code of Buddhist ethics, willingly undertaken by lay followers of Gautama Buddha. ... Relief image of the bodhisattva Kuan Yin from Mt. ... Karma(Sanskrit: from the root , to do, [meaning deed] meaning action, effect, destiny) means (the result of) action, generally taken as a term that comprises the entire cycle of cause and effect. ... The Vinaya (a word in Pali as well as in Sanskrit, with literal meaning discipline) is the textual framework for the Buddhist monastic community, or sangha. ...

Why be good?

An interesting feature of Buddhist ethics is that it seems to consist of hypothetical imperatives rather than categorical imperatives. That is, a Buddhist does not abstain from killing and stealing simply for the sake of doing what is right, but in order to attain a certain end, namely enlightenment. If we imagine a parallel universe where karma rewards those who kill and steal, one wonders what the Buddhist response would be. (Most Buddhist thinkers would deny that such a universe would be possible, since an effect must resemble its cause.) A hypothetical imperative, originally introduced in the philosophical writings of Immanuel Kant, is a command that applies only conditionally: if A, then B, where A is a condition or goal, and B is an action. ... The categorical imperative is the philosophical concept central to the moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant and to modern deontological ethics. ... . It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Spiritual enlightenment. ...

We may also note that Buddhism simply assumes "enlightenment"--variously understood as the cessation of suffering and its causes, the removal of obscurations to one's innate luminous nature, etc.--to be a worthy goal. A Christian, for example, might wonder whether suffering might be intentionally chosen, for the sake of others (a perspective which Buddhism would not necessarily reject).

Mahayana Buddhists stress the bodhicitta principle--that one should seek enlightenment not only for one's own sake, but for the sake of "all sentient beings." (Cf. the Theravadin practice of mettabhavana meditation, in which one wishes all beings well.) This orientation however is not so much altruistic as reflective of the Mahayana belief that bodhicitta is instrumentally necessary in order to develop omniscience--that is, in order to become "fully enlightened." In Buddhist thought, bodhicitta (Ch. ... Mettā (मेटा in Devanagari) is a Pali word meaning unconditional loving-kindness. ...

The nature of enlightenment is typically held to transcend dualistic or conceptual categories such as good and evil. Might an enlightened being commit murder, or adultery? On one hand many such stories can be found in Buddhist lore (and not all of them ancient); on the other hand, strong social constraints against this philosophy obviously exist. By the same token, some may conclude from the teaching of sunyata (emptiness) that such things as human life do not ultimately matter--a conclusion which Buddhism roundly rejects. Śūnyatā, शून्यता (Sanskrit, Pali: suññatā), or Emptiness, is a term for a concept or set of concepts playing an important role in some versions of the Buddhist metaphysical critique, but also having important implications for Buddhist epistemology and phenomenology. ...

Selflessness and moral agency

Buddhist denials of the "self" (atman) lead to many involved philosophical conundrums, many of them apparently posed by the Buddha himself. If "I" do not exist, then who is the "moral agent" (as ethicists would say)? What connects the identity of the person who committed the negative action in the past, with his "future incarnation" who will suffer the corresponding negative karma? Where Western ethicists have agonized over divine justice, arguing for example whether God is ethical or not, such discussions tend not to arise in connection with karma, which is perceived as an impersonal amoral law, like gravity. Atman may refer to a concept in Hindu and Buddhist traditions: Atman (Hinduism) Atman (Buddhism) See also Anatta (anatman) This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ...

Middle Way

One of the teachings of Gautama Buddha, the historical founder of Buddhism, was the Middle Way. This interests ethicists for its resemblance to Aristotle's Golden Mean. However, Buddha does not seem to have been a virtue ethicist, as Aristotle was. Standing Buddha sculpture, ancient region of Gandhara, northern Pakistan, 1st century CE, Musée Guimet. ... The Middle Way or Middle Path (Sanskrit Madhyama Marga, Pali Majjhima Magga) is the Buddhist philosophy expounded by Gautama Buddha. ... In philosophy (especially that of Aristotle), the golden mean is the felicitous middle between two extremes, one of excess and the other of deficiency; for this meaning, see golden mean (philosophy). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Detachment

Another interesting feature of Buddhism is that it emphasizes "detachment" in contrast to other systems of ethics that emphasize attachment to others is a virtue. Not a few dharma students have raised the clever question of whether it is wrong to become "attached" to Buddhism or enlightenment, or for that matter to one's spouse (as opposed to all the other possible partners of the world). However, Buddhists understand "attachment" to mean "selfish attachment." Selfless "attachment"--including love for others (to the extent that this is truly "selfless")--is positive.

Buddhism--a religion without holy war?

One sometimes reads that there has never been a Buddhist holy war. However, a glance at the contemporary politics of Sri Lanka will find Buddhist monks regularly urging military action against that island's Tamil minority. Other historical examples could be cited, e.g. from Tibet and its relation to the Bön faith. On the whole however, there has been significantly fewer holy wars in the name of Buddhism than, for example, Christianity. Bön has typically been described as the shamanistic religion in Tibet before the arrival of Buddhism in the 7th century. ...

Sex Roles

All traditions of Buddhism describe or assume different roles for men and women (including monks and nuns). The resulting inequalities have led to predictable responses from feminists, especially Western nuns. An example would be the campaign to restore the bikhuni (fully-fledged nun's) ordination in Theravadin countries, where the move has met with intense social resistance.

Abortion

Main article: Religion and abortion

Buddha advised against the taking of conscious life, as he identified such activity as a cause of suffering. Buddhism generally asserts that conscious life begins before birth.^{[citation needed]} Therefore, many Buddhists consider abortion to be equivalent to infanticide^{[citation needed]}. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Media:Example. ... Statues of Buddha such as this, the Tian Tan Buddha statue in Hong Kong, remind followers to practice right living. ... In sociology and biology, infanticide is the practice of intentionally causing the death of an infant of a given species, by members of the same species - often by the mother. ...

Jizo statues at Zojo-ji temple in Tokyo

Mizuko kuyo (水子供養 — lit. "water-child memorial service"), or a memorial service held by or for those who have experienced a miscarriage, stillbirth, or abortion, has become widespread in Japan since the 1970s. Reasons for the performance of these rites can include parental grief, desire to comfort the soul of the fetus, or even fear of retribution from vengeful or wayward spirits. Originally, mizuko kuyo was used to make offerings to Jizo, a Bodhisattva who is believed to protect children. In the Edo period, when famine sometimes lead the poverty-stricken to infanticide and abortion, it was adapted. Today, mizuko kuyo continues, although it is debated whether it is be a considered an authentically Buddhist practice. Specifics of the ceremony vary from temple to temple, school to school, and individual to individual. It is common for temples to offer Jizo statues for a fee, which are then dressed in red bibs and caps, and displayed in the temple yard. Some modern services have come under criticism for allegedly preying upon the afformentioned Japanese belief regarding retaliation from the spirits of the dead. ^{[1] [2]} Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 1019 KB) Description: Zojoji-Temple in Minato, Tokyo. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 1019 KB) Description: Zojoji-Temple in Minato, Tokyo. ... Sangedatsu Gate at Zojoji little Jizo statues at the cemetery Sanen-zan Zojoji (三縁山増上寺: Zōjō-ji) is a Buddhist temple in the Shiba neighborhood of Minato-ku in Tokyo, Japan. ... Tokyo , literally Eastern capital)   is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace, the home of the Japanese Imperial Family, and the de facto[1] capital of Japan. ... Miscarriage or spontaneous abortion is the natural or accidental termination of a pregnancy at a stage where the embryo or the fetus is incapable of surviving, generally defined at a gestation of prior to 20 weeks. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, inclusive. ... Fetus at eight weeks For other uses, see Fetus (disambiguation). ... Sacrifice (from a Middle English verb meaning to make sacred, from Old French, from Latin sacrificium : sacer, sacred; sacred + facere, to make) is commonly known as the practice of offering food, or the lives of animals or people to the gods, as an act of propitiation or worship. ... Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva (地藏菩薩), often known in its Japanese name Jizō (地蔵) or Chinese name Dizang (地藏 Dìzàng), is a popular Mahayana Buddhist Bodhisattva, usually depicted as a monk. ... In Buddhist thought, a bodhisattva (Pali: bodhisatta; Simplified Chinese: , Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: púsà; Japanese: 菩薩 bosatsu; Korean: ë³´ì‚´ bosal ; Tibetan changchub sempa (byang-chub sems-dpa); Vietnamese: Bồ Tát; Thai: พระโพธิสัตว์) is a being who is dedicated to assisting all sentient beings in achieving complete Buddhahood. ... The following text needs to be harmonized with text in the article History of Japan#Edo Period. ... A famine is a social and economic crisis that is commonly accompanied by widespread malnutrition, starvation, epidemic disease and increased mortality. ... In sociology and biology, infanticide is the practice of intentionally causing the death of an infant of a given species, by members of the same species - often by the mother. ... The Buddha in Kamakura (1252). ... There are many divisions and subdivisions of the schools of Buddhism. ... The Buddhist temple Wat Chiang Man, in Chiang Mai, Thailand, which dates from the late 13th century Buddhist temples and monasteries, sorted by location. ...

Death Penalty

Main article: Religion and capital punishment

As a religion Buddhism places great emphasis on the sanctity of life. However there is disagreement among Buddhists as to whether or not Buddhism forbids the death penalty. The first of the Five Precepts (Panca-sila) is to abstain from destruction of life. Chapter 10 of the Dhammapada states: Most major world religions take ambiguous, hypocritical, and even self contradictory positions on the morality of capital punishment. ... This article is about the Buddhist concept; see Pancasila Indonesia for the Indonesian state philosophy. ... The Dhammapada (Pali, translates as Path of the Dharma. ...

Everyone fears punishment; everyone fears death, just as you do. Therefore do not kill or cause to kill. Everyone fears punishment; everyone loves life, as you do. Therefore do not kill or cause to kill.

Chapter 26, the final chapter of the Dhammapada, states "Him I call a brahmin who has put aside weapons and renounced violence toward all creatures. He neither kills nor helps others to kill". These sentences are interpreted by many Buddhists (especially in the West) as an injunction against supporting any legal measure which might lead to the death penalty. However, as is often the case with the interpretation of scripture, there is dispute on this matter. Thailand, where Buddhism is the official religion, practices the death penalty, as do many other countries where the majority of the population are Buddhist, such as Sri Lanka, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. Moreover, almost throughout history, countries where Buddhism has been the official religion (which have included most of the Far East and Indochina) have practiced the death penalty. One exception is the abolition of the death penalty by the Emperor Saga of Japan abolished in 818. This lasted until 1165, although in private manors executions conducted as a form of retaliation continued to be conducted. A Brahmin (anglicised from the Sanskrit word IAST ; Devanagari ), also known as Vipra, Dvija, Dvijottama (best of the Dvijas), (god on Earth) is a member of an upper caste within Hindu society. ... Buddhism (also known as Buddha Dharma, Pali: बुद्ध धम्म, the teachings of the awakened one) is a dharmic, non-theistic religion, a way of life, a practical philosophy, and a life-enhancing system of applied psychology. ... Korea (Korean: 한국 or ì¡°ì„ , see below) is a geographic area, civilization, and former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. ... The far east as a cultural block includes East Asia, Southeast Asia, Northeast Asia and South Asia. ... Indochina, or the Indochinese Peninsula, is a region in Southeast Asia. ... Emperor Saga (嵯峨天皇, Saga tennō) (786–842) was the 52nd imperial ruler of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. ... Events Bishop Theodulf of Orléans is deposed and imprisoned after getting involved in a conspiracy of Bernard, king of Italy, against Louis the Pious Births Deaths May 26 - Ali ar-Rida, Shia Imam Categories: 818 ... Events November 23 - Pope Alexander III enters Rome. ...

The first precept of Buddhism focuses mainly on direct participation in the destruction of life. This is one reason that the Buddha made a distinction between killing animals and eating meat, and refused to introduce vegetarianism into monastic practice (see Vegetarian section of Buddhism). In Jataka, which tell stories of the past lives of the Buddha, Boddisatva (a previous incarnation of the Buddha) actually kills someone to save another person's life, though because of this action, he was no longer able to achieve enlightenment in that particular life. Therefore, few (if any) Buddhist groups issue blanket decrees against Buddhists being soldiers, police officers or farmers (which in Buddhism is classified as a profession involved in destruction of life), and some argue that the death penalty is permissible in certain circumstances. In general, Buddhist groups in secular countries such as Japan, Korea and Taiwan tend to take anti-death penalty stance while those in Thailand, Sri Lanka and Bhutan where Buddhism has strong political influence, the opposite is true. Almost all Buddhist groups, however, oppose the use of the death penalty as a means of retribution. Media:Example. ... Buddhism (also known as Buddha Dharma, Pali: बुद्ध धम्म, the teachings of the awakened one) is a dharmic, non-theistic religion, a way of life, a practical philosophy, and a life-enhancing system of applied psychology. ... The Jataka stories are a significant body of works about the previous lives of Gautama Buddha. ... Retributive justice is a theory of criminal justice wherein punishments are justified on the grounds that the criminal has created an imbalance in the social order that must be addressed by action against the criminal. ...

Euthanasia

Main article: Euthanasia

In Theravada Buddhism, for a monk to praise the advantages of death including simply telling a person of the miseries of life or the bliss of dying and going to heaven in such a way that he/she might feel inspired to commit suicide or simply pine away to death is explictedly stated as a breach of one of highest vinaya code regarding prohibition of harming life, hence it will result in automatic expulsion from Sangha. In caring for the terminally ill, no one should subject a patient to treatment designed to bring on death faster than it would if the disease were simply allowed to run its course.[2] Euthanasia (from Greek: ευθανασία -ευ, eu, good, θανατος, thanatos, death) is the practice of terminating the life of a person or an animal because they are perceived as living an intolerable life, in a painless or minimally painful way either by lethal injection, drug overdose, or by the withdrawal of life support. ... Sangha is a word in Pali or Sanskrit that can be translated roughly as association or assembly. It is commonly used in several senses to refer to Buddhist or Jain groups. ...

Homosexuality

Main article: Homosexuality and Buddhism

In Buddhism, the third of the Five Precepts states that one is to refrain from sexual misconduct. Among the many interpretations of what constitutes "sexual misconduct" are: sex outside of marriage (a relatively modern idea), sex with another person without the consent of your life partner, or the historically prevalent view that it was limited to describe rape, incest, and bestiality. Among Buddhists there is a wide diversity of opinion about homosexuality. ... Buddhism (also known as Buddha Dharma, Pali: बुद्ध धम्म, the teachings of the awakened one) is a dharmic, non-theistic religion, a way of life, a practical philosophy, and a life-enhancing system of applied psychology. ... Buddhism (also known as Buddha Dharma, Pali: बुद्ध धम्म, the teachings of the awakened one) is a dharmic, non-theistic religion, a way of life, a practical philosophy, and a life-enhancing system of applied psychology. ... Sexual misconduct is misconduct of a sexual nature. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Look up Bestiality in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

No Buddhist school prior to the European Imperialism that began largely around the 17th Century had ever described homosexuality as "sexual misconduct". Traditionally, however, monks of the Theravada and most Mahayana schools are expected to be celibate and restrain themselves from all sexual activity. However, Buddhist functionaries, or "priests", of the Vajrayana and many Korean and Japanese schools are allowed to marry. (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Theravada (Pāli: theravāda; Sanskrit: sthaviravāda; literally, the Way of the Elders) is the oldest surviving Buddhist school, and for many centuries has been the predominant religion of Sri Lanka (about 70% of the population[1]) and continental Southeast Asia (parts of southwest China, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Malaysia... Relief image of the bodhisattva Kuan Yin from Mt. ... Chinese :   金剛乘   jin gang cheng A mandala used in Vajrayana Buddhist practices. ...

Buddhist schools condemning homosexuality for laypersons is a recent development with no scriptural basis. The closest would be a few Buddhists who equated homosexuality to a disability, or to being a transvestite, but there was no condemnation in any real sense (see also [1]). Buddhist leaders throughout Asia accepted or even sanctified homosexuality. For a discussion of the history and current usage of the term transvestite, see transvestism. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ...

During the 1990's, the Dalai Lama debated American gay activists over certain Buddhist scriptural admonitions against homosexuality (or more specifically, the use of the "wrong orifice"). The Dalai Lama seemed confused over the demands of the activists, that he somehow abrogate what he saw simply as statements of karmic law from the Buddhist scriptures. Whether to follow the advice or not was up to the individual practitioner.

Vegetarianism

Main article: Vegetarianism in Buddhism

(The part on Vegetarianism of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion) The first lay precept in Buddhism is usually translated as I undertake the precept to refrain from destroying living creatures. ...

Many Buddhists, especially in East Asia, believe that Buddhism teaches vegetarianism. While Buddhist theory tends to lump killing animals together with killing people (and avoids the conclusion that killing can sometimes be ethical, e.g. defense of others), as a practical matter most Buddhists do eat meat. In Theravada countries, monks must accept whatever food is offered them. (Buddha himself seems to have died from eating rancid pork.) Vegetarian Tibetans are rare indeed (and not only for lack of vegetables in Tibet, since Tibetan exile monks in India actually consume more meat). The Dalai Lama (who himself tried to become a vegetarian but caught Hepatitis B and had to stop) once engaged in an amusing ethical discussion with Theravadan Buddhists, who believed that as long as one was determined to eat meat, seafood was preferable to red meat. The Dalai Lama responded that one bowl of shrimp would kill multitudes of sentient beings, but one sheep or cow would feed many people! Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Vegetarianism For plant-eating, non-human animals, see Herbivore. ... Theravada (Pāli: theravāda; Sanskrit: sthaviravāda; literally, the Way of the Elders) is the oldest surviving Buddhist school, and for many centuries has been the predominant religion of Sri Lanka (about 70% of the population[1]) and continental Southeast Asia (parts of southwest China, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Malaysia... Tenzin Gyatso is the fourteenth and current Dalai Lama. ... Hepatitis B is a disease of the liver caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a member of the Hepadnavirus family[1] and one of several unrelated viral species which cause viral hepatitis. ...

The first lay precept in Buddhism is usually translated as "I undertake the precept to refrain from destroying living creatures." Many see this as implying that Buddhists should not eat the meat of animals. However, this is not necessarily the case. There is a divergence of views within Buddhism on the need for vegetarianism, with the majority of schools of Buddhism rejecting such a claimed need and with most Buddhists in fact eating meat. A minority of Mahayana Buddhists, however, strongly oppose meat-eating on certain scriptural grounds. Pancasila or pañca-sila is the fundamental code of Buddhist ethics, willingly undertaken by lay followers of Gautama Buddha. ... Relief image of the bodhisattva Kuan Yin from Mt. ...

In the Pali version of the Tripitaka, there are number of occasions in which the Buddha ate meat as well as recommending certain types of meat as a cure for medical conditions. On one occasion, a general sent a servant to purchase meat specifically to feed the Buddha. The Buddha declared that Pāli is a Middle Indo-Aryan dialect or prakrit. ... The Tripitaka (Sanskrit, lit. ...

meat should not be eaten under three circumstances: when it is seen or heard or suspected (that a living being has been purposely slaughtered for the eater); these, Jivaka, are the three circumstances in which meat should not be eaten, Jivaka! I declare there are three circumstances in which meat can be eaten: when it is not seen or heard or suspected (that a living being has been purposely slaughtered for the eater); Jivaka, I say these are the three circumstances in which meat can be eaten.

-- Jivaka Sutta

The Buddha, on one particular occasion, specifically refused suggestions by a monk to institute vegetarianism in Sangha. According to Kassapa Buddha (a previous Buddha of legend not Shakyamuni Buddha) "[t]aking life, beating, wounding, binding, stealing, lying, deceiving, worthless knowledge, adultery; this is stench. Not the eating of meat." (Amagandha Sutta). There were, however, rules prohibiting consumption of 10 types of meat. Those are humans, elephants, horses, dogs, snakes, lions, tigers, leopards, bears and hyenas because these animals can be provoked by the smell of the flesh of their own kind. Sangha is a word in Pali or Sanskrit that can be translated roughly as association or assembly. It is commonly used in several senses to refer to Buddhist or Jain groups. ...

Theravada commentaries explain the Buddha was making distinction between direct destruction of life and eating of already dead meat. Moreover, they point out that any act of consumption would involve proxy killing, including the farming of crops, so the idea that meat eating amounted to proxy killing while eating vegetables does not is ignorance. For this reason, they discourage gluttony or any other act of craving which lead to over consumption. However, some Therevadan monks suggest that it is possible to make some case for vegetarianism starting from brahmavihara. Interestingly, that is how Mahayana Buddhism makes the case for vegetarianism. Brahmaviharā (Pali and Sanskrit) can be translated as Sublime Attitudes or Abodes of God. ...

There is no mention of Buddha endorsing or repudiating vegetarianism in surviving portions of Sanskrit Tripitaka. Moreover, no major Mahayana sutras explicitly declare that meat eating violates the first precept. However, certain Mahayana sutras vigorously and unreservedly denounce the eating of meat, mainly on the ground that such an act violates the bodhisattva's compassion. The sutras which inveigh against meat-eating include the Nirvana Sutra, the Shurangama Sutra, the Brahmajala Sutra, the Angulimaliya Sutra, the Mahamegha Sutra, and the Lankavatara Sutra, as well as the Buddha's comments on the negative karmic effects of meat consumption in the Karma Sutra. In the Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra, which presents itself as the final elucidatory and definitive Mahayana teachings of the Buddha on the very eve of his death, the Buddha states that "the eating of meat extinguishes the seed of Great Kindness", adding that all and every kind of meat and fish consumption (even of animals found already dead) is prohibited by him. He specifically rejects the idea that monks who go out begging and receive meat from a donor should eat it: ". . . it should be rejected . . . I say that even meat, fish, game, dried hooves and scraps of meat left over by others constitutes an infraction . . . I teach the harm arising from meat-eating." The Buddha also predicts in this sutra that later monks will "hold spurious writings to be the authentic Dharma" and will concoct their own sutras and lyingly claim that the Buddha allows the eating of meat, whereas in fact he says he does not. A long passage in the Lankavatara Sutra shows the Buddha speaking out very forcefully against meat consumption and unequivocally in favor of vegetarianism, since the eating of the flesh of fellow sentient beings is said by him to be incompatible with the compassion that a Bodhisattva should strive to cultivate. In several other Mahayana scriptures, too (e.g., the Mahayana jatakas), the Buddha is seen clearly to indicate that meat-eating is undesirable and karmically unwholesome. Mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that began to be compiled from the first century BCE. They form the basis of the various Mahayana schools, and survive either as original texts in Sanskrit and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit or as primary translations in Chinese and Tibetan, with... Nirvana Sutra or Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra (Chinese: Niepan Jing (涅槃經); Japanese: Nehangyō (涅槃経)) is one of the major texts of Mahāyāna Buddhism. ... The Lankavatara Sutra is one of the most important sacred texts of Mahayana Buddhism. ... The Jatakas form a part of Buddhist canonical literature. ...

More to read:

• Buddhism & Vegetarianism by Ajahn Jagaro (John Cianciosi)
• Meat, Garlic and Onions: An Analysis of Eating Restrictions in Buddhist Culture By Nick Kembel
• Chatral Rinpoche's Steadfast Commitment to Ethics

See also

• Forgiveness in Buddhism
• Ethic of reciprocity

Rembrandt - The Return of the Prodigal Son Forgiveness is the mental and/or spiritual process of ceasing to feel resentment or anger against another person for a perceived offence, difference or mistake, or ceasing to demand punishment or restitution. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

References

1. ^ Page Brookes, Anne. (1981). Mizuko kuyō and Japanese Buddhism.. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 8 (3-4), 119–47. Retreived 2006-04-02.
2. ^ Martin, Elaine. (1996). Rethinking the Practice of Mizuko Kuyo in Contemporary Japan: Interviews with Practitioners at a Buddhist Temple in Tokyo. Retrieved 2006-04-03.

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