A building code, or building control, is a set of rules that specify the minimum acceptable level of safety for constructed objects such as buildings and nonbuilding structures. The main purpose of the building codes is to protect public health, safety and general welfare as they relate to the construction and occupancy of buildings and structures. The building code becomes law of a particular jurisdiction when formally enacted by the appropriate authority. Old Executive Office Building, Washington D.C. Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong, China In architecture, construction, engineering and real estate development the word building may refer to one of the following: Any man-made structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy, or An... Nonbuilding structures, also referred to simply as structures, are those not designed for continuous human occupancy. ... For other uses, see Law (disambiguation). ... Look up Act on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Act may refer to: in law, a written document that attests the legality of the transaction. ...

Building codes are generally intended to be applied by architects and engineers, but are also used for various purposes by safety inspectors, environmental scientists, real estate developers, contractors and subcontractors, manufacturers of building products and materials, insurance companies, facility managers, tenants, and others. For other uses, see Architect (disambiguation). ... Look up engineer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Environmental science is the science of the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment, including their effects on all types of organisms. ... Real estate is a legal term that encompasses land along with anything permanently affixed to the land, such as buildings. ... Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. ... A tenant (from the Latin tenere, to hold), in legal contexts, holds real property by some form of title from a landlord. ...

There are often additional codes or sections of the same building code that have more specific requirements that apply to dwellings and special construction objects such as canopies, signs, pedestrian walkways, parking lots, radio and television antennas. A dwelling is a structure in which humans or other animals live. ... Look up Pedestrian in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A Yagi-Uda beam antenna Short Wave Curtain Antenna (Moosbrunn, Austria) A building rooftop supporting numerous dish and sectored mobile telecommunications antennas (Doncaster, Victoria, Australia) An antenna is a transducer designed to transmit or receive radio waves which are a class of electromagnetic waves. ...

Types of building codes

The practice of developing, approving, and enforcing building codes varies considerably among nations. In some countries building codes are developed by the government agencies or quasi-governmental standards organizations and then enforced across the country by the central government. Such codes are known as the national building codes (in a sense they enjoy a mandatory nation-wide application). Standards Organizations are bodies, organizations and institutions that produce, and in some cases measure, standards. ... Central government or the national government (or, in federal states, the federal government) is the government at the level of the nation-state. ...

In other countries, where the power of regulating construction and fire safety is vested in local authorities, a system of model building codes is used. Model building codes have no legal status unless adopted or adapted by an authority having jurisdiction. The developers of model codes urge public authorities to reference model codes in their laws, ordinances, regulations, and administrative orders. When referenced in any of these legal instruments, a particular model code becomes law. This practice is known as adoption by reference. When an adopting authority decides to delete, add, or revise any portions of the model code adopted, it is usually required by the model code developer to follow a formal adoption procedure in which those modifications can be documented for legal purposes. For other uses, see Safety (disambiguation). ... Local governments are administrative offices of an area smaller than a state. ... A model building code is a building code that is developed and maintained by a standards organization independent of the jurisdiction responsible for enacting the building code. ... A model building code is a building code that is developed and maintained by a standards organization independent of the jurisdiction responsible for enacting the building code. ... A model building code is a building code that is developed and maintained by a standards organization independent of the jurisdiction responsible for enacting the building code. ...

There are instances when some local jurisdictions choose to develop their own building codes. For example, at some point in time all major cities in the United States had their own building codes as part of their municipal codes. Since having its own building code can be very expensive for a municipality, many have decided to adopt model codes instead. Only the cities of New York and Chicago continue to use the building codes they developed on their own; yet these codes also include multiple references to model codes, such as the National Electrical Code. Additionally, New York City is currently working to modify and apply the International Building Code for the city in a massive Model Code Program. Local governments are administrative offices of an area smaller than a state. ... A municipality is an administrative entity composed of a clearly defined territory and its population and commonly referring to a city, town, or village, or a small grouping of them. ... A model building code is a building code that is developed and maintained by a standards organization independent of the jurisdiction responsible for enacting the building code. ... This article is about the state. ... Nickname: Motto: Urbs in Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location in the Chicago metro area and Illinois Coordinates: , Country State Counties Cook, DuPage Settled 1770s Incorporated March 4, 1837 Government  - Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Area  - City  234. ... A model building code is a building code that is developed and maintained by a standards organization independent of the jurisdiction responsible for enacting the building code. ... The National Electric Code Handbook, 2005 edition The National Electrical Code (NEC), or NFPA 70, is a U.S. standard for the safe installation of electrical wiring and equipment. ... The International Building Code (IBC) is a model building code developed by the International Code Council (ICC). ...

Similarly, in India, each municipality and urban development authority has its own building code, which is mandatory for all construction within their jurisdiction. All these local building codes are variants of a National Building Code, which serves as model code proving guidelines for regulating building construction activity.

Building codes do not carry copyrights. They are public law. The supreme court ruled in 2005 in a case named Veeck vs the Southern Building Code that the codes may be posted freely.

Scope

Building codes generally include:

• Structural safety: buildings should be strong enough to resist internally and externally applied forces without collapsing;
• Fire safety: includes requirements to prevent the fire spread to/from neighbours, provide warning of occupants, and safe exiting of building, limitation on fire spread, and provisions for fire suppression/fire fighting;
• Health requirements: adequate washrooms, adequate air circulation, and plumbing materials.

Some building codes sometimes include requirements for: Taipei 101, the worlds tallest building as of 2004. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Fire fighting is the act of carrying out procedures to extinguish an unwanted fire. ... A repair locker hose team aboard USS John F. Kennedy (CV 67) combats a controlled fire on the mobile aircraft firefighting training device May 2, 2006. ... HVAC may also stand for High-voltage alternating current HVAC systems use ventilation air ducts installed throughout a building that supply conditioned air to a room through rectangular or round outlet vents, called diffusers; and ducts that remove air from return-air grilles Fire-resistance rated mechanical shaft with HVAC... A plumber wrench for working on pipes and fittings A complex arrangement of rigid steel piping, stop valves regulate flow to various parts of the building. ...

• Noise mitigation to protect building occupants from noise pollution (see Noise regulation)
• Accessibility: requirements to ensure that a building is accessible for persons in wheelchairs or having other disabilities.
• Energy conservation, either by prescribing design requirements for the building envelope, heating & cooling equipment, lighting load, etc., or by requiring the building to meet specified energy performance standards (typically expressed as the maximum energy use per unit floor area). The Indian Energy Conservation Building Code provides a choice to building designers to use either of the two approaches.
• Indoor air quality

Building codes generally do not include: Noise mitigation is a set of strategies to reduce unwanted environmental sound. ... Noise pollution (or environmental noise in technical venues) is displeasing human or machine created sound that disrupts the environment. ... Noise regulation includes statutes or guidelines relating to sound transmission established by national, state or provincial and municipal levels of government. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Look up disability in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For the physical concepts, see conservation of energy and energy efficiency. ... The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC), currently in draft form, specifies the energy performance requirements for all commercial buildings that are to be constructed in India. ... Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) deals with the content of interior air that could affect health and comfort of building occupants. ...

• Aesthetics: Any regulation of the aesthetics of buildings are usually included in zoning by-laws;
• Traffic convenience: Limitations on traffic flow are usually either in zoning or other municipal by-laws;
• Building Use: the safe use of a building is generally in the Fire code; or
• Required upgrades for existing building: unless the building is being renovated the building code usually does not apply.

Building codes include: The Parthenons facade showing an interpretation of golden rectangles in its proportions. ... A typical zoning map; this one identifies the zones, or development districts, in the city of Ontario, California Zoning is a North American term for a system of land-use regulation. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... A typical zoning map; this one identifies the zones, or development districts, in the city of Ontario, California Zoning is a North American term for a system of land-use regulation. ... Fire safety is a component of Building Safety. ...

• specifications on components;
• allowable installation methodologies;
• minimum and maximum room and exit sizes and location;
• qualification of individuals or corporations doing the work.

Any high structure can be an obstacle for aircraft, and must therefore often be marked. Specification may refer to several different concepts: Specification (standards) refers to specific standards Specificatio - a legal concept Specification (regression) refers to the practice of translating theory into a regression model Category: ...

These requirements are usually a combination of prescriptive requirements that spell out exactly how something is to be done, and performance requirements which just outline what the required level of performance is and leave it up to the designer how this is achieved. Historically they are very reactive in that when a problem occurs the building codes change to ensure that the problem never happens again. In recent years there has been a move amongst most of the building codes to move to more performance requirements and less prescriptive requirements. All Saints Chapel in the Cathedral Basilica of St. ...

Traditionally building codes were generally long complex interrelated sets of rules. They generally included reference to hundreds of other codes, standards and guidelines that specify the details of the component or system design, specify testing requirements for components, or outline good engineering practice. These detailed codes required a great deal of specialization to interpret, and also greatly constrained change and innovation in building design. In recent years several countries, beginning with Australia, have moved to much shorter objective based buildings codes. Rather than prescribing specific details, objective codes lists a series of objectives all buildings must meet while leaving open how these objectives will be met. When applying for a building permit the designers must demonstrate how they meet each objective.like the little slut thaat u hoes are “Standard” redirects here. ...

History

Building codes have a long history. What is generally accepted as the first building code was in the Code of Hammurabi which specified: An inscription of the Code of Hammurabi. ...

• 229. If a builder build a house for some one, and does not construct it properly, and the house which he built fall in and kill its owner, then that builder shall be put to death.
• 230. If it kill the son of the owner the son of that builder shall be put to death.
• 231. If it kill a slave of the owner, then he shall pay slave for slave to the owner of the house.
• 232. If it ruin goods, he shall make compensation for all that has been ruined, and inasmuch as he did not construct properly this house which he built and it fell, he shall re-erect the house from his own means.
• 233. If a builder build a house for some one, even though he has not yet completed it; if then the walls seem toppling, the builder must make the walls solid from his own means.

Nineteenth-century building laws

The great changes in societies in Europe, the Industrial Revolution, the end of slavery in the United States, and immigration to the United States brought about the enactment of a number of building laws during the nineteenth century. For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... A Watt steam engine, the steam engine that propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. ... Slave redirects here. ...

England

The most important statutes of this kind in England were the London Building Act of 1894 and the Public Health Act of 1875.[1]The Metropolitan Buildings Office was established in 1845. The Metropolitan Buildings Office was formed in 1845 to regulate the construction and use of buildings in the metropolitan area of London. ...

France

In Paris, great blocks of apartments were erected under the Second Empire (1852-70).[2]The height of buildings was limited by law, so they were usually five or six stories at most. Map of the French Second Empire Capital Paris Language(s) French Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1852-1870 Napoleon III Legislature Parliament  - Upper house Senate  - Lower house Corps législatif History  - French coup of 1851 December 2 1851  - Established 1852  - Disestablished September 4, 1870 Currency French Franc The Second French Empire or...

Germany and Austria

Germany and Austria generally followed the French plan.

United States

In the United States such matters were usually regulated by city ordinances. In general, the interference of such statutes with the property rights of the citizen was justified by consideration of public policy. Specifically their object was to secure proper sanitary conditions and to diminish the frequency and disastrous consequences of fires in cities.[3]In the United States the constitutionality of such legislative interference with property rights has been sustained as coming within the police powers of Congress and of the several States.[4]] Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate President pro tempore Dick Cheney, (R) since January 20, 2001 Robert C. Byrd, (D) since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political...

Publications

• Emden, Law Relating to Building (London, 1895)
• Ash, Building Code of New York City (New York, 1899)
• J. A. Riis, A Ten Years' War (Boston, 1900)
• E. R. L. Gould, Housing of the Working People (Washington, 1895)
• J. S. Nettlefold, Practical Housing (London, 1910)
• Georges Risler, Housing of the Working Classes in France (San Francisco, 1915)

Jacob Riis in 1906 Jacob August Riis (May 3, 1849 - May 26, 1914), a Danish-American muckraker journalist, photographer, and social reformer, was born in Ribe, Denmark. ...

See also

• Building Regulations - United Kingdom equivalent of building codes.
• Model building code
• International Building Code
• Building construction
• List of construction topics
• Variance (land use) - permission to vary zoning and sometimes building to code