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A foundation is a structure that transfers loads to the ground. Foundations are generally broken into two categories: shallow foundations and deep foundations. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
An architectural structure is a free-standing or guy anchored manmade outdoor construction for permanent use. ...
Deep foundations are foundations for structures and/or other heavy loads that circumvent weak or compressible soil layers to provide adequate support for the aforementioned structures or loads. ...
Shallow foundations
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Main article: shallow foundation Shallow foundations are usually embedded a few feet into soil. One common type is the spread footing which consists of strips or pads of concrete (or other materials) which extend below the frost line and transfer the weight from walls and columns to the soil or bedrock. Another common type is the slab-on-grade foundation where the weight of the building is transferred to the soil through a concrete slab placed at the surface. For the American hard rock band, see Soil (band). ...
The frost line is the level down to which the soil will normally freeze each winter in a given area. ...
Concrete being poured, raked and vibrated into place in residential construction in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ...
Deep foundations -
Deep foundations are used to transfer a load from a structure through an upper weak layer of soil to a stronger deeper layer of soil. There are different types of deep foundations including piles, drilled shafts, caissons, piers, and earth stabilized columns. The naming conventions for different types of foundations vary between different engineers. Historically, piles were wood, later steel, reinforced concrete, and pre-tensioned concrete. Sometimes these foundations penetrate bedrock. A deep foundation installation for a bridge in Napa, California. ...
Trunks A tree trunk as found at the Veluwe, The Netherlands Wood is a solid material derived from woody plants, notably trees but also shrubs. ...
The steel cable of a colliery winding tower. ...
Reinforced concrete at Sainte Jeanne dArc Church (Nice, France): architect Jacques Dror, 1926–1933 Reinforced concrete, also called ferroconcrete in some countries, is concrete in which reinforcement bars (rebars) or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen a material that would otherwise be brittle. ...
Concrete is strong in compression but weak and structurally unreliable in tension. ...
Bedrock is the native consolidated rock underlying the Earths surface. ...
Design Foundations are designed to have an adequate load capacity with limited settlement by a geotechnical engineer, and the foundation itself is designed structurally by a structural engineer. Bostons Big Dig presented geotechnical challenges in an urban environment. ...
Structural engineer is an individual who practices structural engineering. ...
The primary design concerns are settlement and bearing capacity. When considering settlement, total settlement and differential settlement is normally considered. Differential settlement is when one part of a foundation settles more than another part. This can cause problems to the structure the foundation is supporting. It is necessary that a foundation is not loaded beyond its bearing capacity or the foundation will "fail". Timber frame building showing considerable, but tolerable settlement Settlement in construction refers to the distortion or disruption of parts of a building due to either; unequal compression of its foundations, shrinkage such as that which occurs in timber framed buildings as the frame adjusts its moisture content, or by undue...
In geotechnical engineering, bearing capacity is the capacity of soil to support the loads applied to the ground. ...
Other design considerations include scour and frost heave. Scour is when flowing water removes supporting soil from around a foundation (like a pier supporting a bridge over a river). Frost heave occurs when water in the ground freezes to form ice lenses. Frost heaving (or frost heave) occurs when soil expands and contracts due to freezing and thawing. ...
Changes in soil moisture can cause expansive clay to swell and shrink. This swelling can vary across the footing due to seasonal changes or the effects of vegetation removing moisture. The variation in swell can cause the soil to distort, cracking the structure over it. This is a particular problem for house footings in semi-arid climates such as South Australia, Southwestern US, Israel, and South Africa where wet winters are followed by hot dry summers. Raft slabs with inherent stiffness have been developed in Australia with capabilities to resist this movement. There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...
Capital Adelaide Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Marjorie Jackson-Nelson Premier Mike Rann (ALP) Federal representation - House seats 11 - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05) - Product ($m) $59,819 (5th) - Product per capita $38,838/person (7th) Population (End of September 2006) - Population 1,558,200 (5th) - Density 1. ...
Regional definitions vary from source to source. ...
When structures are built in areas of permafrost, special consideration must be given to the thermal effect the structure will have on the permafrost. Generally, the structure is designed in a way that tries to prevent the permafrost from melting. In geology, permafrost or permafrost soil is a thermal condition where ground material stays at or below 0°C for two or more years. ...
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