?Bulbuls
Light-vented Bulbul, Pycnonotus sinensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Pycnonotidae
Genera
See text. Image File history File links My own photo File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Binomial name Pycnonotus sinensis (Gmelin, 1789) The Light-vented Bulbul (also Chinese Bulbul), Pycnonotus sinensis, is a bird and a member of the bulbul family. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. ... Phyla Placozoa (trichoplax) Orthonectida (orthonectids) Rhombozoa (dicyemids) Subregnum Parazoa Porifera (sponges) Subregnum Eumetazoa Radiata (unranked) (radial symmetry) Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria (coral, jellyfish, anemones) Bilateria (unranked) (bilateral symmetry) Acoelomorpha (basal) Myxozoa (slime animals) Superphylum Deuterostomia (blastopore becomes anus) Chordata (vertebrates, etc. ... {{{subdivision_ranks}}} See below Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates. ... Orders Many - see section below. ... Families Many, see text A passerine is a bird of the giant order Passeriformes. ...

Bulbuls (Pycnonotidae) are a family of medium-sized passerine songbirds resident in Africa and tropical Asia. There are about 130 species. In biological classification, family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is 1) a rank or 2) a taxon in that rank. ... Families Many, see text A passerine is a bird of the giant order Passeriformes. ... A songbird is a bird belonging to the suborder Oscines of Passeriformes (ca. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ...

These are mostly frugivorous birds. Some are colorful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throat or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive brown to black plumage. Some have very distinct crests. This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Orders Many - see section below. ...

These are noisy and gregarious birds with often beautiful striking songs.

Many of these species inhabit tree tops, while some are restricted to the undergrowth. Up to five purple-pink eggs are laid in an open tree nests and incubated by the female.

The Red-whiskered Bulbul, Pycnonotus jocosus, has been widely introduced to tropical and subtropical areas, for example southern Florida, USA. Binomial name Pycnonotus jocosus (Linnaeus,, 1758) The Red-whiskered Bulbul, Pycnonotus jocosus, is a member of the bulbul family. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Systematics

The traditional layout was to divide the bulbuls into 4 groups, named Pycnonotus, Phyllastrephus, Criniger, and Chlorocichla groups after characteristic genera (Delacour, 1943). However, more recent analyses demonstrated that this arrangement was probably based on erroneous interpretation of characters:

Studies of the mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence found that five species of Phyllastrephus did not belong to the bulbuls, but to an enigmatic group of songbirds from Madagascar instead (Cibois et al., 2001; see below for the species in question). Similarly, analysis of DNA sequences of the RAG1 and RAG2 genes suggests that the genus Nicator was not a bulbul either (Beresford et al., 2005). That the previous arrangement had failed to take into account biogeography was indicated by the study of Pasquet et al. (2001) who demonstrated the genus Criniger must be divided into an African and an Asian (Alophoixus) lineage. Using analysis of 2 mitochondrial and one nuclear DNA sequences, Moyle & Marks (2006) found one largely Asian lineage and one African group of genera; the Golden Greenbul seemed to be very distinct and form a group of its own. Some taxa are not monophyletic, and more research is necessary to determine relationships within the larger genera. // Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is DNA that is located in mitochondria. ... CoQ Cytochrome c reductase The Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase complex, sometimes called the cytochrome bc1 complex, and at other times Complex III, is the third complex in the electron transfer chain (PDB 1KYO, EC 1. ... part of a DNA sequence A DNA sequence (sometimes genetic sequence) is a succession of letters representing the primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA molecule or strand, The possible letters are A, C, G, and T, representing the four nucleotide subunits of a DNA strand (adenine, cytosine, guanine... The recombination activating genes encode enzymes that play an important role in the rearrangement and recombination of the genes of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor molecules during the process of VDJ recombination. ... The recombination activating genes encode enzymes that play an important role in the rearrangement and recombination of the genes of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor molecules during the process of VDJ recombination. ... Biogeography is the science which deals with patterns of species distribution and the processes that result in such patterns. ... Nuclear DNA is DNA contained within a nucleus of eukaryotic organisms. ... In phylogenetics, a group is monophyletic (Greek: of one stem) if all organisms in that group are known to have developed from a common ancestral form, and all descendants of that form are included in the group. ...

Family Pycnonotidae

• Genus Pycnonotus (paraphyletic)
  • "Ancient" Asian bulbuls
  • Black-headed Bulbul, Pycnonotus atriceps
  • Puff-backed Bulbul, Pycnonotus eutilotus
  • Black-and-white Bulbul, Pycnonotus melanoleucus
  • Pycnonotus proper
  • Black-crested Bulbul, Pycnonotus melanicterus
  • Grey-bellied Bulbul, Pycnonotus cyaniventris
  • Spectacled Bulbul, Pycnonotus erythropthalmos
  • Straw-headed Bulbul, Pycnonotus zeylanicus
  • Red-eyed Bulbul, Pycnonotus brunneus
  • Olive-winged Bulbul, Pycnonotus plumosus
  • Yellow-vented Bulbul, Pycnonotus goiavier
  • Common Bulbul, Pycnonotus barbatus
  • Black-fronted Bulbul, Pycnonotus nigricans
  • White-cheeked Bulbul, Pycnonotus leucogenys
  • Unassigned
  • Striated Bulbul, Pycnonotus striatus
  • Cream-striped Bulbul, Pycnonotus leucogrammicus
  • Spot-necked Bulbul, Pycnonotus tympanistrigus
  • Grey-headed Bulbul, Pycnonotus priocephalus
  • Styan's Bulbul, Pycnonotus taivanus
  • Scaly-breasted Bulbul, Pycnonotus squamatus
  • Red-whiskered Bulbul, Pycnonotus jocosus
  • Brown-breasted Bulbul, Pycnonotus xanthorrhous
  • Light-vented Bulbul, Pycnonotus sinensis
  • Cape Bulbul, Pycnonotus capensis
  • White-spectacled Bulbul, Pycnonotus xanthopygos
  • White-eared Bulbul, Pycnonotus leucotis
  • Red-vented Bulbul, Pycnonotus cafer
  • Sooty-headed Bulbul, Pycnonotus aurigaster
  • Blue-wattled Bulbul, Pycnonotus nieuwenhuisii (disputed)
  • Yellow-wattled Bulbul, Pycnonotus urostictus
  • Orange-spotted Bulbul, Pycnonotus bimaculatus
  • Stripe-throated Bulbul, Pycnonotus finlaysoni
  • Yellow-throated Bulbul, Pycnonotus xantholaemus
  • Yellow-eared Bulbul, Pycnonotus penicillatus
  • Flavescent Bulbul, Pycnonotus flavescens
  • White-browed Bulbul, Pycnonotus luteolus
  • Streak-eared Bulbul, Pycnonotus blanfordi
  • Cream-vented Bulbul, Pycnonotus simplex

• Genus Spizixos
  • Crested Finchbill, Spizixos canifrons
  • Collared Finchbill, Spizixos semitorques

• Genus Tricholestes
  • Hairy-backed Bulbul, Tricholestes criniger

• Genus Setornis
  • Hook-billed Bulbul, Setornis criniger

• Genus Alophoixus (possibly polyphyletic)
  • Finsch's Bulbul, Alophoixus finschii
  • White-throated Bulbul, Alophoixus flaveolus
  • Puff-throated Bulbul, Alophoixus pallidus
  • Ochraceous Bulbul, Alophoixus ochraceus
  • Gray-cheeked Bulbul, Alophoixus bres
  • Yellow-bellied Bulbul, Alophoixus phaeocephalus
  • Golden Bulbul, Alophoixus affinis

• Genus Iole
  • Olive Bulbul, Iole virescens
  • Grey-eyed Bulbul, Iole propinqua
  • Buff-vented Bulbul, Iole olivacea
  • Yellow-browed Bulbul, Iole indica

• Genus Hemixos
  • Ashy Bulbul, Hemixos flavala
  • Chestnut Bulbul, Hemixos castanonotus

• Genus Ixos (paraphyletic)
  • Close to Hemixos
  • Streaked Bulbul, Ixos malaccensis
  • Close to Hypsipetes
  • Philippine Bulbul, Ixos philippinus
  • Unassigned
  • Sulphur-bellied Bulbul, Ixos palawanensis
  • Streak-breasted Bulbul, Ixos siquijorensis
  • Yellowish Bulbul, Ixos everetti
  • Zamboanga Bulbul, Ixos rufigularis
  • Mountain Bulbul, Ixos mcclellandii
  • Sunda Bulbul, Ixos virescens

• Genus Microscelis
  • Brown-eared Bulbul, Microscelis amaurotis (sometimes included in Ixos)

• Genus Hypsipetes
  • Madagascar Bulbul, Hypsipetes madagascariensis
  • Black Bulbul, Hypsipetes leucocephalus
  • Seychelles Bulbul, Hypsipetes crassirostris
  • Comoro Bulbul, Hypsipetes parvirostris
  • Reunion Bulbul, Hypsipetes borbonicus
  • Mauritius Bulbul, Hypsipetes olivaceus
  • Nicobar Bulbul, Hypsipetes virescens
  • White-headed Bulbul, Hypsipetes thompsoni

• Genus Calyptocichla
  • Golden Greenbul, Calyptocichla serina

• Genus Phyllastrephus
  • Leaf-love Greenbul, Phyllastrephus scandens
  • Cabanis' Greenbul, Phyllastrephus cabanisi
  • Fischer's Greenbul, Phyllastrephus fischeri
  • Placid Greenbul, Phyllastrephus placidus
  • Terrestrial Brownbul, Phyllastrephus terrestris
  • Northern Brownbul, Phyllastrephus strepitans
  • Pale-olive Greenbul, Phyllastrephus fulviventris
  • Gray-olive Greenbul, Phyllastrephus cerviniventris
  • Baumann's Greenbul, Phyllastrephus baumanni
  • Toro Olive Greenbul, Phyllastrephus hypochloris
  • Cameroon Olive Greenbul, Phyllastrephus poensis
  • Sassi's Greenbul, Phyllastrephus lorenzi
  • Yellow-streaked Bulbul, Phyllastrephus flavostriatus
  • Grey-headed Greenbul, Phyllastrephus poliocephalus
  • Tiny Greenbul, Phyllastrephus debilis
  • White-throated Greenbul, Phyllastrephus albigularis
  • Icterine Greenbul, Phyllastrephus icterinus
  • Liberian Greenbul, Phyllastrephus leucolepis
  • Xavier's Greenbul, Phyllastrephus xavieri

• Genus Andropadus (possibly polyphyletic)
  • Cameroon Mountain Greenbul, Andropadus montanus
  • Shelley's Greenbul, Andropadus masukuensis
  • Little Greenbul, Andropadus virens
  • Grey Greenbul, Andropadus gracilis
  • Ansorge's Greenbul, Andropadus ansorgei
  • Plain Greenbul, Andropadus curvirostris
  • Slender-billed Greenbul, Andropadus gracilirostris
  • Sombre Greenbul, Andropadus importunus
  • Yellow-whiskered Bulbul, Andropadus latirostris
  • Western Mountain Greenbul, Andropadus tephrolaemus
  • Eastern Mountain Greenbul, Andropadus nigriceps
  • Stripe-cheeked Bulbul, Andropadus milanjensis

• Genus Criniger
  • Red-tailed Greenbul, Criniger calurus
  • Western Bearded Greenbul, Criniger barbatus
  • Eastern Bearded Greenbul, Criniger chloronotus
  • Yellow-bearded Greenbul, Criniger olivaceus
  • White-bearded Greenbul, Criniger ndussumensis

• Genus Bleda
  • Common Bristlebill, Bleda syndactyla
  • Green-tailed Bristlebill, Bleda eximia
  • Grey-headed Bristlebill, Bleda canicapilla

• Genus Thescelocichla
  • Swamp Greenbul, Thescelocichla leucopleura

• Genus Chlorocichla
  • Simple Greenbul, Chlorocichla simplex
  • Yellow-throated Greenbul, Chlorocichla flavicollis
  • Yellow-necked Greenbul, Chlorocichla falkensteini
  • Yellow-bellied Greenbul, Chlorocichla flaviventris
  • Joyful Greenbul, Chlorocichla laetissima
  • Prigogine's Greenbul, Chlorocichla prigoginei

• Genus Ixonotus (pending confirmation of placement)
  • Spotted Greenbul, Ixonotus guttatus

• Genus Baeopogon
  • Honeyguide Greenbul, Baeopogon indicator
  • Sjostedt's Greenbul, Baeopogon clamans

• Genus Neolestes
  • Black-collared Bulbul, Neolestes torquatus

The last genus might be allied to Calyptocichla or not be a bulbul at all. Paraphyletic - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Binomial name Pycnonotus atriceps (Temminck, 1822) The Black-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus atriceps is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. ... Binomial name Pycnonotus melanicterus (Gmelin, 1789) The Black-crested Bulbul, Pycnonotus melanicterus, is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. ... Binomial name Pycnonotus erythropthalmos (Hume, 1878) The Spectacled Bulbul or Lesser Brown Bulbul Pycnonotus erythropthalmos is a bulbul. ... Binomial name Pycnonotus goiavier (Scopoli, 1886) The Yellow-vented Bulbul, Pycnonotus goiavier, is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. ... Binomial name Pycnonotus barbatus (Desfontaines, 1789) The Common Bulbul, Pycnonotus barbatus, is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. ... Binomial name Pycnonotus priocephalus (Jerdon, 1839) The Grey-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus priocephalus is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. ... Binomial name Pycnonotus jocosus (Linnaeus,, 1758) The Red-whiskered Bulbul, Pycnonotus jocosus, is a member of the bulbul family. ... Binomial name Pycnonotus sinensis (Gmelin, 1789) The Light-vented Bulbul (also Chinese Bulbul), Pycnonotus sinensis, is a bird and a member of the bulbul family. ... Binomial name Pycnonotus leucotis (Gould, 1836) Distribution of (light green) and (dark green) The White-eared Bulbul, Pycnonotus leucotis is a member of the bulbul family. ... Binomial name Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus, 1766) The Red-vented Bulbul, Pycnonotus cafer, is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. ... Binomial name Pycnonotus xantholaemus (Jerdon, 1845) The Yellow-throated Bulbul is a species of bulbul endemic to southern peninsular India. ... Binomial name Pycnonotus penicillatus Blyth, 1851 The Yellow-eared Bulbul, Pycnonotus penicillatus, is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. ... Binomial name Pycnonotus luteolus (Lesson, 1841) The White-browed Bulbul, Pycnonotus luteolus, is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. ... In biology, a taxon is polyphyletic if it is descended from more than one root form (in Greek poly = many and phyletic = racial). ... Binomial name Iole indica (Jerdon, 1839) The Yellow-browed Bulbul, Iole indica, is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. ... Paraphyletic - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Binomial name Microscelis amaurotis (Temminck, 1830) Synonyms Hypsipetes amaurotis Ixos amaurotis The Brown-eared Bulbul (Microscelis amaurotis) is a medium-sized bulbul which is found from the Russian Far East (including Sakhalin), northeastern China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, south to Taiwan and the Babuyan and Batanes island chains in... Binomial name Hypsipetes leucocephalus Müller, 1776 Synonyms Hypsipetes madagascariensis The Black Bulbul (Hypsipetes leucocephalus) is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. ... Binomial name Hypsipetes crassirostris Newton,E, 1867 The Seychelles Bulbul, Hypsipetes crassirostris, is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. ... Binomial name Hypsipetes borbonicus J. R. Forster, 1781 The Réunion Bulbul (Hypsipetes borbonicus), also known as Olivaceous Bulbul is a passerine endemic to Réunion. ... Binomial name Hypsipetes olivaceus Jardine & Selby, 1835 The Mauritius Bulbul (Hypsipetes olivaceus), also known as Mauritius Black Bulbul is a passerine endemic to Mauritius. ... In biology, a taxon is polyphyletic if it is descended from more than one root form (in Greek poly = many and phyletic = racial). ...

Taxa until recently included in the Pycnonotidae are:

• Genus Bernieria
  • Long-billed Greenbul, Bernieria madagascariensis

• Genus Xanthomixis (possibly polyphyletic)
  • Spectacled Greenbul, Xanthomixis zosterops
  • Appert's Greenbul, Xanthomixis apperti
  • Dusky Greenbul, Xanthomixis tenebrosus
  • Gray-crowned Greenbul, Xanthomixis cinereiceps

• Genus Nicator
  • Yellow-spotted Nicator, Nicator chloris
  • Eastern Nicator, Nicator gularis
  • Yellow-throated Nicator, Nicator vireo

The first two belong to the "Malagasy warblers"; the affiliations of Nicator are unknown at present.

References

• Beresford, P.; Barker, F.K.; Ryan, P.G. & Crowe, T.M. (2005): African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): molecular systematics of several evolutionary 'enigmas'. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 272(1565): 849–858. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2004.2997 PDF fulltext Electronic appendix

• Cibois, Alice; Slikas, Beth; Shulenberg, Thomas S. & Pasquet, Eric (2001): An endemic radiation of Malagasy songbirds is revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Evolution 55(6): 1198-1206. DOI:10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1198:AEROMS]2.0.CO;2 PDF fulltext

• Delacour, J. (1943): A revision of the genera and species of the family Pycnonotidae (bulbuls). Zoologica 28(1): 17-28.

• Moyle, Robert G. & Marks, Ben D. (2006): Phylogenetic relationships of the bulbuls (Aves: Pycnonotidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40(3): Pages 687-695. DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.04.015 (HTML abstract)

Cover of Proceedings of the Royal Society is a scientific journal published by the Royal Society of London. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a permanent identifier (permalink) given to a World Wide Web file or other Internet document so that if its Internet address changes, users will be redirected to its new address. ... Evolution, the International Journal of Organic Evolution, is a bimonthly scientific journal that publishes significant new results of empirical or theoretical investigations concerning facts, processes, mechanics, or concepts of evolutionary phenomena and events. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a permanent identifier (permalink) given to a World Wide Web file or other Internet document so that if its Internet address changes, users will be redirected to its new address. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a permanent identifier (permalink) given to a World Wide Web file or other Internet document so that if its Internet address changes, users will be redirected to its new address. ...

External links

• Bulbul videos on the Internet Bird Collection
• BulBul Forum