Volga Bulgaria or Volga-Kama Bolghar, is a historic state that existed between the 7th and 13th centuries around the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers in what is now the Russian Federation. Today, Republics of Tatarstan and Chuvashia are considered to be descendants of Volga Bulgaria in terms of territory and ethnicity. The history of Russia begins from the time when Peter realised that his country legs behind the whole of Europe. ... The East Slavs are the ethnic group that evolved into the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian peoples. ... The site of the Khazar fortress at Sarkel. ... Kievan Rus′ was the early, mostly East Slavic state dominated by the city of Kiev, located in modern Ukraine, from about 880 to the middle of the 12th century. ... Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, Vladimir-Suzdal Rus (Владимирско-Суздальская Русь), or Vladimir-Suzdal Grand Duchy (Влади́миро-Су́здальское кня́жество) was one of major principalities within the Kievan Rus and after its collapse. ... Medieval walls of Novgorod City The Novgorod Feudal Republic (Новгородская феодальная республика in Russian, or Novgorodskaya feodalnaya respublika) was a powerful medieval state which stretched from the Baltic Sea to the Ural Mountains between the 12th and 15th century. ... The Mongol Invasion of Rus was an invasion of the medieval state of Kievan Rus by a large army of nomadic Mongols, starting in 1223. ... The Golden Horde was a Turkic state established in parts of present-day Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan after the break up of the Mongol Empire in the 1240s. ... Muscovy (Moscow principality (княжество Московское) to Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое Княжество Московское) to Russian Tsardom (Царство Русское) is a traditional Western name for the Russian state that existed from the 14th century to the late 17th century. ... Map of Kazan Khanate, early 1500s The Kazan Khanate (Tatar: Qazan xanlığı; Russian: Казанское ханство) (1438-1552) was a Tatar state on the territory of former Volga Bulgaria with its capital in Kazan. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start of... The Russian Revolution of 1905 was an empire-wide spasm of both anti-government and undirected violence. ... The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a political movement in Russia which reached its peak in 1917 with the overthrow of the Provisional Government that had replaced the Russian Czarist system, and led to the establishment of the Soviet Union, which lasted until its collapse in 1991. ... The Russian Civil War was fought between 1918 and 1922. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... In 632, Khan Kubrat united the Bulgars and formed a confederation of tribes, known as Great Bulgaria, or Bulgaria Magna, with a capital at the ancient city of Fanagoria. ... The site of the Khazar fortress at Sarkel. ... Kipchaks (also Kypchaks, Qipchaqs) are an ancient Turkic people, first mentioned in the historical chronicles of Central Asia in the 1st millennium BC. Their language was also known as Kipchak. ... The Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria lasted from 1223 to 1236. ... The Golden Horde was a Turkic state established in parts of present-day Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan after the break up of the Mongol Empire in the 1240s. ... Map of Kazan Khanate, early 1500s The Kazan Khanate (Tatar: Qazan xanlığı; Russian: Казанское ханство) (1438-1552) was a Tatar state on the territory of former Volga Bulgaria with its capital in Kazan. ... Muscovy (Moscow principality (княжество Московское) to Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое Княжество Московское) to Russian Tsardom (Царство Русское) is a traditional Western name for the Russian state that existed from the 14th century to the late 17th century. ... Zilant, Kazan guberniyas coat of arms Kazan governorate (also Kazanskaya guberniya, Qazan gubernası) used to be one of guberniyas of Imperial Russia in 1708-1920, with the city of Kazan as its capital. ... Idel-Ural literally means Volga-Ural in Tatar. ... Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (TASSR) was part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. ... A new page based on the new template is being worked on at Tatarstan/Temp, please make any changes you want to make on that page. ... // Events Islam starts in Arabia, the Quran is written, and Syria, Iraq, Persia, North Africa and Central Asia convert to Islam. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... Volga in Yaroslavl (autumn morning) Length 3,690 km Elevation of the source 225 m Average discharge 8,000 m³/s Area watershed 1. ... Kama (Russian: ; Tatar: Çulman) is a river in Russia, the longest left tributary of the Volga. ... The Murray River in Australia. ... Capital Kazan (Qazan) Area - total - % water 47th - 67,836. ... Capital Cheboksary Area - total - % water 81st - 18,300 km² - N/A Population - Total - Density 41st - est. ...

The map of Volga Bulgaria

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1208x1113, 265 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Volga Bulgaria ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1208x1113, 265 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Volga Bulgaria ...

Origin

First-hand information on Volga Bulgaria is rather sparse. As no authentic Bulgar records have survived, most of our information comes from contemporary Arabic, Persian, or Russian sources. Some information is provided by excavations.

It is thought that the territory of Volga Bulgaria was originally settled by the Finno-Ugric peoples. The Turkic Bulgars moved into the area in about 660, commanded by Kotrag Khan, Kubrat's son. Some Bulgar tribes, however, continued westward and after many adventures settled along the Danube River, in what is now known as Bulgaria proper, where they merged with or were assimilated by the Slavs, adopting a South Slavic tongue and a Eastern Orthodox faith. Geographical distribution of Finno-Ugric (Finno-Permic in blue, Ugric in green). ... Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) - a people of Central Asia, probably originally Pamirian, who became Turkified and later Slavicized over time. ... Events Childeric II proclaimed king of Austrasia. ... Kotrag Khan was the founder of Volga Bulgaria. ... Khan Kubrat (632 - 651) THE NAME OF KHAN KUBRAT first appeared in Byzantine chronicles about 632 when his tribe, the Unogonduri, threw off the Turkic oppression. ... Length 2,888 km Elevation of the source 1,078 m Average discharge 30 km before Passau: 580 m³/s Vienna: 1,900 m³/s Budapest: 2,350 m³/s just before Delta: 6,500 m³/s Area watershed 817,000 km² Origin Black Forest (Schwarzwald-Baar, Baden- Württemberg, Germany... The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... South Slavic languages is one of the three groups of Slavic languages (besides West and East Slavic). ... Eastern Orthodoxy (also called Greek Orthodoxy and Russian Orthodoxy) is a Christian tradition which represents the majority of Eastern Christianity. ...

Most scholars agree that the Volga Bulgarians were subject to the great Khazarian Empire. Sometime in the late 9th century unification processes started, and the capital was established at Bolğar (also spelled Bulgar) city, 160 km south from modern Kazan. Most scholars doubt, however, that the state could assert independance from the Khazars until the latter were annihilated by Svyatoslav of Rus in 965. The Khazars were a Turkic semi-nomadic people from Central Asia who adopted Judaism. ... Bolghar (or BolÄŸar) is a ruined capital (8th-15th century) of Volga Bulgaria in Tatarstan, Spas Rayon (Spassky District). ... Kazan (Tatar Qazan, Казан, Russian Казань) is the capital city of Tatarstan and one of Russias largest cities. ... Kniaz Sviatoslav I, Prince of Kiev (c. ... Events March 1 - Pope Benedict V is put in place of Pope Leo VIII by the people October 1 - John XIII becomes Pope The Khazar fortress of Sarkel falls to the Kievan Rus Births Sweyn I of Denmark Deaths February 22 - Odo, Duke of Burgundy July 4 - Pope Benedict V...

The Big Minaret in Bolghar

In order to promote unity among warring tribes and to obtain a powerful ally in his struggle with the Khazars, Almas Khan of Volga Bulgaria wrote a letter to the Khalif asking him for learned men and priests who could read Quran and build mosques. On May 11, 922 the khan welcomed the Baghdad missionary Ahmad ibn Fadlan, and 4 days later a tribal assembly proclaimed Islam the official religion of the state. Image File history File links This is a classical view of Little Minaret of BolÄŸar. ... Image File history File links This is a classical view of Little Minaret of BolÄŸar. ... Minarets (Arabic manara منارة, but more usually مئذنة, and Urdu minra pl. ... Bolghar (or BolÄŸar) is a ruined capital (8th-15th century) of Volga Bulgaria in Tatarstan, Spas Rayon (Spassky District). ... The site of the Khazar fortress at Sarkel. ... Anglicized/Latinized version of the Arabic word خليفة or Khalifah, Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... The Quran (Arabic al-qurʾān أَلْقُرآن; also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and less commonly Alcoran) is the holy book of Islam. ... May 11 is the 131st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (132nd in leap years). ... Events Births Deaths March 26 - Al-Hallaj, Sufi writer and teacher Categories: 922 ... Average temperature (red) and precipitations (blue) in Baghdad Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Province. ... Ahmad ibn-al-Abbas ibn Rashid ibn-Hammad ibn-Fadlan (Ahmad bin al-Abbās bin Rashîd bin Hammād binn Fadlān أحمد ابن العباس ابن رشيد ابن حماد ابن فضلان) was a tenth-century Islamic scholar - of Kurdish origin - who wrote an account of his travels as a member of an embassy of the Caliph of... Islām is described as a dÄ«n, meaning way of life and/or guidance. Six articles of belief There are six basic beliefs shared by all Muslims: 1. ...

Heyday

A large part of the region's population was Turkic and included Bulgars, Suars, Barsil, Bilars, Baranjars and part of Burtas (by ibn Rustah). Modern Chuvashes and Kazan Tatars descend from the Volga Bulgars, although linguistic evidence suggests that the Chuvashes represent an earlier Turkic ethnos, which may be connected to the Huns. Another part comprised Finnic and Magyaric (Asagel and Pascatir) tribes, from which Bisermäns and Tatars probably descend. The Turkic people are any of various peoples whose members speak languages in the Turkic family of languages. ... Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) - a people of Central Asia, probably originally Pamirian, who became Turkified and later Slavicized over time. ... The Suars (also known as Suvar) were a Turkic-speaking people, probably of Hunnish descent, who lived in Eastern Europe in Middle Ages. ... A semi-nomadic Eurasian tribe, probably of Turkic linguistic affiliation. ... Bilars were medieval (10th-13th centuries) Turkic tribes commonwealth in the Middle Volga. ... Burtas or Bortas (plural Bortaslar) were a tribe of uncertain ethnolinguistic affiliation inhabiting the steppe region north of the Caspian in medieval times. ... Ibn Rustah (in Persian: ابن رسته) was a 10th century Persian explorer and geographer born in Rosta district, Isfahan, Persia (See Encyclopaedia Iranica [1]). He wrote a geographical compendium. ... The Chuvash are a bunch of pakis . ... Tatar dance - Tatar (left) fighting with the soldier of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (right). ... Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) - a people of Central Asia, probably originally Pamirian, who became Turkified and later Slavicized over time. ... The Huns were a group of Central Asian nomadic tribes, who appeared in Europe in the 4th century. ... Esegels (or Äsägel) were Eurasian nomads, that enjoyed Volga Bulgaria and were assimilated to Bolgars. ... The Bisermän are a group of Udmurt people. ... Tatar dance - Tatar (left) fighting with the soldier of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (right). ...

The head of Volga Bulgaria was iltäbär (sometimes elteber). After the Islamization his title became sheikh. The known eltebers are: Almış (Almas), Mikail bine Cäğfär (Mikaul ibn Jafar), Mö'mim bine Äxmäd (Mumin ibn Ahmad), Mö'min bine âl-Xäsän (Mumin ibn al-Hasan), Talib bine Äxmäd (Talib ibn Ahmad). In the hierarchy of the Gokturk and Khazar empires, an Elteber was the client-king of an autonomous but tributary tribe or polity. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Almış (Almas) iltäbär //, ul-MESH (the end of 9th century – the beginning of 10th) was the first Moslem ruler (emir) of Volga Bulgaria. ...

Commanding the Volga River in its middle course, the state controlled much of trade between Europe and Asia prior to the Crusades (which made other trade routes practicable). The capital, Bulgar, was a thriving city, rivalling in size and wealth the greatest centres of Islamic world. Trade partners of Bolghar included form Viking, Bjarmland, Yugra and Nenets at the north to Baghdad and Constantinople an the south, from Western Europe to China at the East. Other major cities included Bilär, Suar (Suwar), Qaşan (Kashan) and Cükätaw (Juketaw). Modern cities Kazan and Yelabuga were founded as Volga Bulgaria's border fortresses. Volga in Yaroslavl (autumn morning) Length 3,690 km Elevation of the source 225 m Average discharge 8,000 m³/s Area watershed 1. ... This article is about historical Crusades . ... The name Viking is a borrowed word from the native Scandinavian term for the Norse warriors who raided the coasts of Scandinavia, the British Isles, and other parts of Europe from the late 8th century to the 11th century. ... Biarmland (or Bjarmaland) was a territory in Northern Europe, Northern Russia, mentioned by Norse sagas, where Finnic Biarmians lived or rather ruled. ... Khanty-Mansi autonomous district (Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ) is an autonomous district (autonomous okrug) of Tyumen Oblast in the Russian Federation. ... Nenets may refer to: Nenetsia, an administrative region of Russia. ... Average temperature (red) and precipitations (blue) in Baghdad Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Province. ... Map of Constantinople. ... Bilär (Bülär) – Medieval city in Volga Bulgaria in 10th – 13th centuries. ... Suar (Suwar) was a medieval (9th - 14th century) Volga Bulgarian city, the capital of Suar Duchy in 948-975. ... Qashan (Tatar: Qaşan) was a medieval city in Volga Bulgaria, at the right bank of Kama river in 12th-15th centuries. ... Cükätaw or Juketaw (called Zhukotin in Russian chronicles) was a medieval Bolgar city during the 10th to 15th centuries CE. The city was situated on the right bank of Kama, near the modern city of Çístay (Chistopol). ... Kazan (Tatar Qazan, Казан, Russian Казань) is the capital city of Tatarstan and one of Russias largest cities. ... Yelabuga (Tatar: Alabuğa/Алабуга, Russian: Елабуга) is a town in Tatarstan. ...

The Black Chamber in Bolghar.

Some of the Volga Bulgarian cities still haven't been found, but they are mentioned in Russian sources. They are: Aşlı (Oshel), Tuxçin (Tukhchin), İbrahim (Bryakhimov), Taw İle. Some of them were ruined after and during the Mongol invasion. Image File history File links 14th-century mosque, Volga Bulgaria. ... Image File history File links 14th-century mosque, Volga Bulgaria. ... Bolghar (or BolÄŸar) is a ruined capital (8th-15th century) of Volga Bulgaria in Tatarstan, Spas Rayon (Spassky District). ...

The Russian principalities to the west posed the only tangible military threat. In the 11th century, the country was devastated by several Russian raids. Then, at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries, the rulers of Vladimir (notably Andrew the Pious and Vsevolod III), anxious to defend their eastern border, systematically pillaged Bulgarian cities. Under Slavic pressure from the west, the Bulgars had to move their capital from Bolghar to Bilär. Population 315,954 (2002) Time zone Moscow (MSK/MSD), UTC +0300 (MSK)/+0400 (MSD) Latitude/Longitude 56°09´N 40°25´E Vladimir (Russian: ) is a city in Russia, an administrative center of Vladimir Oblast. ... Andrei Bogolyubsky (Андрей Боголюбский) (ca. ... Vsevolod III Yuriyevich, or Vsevolod the Big Nest (also: Vsevolod the Large Nest) (Всеволод III Юрьевич Большое Гнездо in Russian) (1154-1212), Grand Prince of Kiev (1173), Prince of Pereyaslavl (1176-1177), Grand Prince of Vladimir (1177-1212). ... Bilär (Bülär) – Medieval city in Volga Bulgaria in 10th – 13th centuries. ...

Decline

Main article: Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria The Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria lasted from 1223 to 1236. ...

In 1223, an advance guard of Genghis Khan's army entered Volga Bulgaria but was fought back. In 1236, the Mongols returned but it took them 5 years to subjugate the whole country. Thenceforth Volga Bulgaria became a part of the Ulus Jochi, later known as the Golden Horde. It was divided into several principalities; later each of them became a vassal of the Golden Horde and received some autonomy. By the 1430s, the Khanate of Kazan was established as the most important of these principalities. // Events August 6 - Louis VIII is crowned King of France. ... This topic is considered to be an essential subject on Wikipedia. ... // Events May 6 - Roger of Wendover, Benedictine monk and chronicler of St Albanss Abbey dies. ... This article needs copyediting (checking for proper English spelling, grammar, usage, tone, style, and voice). ... Jochi (also spelled Jöchi) (c. ... The Golden Horde was a Turkic state established in parts of present-day Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan after the break up of the Mongol Empire in the 1240s. ... Map of Kazan Khanate, early 1500s The Kazan Khanate (Tatar: Qazan xanlığı; Russian: Казанское ханство) (1438-1552) was a Tatar state on the territory of former Volga Bulgaria with its capital in Kazan. ...

See also

• Bulgaria
• Khanate of Kazan
• Khazaria
• Chuvashia
• Atil