Fish in Spring by Ike no Taiga.

This article is about a school of Japanese painting. For the African musical instrument, see nanga (instrument). Fish in Spring, Cleveland Museum of Art Ike no Taiga (池大雅)(1723–1776) was a Japanese painter and calligrapher born in Kyoto during the Edo period. ...

Nanga (南画, "Southern painting"), also known as Bunjinga (文人画, "literati painting"), was a school of Japanese painting which flourished in the late Edo period among artists who considered themselves literati, or intellectuals. While each of these artists was, almost by definition, unique and independent, they all shared an admiration for traditional Chinese culture. Their paintings, usually in monochrome black ink, sometimes with light color, and nearly always depicting Chinese landscapes or similar subjects, were patterned after Chinese literati painting, called wenrenhua (文人画) in Chinese. The name nanga is an abbreviation of nanshūga, referring to the Chinese Southern school of painting (nanzonghua in Chinese). Japanese painting ) is one of the oldest and most highly refined of the Japanese arts, encompassing a wide variety on genre and styles. ... The Edo period ), also called Tokugawa period, is a division of Japanese history running from 1603 to 1868. ... An intellectual is a person who uses his or her intellect to study, reflect, and speculate on a variety of different ideas. ...

Chinese literati painting focused on expressing the rhythm of nature, rather than the technical realistic depiction of it. At the same time, however, the artist was encouraged to display a cold lack of affection for the painting, as if he, as an intellectual, was above caring deeply about his work. Ultimately, this style of painting was an outgrowth of the idea of the intellectual, or literati, as a master of all the core traditional arts - painting, calligraphy, and poetry.

Due to the Edo period policy of sakoku, Japan was cut off from the outside world almost completely; its contact with China persisted, but was greatly limited. What little did make its way into Japan was either imported through Nagasaki, or produced by Chinese living there. As a result, the bunjin (literati) artists who aspired to the ideals and lifestyles of the Chinese literati were left with a rather incomplete view of Chinese literati ideas and art. Bunjinga grew, therefore, out of what did come to Japan from China, including Chinese woodblock-printed painting manuals and an assortment of paintings widely ranging in quality. The following text needs to be harmonized with text in the article History of Japan#Seclusion. ...

Bunjinga emerged as a new and unique art form for this reason, as well as due to the great differences in culture and environment of the Japanese literati as compared to their Chinese counterparts. The form was to a great extent defined by its rejection of other major schools of art, such as the Kano school and Tosa school. In addition, the literati themselves were not members of an academic, intellectual bureaucracy as their Chinese counterparts were. While the Chinese literati were, for the most part, academics aspiring to be painters, the Japanese literati were professionally trained painters aspiring to be academics and intellectuals. Kanō school (狩野派 Kanō-ha) is a school of professional artists in Japan. ... Introduction Bamboo in the Four Seasons, Muromachi period (1392–1573) Attributed to Tosa Mitsunobu (1434–1535) Pair of six-panel folding screens; color, ink, and gold on paper; 174. ...

Nanga or bunjinga paintings almost always depicted traditional Chinese subjects. Artists focused almost exclusively on landscapes and birds and flowers. Poetry or other inscriptions were also an important element of these paintings, and were often in fact added by friends of the artist, not by the painter himself.

Unlike in other schools of art which have definite founders who pass on their specific style to their students or followers, nanga was always much more about the attitude espoused by the painter and his love of Chinese culture. Thus, as mentioned before, every bunjin artist displayed unique elements in his creations, and many even diverged greatly from the stylistic elements employed by their forebears and contemporaries. As Japan became exposed to Western culture at the end of the Edo period, many bunjin began to incorporate stylistic elements of Western art into their own, though they nearly always avoided Western subjects and stuck strictly to traditional Chinese ones.

Ernest Fenollosa and Okakura Kakuzo, two of the first to introduce Japanese art in any major way to the West, are known to have criticized nanga as trivial and derivative. As a result, the style has only attracted academic attention in the West in recent decades, roughly 100 years later. Title page of Cathay, poems by Ezra Pound, 1915, based on translations by Ernest Fenollosa. ... Okakura Tenshin (岡倉 天心, February 14, 1863 - September 2, 1913) was a Japanese scholar who contributed the development of arts in Japan. ...

Cultural Derivations

A particular style of bonsai is called variously bunjin, bunjingi or "literati" and is intended to look like the trees portrayed in nanga art. Examples of the style are often elegantly elongated and with few branches, being mainly a long slim trunk surmounted by a very small mass of foliage. A bonsai trident maple growing in the root over rock style. ...

Nanga Artists of Note

• Ike no Taiga
• Watanabe Kazan
• Hanabusa Itchō
• Tani Bunchō
• Tomioka Tessai - widely regarded as the last of the nanga artists

Fish in Spring, Cleveland Museum of Art Ike no Taiga (池大雅)(1723–1776) was a Japanese painter and calligrapher born in Kyoto during the Edo period. ... Watanabe Kazan (October 20, 1793 - November 23, 1841) was a Japanese painter, scholar and statesman member of the samurai class. ... Tomioka Tessai (富岡鉄斎)(1836 - 1924) was a Japanese painter and calligrapher. ...

Reference

• French, Cahill (1985). "Bunjinga." Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. vol. 1. Tokyo: Kodansha Ltd.