The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the government agency responsible for regulating food (human and animal), dietary supplements, drugs (human and animal), cosmetics, medical devices (human and animal), biologics and blood products in the United States. The FDA is headed by acting commissioner Dr. Lester Crawford.^{[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration#endnote_CHI)} File links The following pages link to this file: Food and Drug Administration Image:Breastfeeding(milkfinal). ... In the United States, a dietary supplement is defined under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 as a product taken by the mouth that contains a dietary ingredient that is intended as a supplement to the diet. ... Many drugs are provided in tablet form. ... Cosmetic refers to beauty or appearance. ... This article or section should be merged with Medical devices Medical equipment is machinery designed to aid medical therapies. ... Biopharmaceuticals are medical drugs (see pharmacology) produced by biotechnology. ... Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are present in the blood and help carry oxygen to the rest of the cells in the body Blood is a circulating tissue composed of fluid plasma and cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets). ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

One aspect of its jurisdiction over food is regulation of the content of health claims on food labels. However, because regulating the content of labels implicates the First Amendment, FDA must balance concerns about the public health with the right to free speech. Dan Troy, a lawyer who was Chief Counsel of the Food and Drug Division from August 2001 to November 2004, raised the agency's focus on First Amendment issues. Health claims on food labels are claims by manufacturers of food products that their food will reduce the risk of developing a disease or condition. ... The first ten Amendments to the U.S. Constitution make up the Bill of Rights. ...

FDA and the public

According to the Small Business Guide to FDA, "Anyone may request or petition FDA to change or create an Agency policy or regulation under 21 CFR Part 10.30." This is called a Citizen's Petition and it is one method used to challenge specific approvals by the FDA.^{[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration#endnote_petitionform)}

Recent controversies over drug approval

One of the key issues of drug safety dealt with by the FDA, and responsible for much recent controversy, is related to the concept of patents. When a patent is awarded, the drug's creator is given exclusive manufacturing rights. If the drug is extremely popular, this motivates other companies to invent their own (different) drugs which accomplish the same effect. (Because a drug is patented, they cannot produce the exact same drug). For example, Cialis was created because of the popularity of Viagra. However, the question is, when new, competing substances come out should they be approved, not because of their absolute safety, but because of their relative safety compared to an approved drug. For example, say "drug b" was created to compete with "drug a". Now if "drug b" was the first one out, and it had a 5 percent chance of heart attack, the FDA might find this acceptable. However if "drug a" was already out, and it had a 2.5 percent chance of heart attack, then the FDA would be reluctant to approve "b". Only people who were ignorant of that higher risk would take drug b - or people who bought it because it was cheaper, which would create an unhealthy conflict between profit and health. A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a government to an inventor or applicant for a limited amount of time (normally maximum 20 years from the filing date, depending on extension). ... Categories: PDE5 inhibitors | Stub | Sexology ... Sildenafil citrate, sold under the name Viagra, is a drug used to treat male erectile dysfunction (impotence), developed by the pharmaceutical company Pfizer. ...

This phenonemon is at the center of a present controversy over the recall of Vioxx, which is causing more attention to be brought to the FDA. David J. Graham, a scientist with the FDA, says he was pressured by his supervisors not to warn the public about dangers of drugs like Vioxx, and so recommended to congress that a separate agency be created which is dedicated to continously monitoring drug safety. Rofecoxib is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that was used in the treatment of osteoarthritis, acute pain conditions, and dysmenorrhoea. ...

The FDA charges fees to pharmaceutical companies that wish to "expedite" the drug approval process. The is considered by many to be a conflict of interest, as the companies who are supposed to be regulated by the FDA are those who are paying them to speed up approvals. They reason that this "pay-off" to expedite the process may sacrifice the quality of studies.

Incentive to delay new drugs?

Economists Milton Friedman, Daniel B. Klein and Alexander Tabarrok are three economists who argue that the FDA causes harm. Virtually all economists who study the FDA are critical.^{[3] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration#endnote_Review)} Milton Friedman Milton Friedman (born July 31, 1912) is a U.S. economist, known primarily for his work on macroeconomics and for his advocacy of laissez-faire capitalism. ...

Friedman (1979) notes that the FDA can make two types of errors.^{[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration#endnote_Friedman)} Type 1 is to approve a drug that has deadly or harmful side effects in a large number of people. If you make this error, like approving a thalidomide, you will be blasted by the news media, and your reputation will be ruined. Thalidomide is a drug which was sold during the 1950s and 1960s as a sleeping aid and to pregnant women as an antiemetic to combat morning sickness and other symptoms. ...

Type 2 is refusing approval of a drug that is capable of saving many lives or relieving great distress and that has no untoward side effects. If you make a type 2 error, few will know it, as the people whose lives might have been saved will not be around to protest, and their families will have no way of knowing that their loved ones lost their lives because of the caution of an unknown FDA official.

The following table from http://www.fdareview.org/incentives.shtml illustrates the two types of error and the reason for systematic bias toward type 2 errors.

Friedman notes that the harm the FDA causes results from the nature of the bureaucracy and would happen even with the best intentioned and benevolent individuals in charge: "With the best will in the world, you or I, if we were in that position, would be led to reject or postpone approval of many a good drug in order to avoid even a remote possibility of approving a drug that will have newsworthy side effects?"

The FDA has also been criticized for coercively intervening in the nutritional supplement business. It has been known to conduct armed raids of establishments that sell and manufacture such products. One example is the armed raid of "Life Extension Foundation" who is a significant player in the industry. A "battering ram" was said to be used to break down into warehouses and the glass doors of their retail store were "smashed." [5] (http://www.lef.org/fda/victory.htm)

History

• 1927 — The "Bureau of Chemistry" is reorganized into two separate entities. Regulatory functions are located in the "Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration", and nonregulatory research is located in the "Bureau of Chemistry and Soils".

• 1930 — The name of the "Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration" is shortened to "Food and Drug Administration" (FDA) under an agricultural appropriations act.

• The Naval Ordnance Laboratory White Oak site was taken over by the FDA to become its new headquarters. However, budget reductions have delayed the move to White Oak for many FDA offices.

The Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL), now disestablished, formerly located in White Oak, Maryland was the site of considerable work that had practical impact upon world technology. ...

Related legislation

• 1938 — Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
• 1944 — Public Health Service Act
• 1951 — Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act Amendments PL 82–215
• 1953 — Flammable Fabrics Act PL 83–88
• 1960 — Federal Hazardous Substances Labeling Act PL 86–613
• 1962 — Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act Amendments PL 87–781
• 1965 — Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act PL 89–92
• 1966 — Fair Packaging and Labeling Act PL 89–755
• 1966 — Child Protection Act PL 89–756
• 1970 — Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act Amendments PL 91–222
• 1972 — Consumer Products Safety Act PL 92–573
• 1976 — Medical Device Regulation Act PL 94–295
• 1986 — Comprehensive Smokeless Tobacco Health Education Act PL 99–252
• 1988 — Anti—drug Abuse Act PL 100–690
• 1990 — Nutrition Labeling and Education Act PL 101–535
• 1992 — Prescription Drug User Fee Act PL 102–571

1938 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... The United States Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C) is a set of laws passed by Congress in 1938 giving authority to the Food and Drug Administration to oversee the safety of food, drugs, and cosmetics. ... 1944 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1951 was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ... 1953 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1960 was a leap year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1962 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1965 was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... 1966 was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1966 calendar). ... The Fair Packaging and Labeling Act is a US law that applies to labels on many consumer products. ... 1966 was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1966 calendar). ... 1970 was a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ... 1976 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1986 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1988 is a leap year starting on a Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1990 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1992 is a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• http://www.fda.gov/
• http://www.fdareview.org/
• End the FDA's Monopoly by David R. Henderson (http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/pubaffairs/we/2004/henderson02.html)

Articles

• US drug safety checks 'slack' (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4024195.stm)

References

1. ^  CHI World Pharmaceutical Congress 2005 Website (http://www.worldpharmacongress.com) and final agenda in print form. Verified 03-07-2005.
2. ^  How to Petition the FDA (http://www.fda.gov/ora/fed_state/Small_business/sb_guide/petit.html). Retrieved 2005-03-20.
3. ^  FDAReview.org (http://www.fdareview.org/)
4. ^  Friedman, Milton & Rose (1979). Free to Choose. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-133481-1.